Лексичка семантика унутар лингвистичке теорије
Review of: Geeraerts, Dirk (2010), Theories of Lexical Semantics, Oxford: OUP.
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Review of: Geeraerts, Dirk (2010), Theories of Lexical Semantics, Oxford: OUP.
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The paper discusses the idea of using parallel corpora for the extraction of terminological units used to identify semantic frames of aviation, as the first step in developing a method for determining specialized semantic frames. The process of compiling the parallel corpus of texts taken from the Eur-Lex database using Sketch Engine tools is described first. The methodology of extracting term candidates and their manual verification is then presented, as well as the process of extracting and verifying relevant verbs. The results of term verification are discussed, with the focus on the role of verbs and verbal collocations in identifying relevant semantic frames and frame elements.
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This article deals with the theoretical basis of the research of the metaphorical projection of a specific discourse event in the media space on the example of the media discourse on Brexit in Russia. The authors emphasize the interdisciplinary nature of this type of research, which is carried out at the interface of political linguistics, media linguistics, cognitive linguistics, cultural linguistics and research on metaphors. Using the example of a theatre metaphor, they analyse the discourse strategies and language tactics of the authors of Russian media texts metaphorizing the internationally resonant political event of Brexit, as well as the functions and semantics of the given metaphors.
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The article reconstructs the creative history of the same name poems by A. S. Pushkin and M. Yu. Lermontov. M. Yu. Lermontov’s poem “Prophet” (1841) is considered as dialogical in relation to Pushkin’s “Prophet” (1826). By comparing draft and final versions of the poems, the semantic spectrum of the prophetic motif, common both to Pushkin and to Lermontov, is determined. The study of the creative work is used as an approch for understanding it. A special attention is paid to an eschatological motif openly stated in the draft of “The Prophet” by Pushkin, going into subtext in the clean copy, but remaining paramount in the aspect of the work’s etiology and its rapprochement with Lermontov’s poem “The Prophet”. The features of Pushkin’s and Lermontov’s poetics are revealed. Pushkin emphasizes a single action associated with the idea of transforming a person into a prophet and developing in a single spatial point equal to the universe. Lermontov’s text is multi-event, that is bearing the prophetic word to people, the rejection by a vicious community, going to the desert, a harmonious stay in nature. It is noted that with a visible difference in the poetics of texts, the common stable and isomorphic to the prophetic motif remain the eschatological motif, the motif of transformation, the motif of carrying the word of God, the motif of paradisal being.
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The paper provides a detailed analysis of the features of the title of V.V. Nabokov’s story “Tyrants Destroyed” as an example of the iconic sign in the light of the theory of language-game poetics. The study is highly relevant, because it offers a new way to describe the features of the title text based on language game. By considering the title as an iconic sign we focused on its semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic features. The title of the story under study is as an autosemantic element and an iconic sign that will be deciphered in the text, but carries important prior information. To describe the peculiarities of the title, we used the theory introduced by Ch. Morris on the triple essence of the sign. According to this theory, the title was considered as an iconic sign: its semantics, syntactics, and pragmatics were described. The semantic and syntactic analysis of the title revealed its bipolar structure, which is generally expressed as “counteraction to action”. With the help of the pragmatic analysis, the role of inclusions in the text in the form of multiple repetition of the name Hamlet was determined. Based on the data obtained by the semantic and syntactic analysis, we concluded that the allusion emphasizes the playful nature of the text and refers to the title, which acquires an additional connotation. The introduction of the precedent name Hamlet not only helps to decode the semantic content of the title, but also reveals V.V. Nabokov’s critical point of view on another text – the tragedy of “Hamlet” by W. Shakespeare.
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The paper is concerned with the study of adaptation of words from the Chinese language to the Russian language; these loanwords are related to the daily life and culture of China. The relevance of the study is determined by the increasing popularity of the Chinese culture and daily phenomena within the Russian society. Therefore, the formation of a scientific image of relevant loanwords and the analysis of their derivational potential in the Russian language seem very necessary and important. This paper aims to identify the derivational, formal-structural, and semantic features of the studied units in the process of their development in the Russian language. The transcription method is mainly used when borrowing words from the Chinese language; thus, the loanwords receive a Russian form and pronunciation along with grammatical characteristics. Based on the results of the semantic assimilation, the following conclusions were made: when loanwords came to the Russian language, the semantics of their prime words can be changed; the semantic volume of some words can be expanded with their further functions in the Russian language, which indicates their full semantic development. According to the results of the derivational-semantic analysis, 149 derivatives were formed on the basis of the studied units in the Russian language. It was revealed that kniga (‘book’; 50 derivatives), chai (‘tea’; 45 derivatives), zhemchug (‘pearl’; 11 derivatives) possess the highest derivative ability. The study of word-formation adaptation allows us to conclude that the realization of the derivational potential of loanwords indicates their importance for the native speakers of the Russian language.
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The present article reiterates our older concerns about the literature studied in public kindergartens and schools. Romania is a country that was declared orthodox in an overwhelming proportion (according to the 2011 Census, 86.45% of the population declared themselves Orthodox, of which 59% pray frequently). However, it also has many other praying Christians, 96% of the Romanians having declared that they believe in God, so we consider that the research we carry out on the religious literature for children is justified. We also point out that the concept of religious literature for children involves certain dynamics. We operate a taxonomy within this field of children’s literature and discuss each identified category in terms of the opportunity of its institutionalized study. We pay special attention to the psalms. Without overlapping with the school subjects of Religion or Communication in Romanian / Romanian language and literature, the independent study of Psalms by children can be appropriately oriented directed by a teacher (teacher for primary education and / or teacher of Romanian language and literature / religion), both in selecting the texts, and especially in aiming at the understanding of contents, often loaded with meanings in the depth structure of the writing and, sometimes, with figures of speech. At the same time, we present the framework for which a teacher (in preschool and primary education) can use religious literature as a didactic support of the activities, as long as he / she is not specialized in teaching religion. Specification: The number specified for each Psalm corresponds to the Romanian numbering. When we took over the translation of certain psalms, we specified that number
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This paper is presenting a precise contextual methodology to teach and learn in a transdisciplinary way, the very current message from the Gospels through the Parables, and explicitly the parable of the Sower. The method used is the generative synergistic way to integrate the knowledge in a tree of knowledge profile using five levels of representation of reality, statistics-measuring, syntax-absorbing by codes, semantics filtering by the selection, pragmatics-interacting by teaching/learning, and apobetics innovating, in order to attain the Expertise as wisdom (top-down) and skills (bottom-up), the final goal being the Truth. A critical aspect of transdisciplinary teaching/learning is the use of the creative expression to engage the learner using their outer senses of sight, sound, taste, touch, and smell, as well as their inner senses of imagination, intuition, and impulse. In the parable of the Sower, an exceptionally special story is set up where the Sender, Jesus Christ, describes the individuals within the context of the story through heart attitudes and actions stemming from their will. The listener or reader of the parable, as receivers of the synergistic contextual message, is drawn into the story and identifies immediately with the character that describes their heart attitude. It is also a predictor of what decision they will make and what road they will take – accepting the Truth and walking in obedience or rejecting the Truth and following after their own heart’s desire. The purpose of telling the parable is two-fold. First, for those who have ears to hear, it means to reveal the meaning and receive the message, which is Himself (the Sender of the message) and understand His Kingdom, as the place where the knowledge is attained in its highest form and in the deepest way through communion. Secondly, for those who do not have ears to hear, the meaning will remain concealed, exposing their lack of belief.
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Culture and vocabulary are among the fundamental elements of the identity of a language. The culture reflects itself in the nature of the words, and therefore in the language. The changes in the vocabulary of a language display themselves in the culture in return. An investigation into these reflections can yield valuable insights regarding changes in a language over time as well as the syntactic features of a language and cultural values. Vocabulary of a language encompasses many linguistic elements such as proverbs, idioms, reduplications. These elements reveal themselves most vividly in spoken and written cultural productions. Analyzing these lexical units in literary works written both for children and adults may allow us identify the level and structure of the language, the use of lexical elements, and cultural values. To this end, this particular study aims to examine the idioms employed in the stories by Sevim Ak as well as analyze their semantic values for the text. For the analyses of the lexical elements, idioms were specifically chosen because they are widely used both in daily life and other areas and they suggest clues for linguistic and cultural elements. This study is a descriptive study in which 19 stories by Sevim Ak and idioms used in these stories were found. The findings revealed that the author utilized idioms to a great extent, therefore, contributed to its originality and semantic richness. Moreover, they were found to be useful in developing children's vocabulary knowledge and enhance their conceptual understanding.
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An important branch of onomastics (or onomatology) is the one on the names of places (toponyms). Toponymy is an interdisciplinary field of study in which many disciplines such as linguistics, geography, history, sociology and archaeology are interested. Toponymy plays an important role in the discovery of local expressions and geographical units in language, history and geography research. Due to its geographical features and being located in the central region of Anatolia, Tosya could not be opened out much. Therefore, Turkish language, national culture and traditions have survived to the present day. Thus, the place names of Tosya have been investigated and it is aimed to contribute to the literature in the field. In this study, firstly the lexical semantic classification of the toponyms in the geography covering the administrative boundaries of Tosya was made. Then, these toponyms were classified according to their structure and origin, and it is aimed to reveal them with their origins. A total of 230 toponyms were identified within the administrative boundaries of Tosya. When the lexical semantic classification of the toponyms found in Tosya district was made, it was seen that the place names are mostly formed according to their geographical situations. Finally, the affecting factors in the assignment of the toponyms were highlighted and the percentages were shown in the table.
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Vid in Russian, named as an aspect in Western languages, is a complex grammatical category, especially for those who study Russian as foreign language. This difficulty is especially noticeable in cases when, within the framework of aspect category one meaning can be transmitted by different language forms belonging to the same language classification. An example of such case is the meaning of multiplicity, which can be transmitted in the language with both imperfect and perfect forms that are interchangeable. The concept of “multiplicity”, which is a part of the quantitative aspectuality, manifests itself in the Russian language primarily in various particular aspect meanings of the forms of perfective and imperfective. Besides, it comes in as modes of action, or finds a lexical expression in the meaning of the verb itself, as well as using adverbs and adverbial words, which sometimes complicates the understanding of this category in usage. In this regard, the study of the linguistic units having different aspectual meanings and analysis of general and particular aspectual meanings play an important role in understanding of this category. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to determine the general features of the semantics of multiplicity, which is manifested in the forms of the limited multiple meaning of imperfective and the cumulative meaning of the perfective, which are a particular aspect meaning, as well as identification of patterns of interaction of multiplicity in these forms. In addition, in this study the attempts are made to establish a system of language means of expression of various shades of multiplicity values by the perfective and imperfective forms. For this purpose, these forms are considered in a comparative aspect, in order to understand the differences in expression between the Russian and Turkish languages in terms of their morphology and semantics.
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Having appeared in ancient eras, personal names are significant cultural codes which reflect the traditions and national-cultural values of the communities. These names, giving some clues about the life style of a nation, provide us with an idea about religious and political views of that community. Each nation has its own typical naming tradition. This tradition has developed in a different direction in Russia in comparison with Turkic customs. Except individual exceptions, all official Russian personal names are based on church Slavic canon, so they have Byzantium-Ancient Greek origins. Till the end of the 19th century, given names to the new-born babies were determined within the frame of Orthodox church canon. In 1905 the church started to lose its privilege. Limitation for name-giving was removed with the October Revolution (1917). Right after socialist regime was actualized in the country, the names to be given to the Soviet citizens were requested to be exactly new and convenient to the official ideology, so the government took important steps in this direction. Following the revolution, the duration between 1920s and 1930s was a new period in which a great number of newly-derived and lexically-borrowed personal names entered Russian vocabulary. In this paper, it is aimed to study historical, thematic, semantical and morphological aspects of these new personal names specific to the Soviets.
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Linguistic borrowing is the name given to language elements taken from a foreign language that more or less constitute the mother tongue. The most important element that sets the stage for borrowing, which means word exchange in a sense, the increasing relationship level of different cultures can be shown. This increase is undoubtedly based on technological developments, internet and films. In addition, international commercial, economic, scientific, cultural and political contacts, geographical location, historical events, wars and changes in social life are among the factors that create a favorable occasion for borrowing. Borrowed words, terms, expressions of foreign origin are available in all languages in the world. It is known that hundreds of thousands of words in the current vocabulary of Polish come from other languages. The other part consists of words from old Polish language, words derived from Slavic roots or borrowed words from the other languages. These words can penetrate into Polish in two ways: through direct contact (direct borrowings) and through another language (indirect borrowings). Borrowing can occur not only on the basis of words, but also within the framework of idioms, phrases, structures, or affixes. Some of them have entered without any change, while others have been modified and adapted to the Polish word and grammar structure. However, some of the structures in Polish modelled on foreign language today are not considered correct by some linguists. In this study, it will be examined how many types of borrowing there are, the ways in which it is realized and which structures are considered as wrong.
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Regarded as one of the fundamental characteristics of language by many linguists and partaking at the very front of factors that create polysemy are transfers of meaning. Transfers that are approached since old rhetorical studies as part of strong figures of speech, which provide impressive expression, are shaped in line with society's characteristics and trends. Transfers, which provide the word with a large number of meanings, are evaluated under the titles "Metaphor transfer" and "Name transfer". Metaphor transfer, name transfer are ways to transfer the mental imageries of language. The most common type of transfers in every language is metaphor transfer or metaphor. Name transfer is besides being psycholinguistic and a gradually comprehension of fact also a rhetorical skill. This study evaluates the transfers related to animal names of one of the Turkish dialects, the Bashkir Turkish, which has a strong expression in terms of nature and the concrete. The name transfer, which is defined as the explaining of a concept with a related or another linked concept, is defined as "metonimiya" in the Bashkir Turkish grammar. "Metonimiya", which is also evaluated as different naming or name change, counts as the shortest way for naming. In the grammar of Bashkir Turkish the metaphor transfer however is approached within polysemy under a sub-heading called "metafora" and evaluated in three groups, which are; "atama metaforlar (naming metaphors)", obrazlı metaforalar (living metaphors)”, “individual-sitilistik metaforalar (individual metaphors)”. The innovation in transfers is based on the production of something new with semantic clarity (relevance) by using a non-specific (non-eligible) characterization path. As long as we recognize the habitual use of the word and thereby the incompatibility (mismatch) demonstrated at the level of the literal interpretation of the sentence while passing through new semantic clarity and in a sense through its semantic depth, transfers will always stay alive. Semantic novelty can be connected to the imagination of the producer. The emergence of a new semantic clarity in transfers, beautifully shows what imagination, produced according to rules may be. When the Bashkir Turks, who express the plant known as honeysuckle "ayıw balanı (bear plant)", long plants without flower "quyan qŭlaq (rabbit ear)" and to beat around the bush "at qŭlŭnlatıw (to birth a horse)", and their imaginative transfers about animals are evaluated, we can see an emerging richness, which is also an indication of the richness of the cultural structure of society.
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Review of Various Dimensions of Contrastive Studies by Bożena Cetnarowska, Marcin Kuczok and Marcin Zabawa (eds.), Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego, 2016
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The author discussed a few expressions of the jailer. He excerpted lexical material from Polish historical studies from the 19th century and the beginning the 20th century. In the article the author presented the provenance of some expressivisms. He analysed less familiar and forgotten names of prison guards: i.e.: kozula (‘little goat’), stary (‘old man’), żołdak (‘marauding soldier’), żebrak (‘beggar’), socha (‘mast, pillar, column’), krzyżak (‘cross as emblem’), dziad (‘poor’), cieć (‘warden, caretaker’), kamfuła (pejorative form ← camphor), straguła (pejorative name from strażnik/ straż ‘guard, sentry’). The text is inviting to join a discussion; some observations of the author are provoking to debate.
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The author first reconstructs standpoints adopted by the scholars from the Poznan-Szczecin school of legal theory regarding the linguistic meaning of a legal norm. This reconstruction allows certain dilemmas related to the adoption of analytic philosophy in the theory of law to be visualized. In the next section of the article, attention is paid to the influence of Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz’s philosophy on the understanding of linguistic meaning within the School. The problem of linguistic meaning may be explained by the definition of equivalence, the core of which is a set of directives of a specific language. Finally, the author comments on the theses of Robert B. Brandom’s analytic pragmatism and the application of the latter to legal theory of Maciej Dybowski. Analytic pragmatism extends semantic research through an attempt to understand practice-related conditions.
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Hausa is one of the major world languages. It is spoken by approximately 60 million people across West Africa, mainly in Niger and Nigeria. Hausa folk tradition which includes proverbs, had been transmitted orally for a long time before the first writings in this language appeared around 17/18th century in the form of literary works in Arabic script. Modern Hausa literature in Latin alphabet dates back to the first half of 20th century and draws abundantly from oral tradition as the highly appreciated source of conventions, themes, symbols and sayings. The state of the art of modern Hausa literature can be considered fertile and vigorous comparing to the situation of the other native African languages. However, up to now the available Polish translations of Hausa literature are very few. The aim of the paper is to compare selected Hausa proverbs and their Polish translations in terms of the equivalence methods applied by the two translators: Nina Pilszczikowa and Stanisław Piłaszewicz. Hausa proverbs were translated into Polish as independent folklore forms as well as the elements of literary narrative. Therefore, the analysis covers two genres of texts: proverbs (as short literary forms) and novels.
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This article offers a discussion of Bulgarian, Polish and Russian mental verbs from the perspective of syntactic valence. The author examines grammatical forms of propositional argument in sentences with mental verbs which represent predicate-argument structure P (x, q). All syntactic forms in the focus of this study are classified into several patterns: observance, compression and splitting. The author demonstrates that what they involve is analogical reflection of propositional structure, greater or smaller compression of propositional argument, or its segmentation and doubling of syntactic position. The author examines the regularity of implementation of each grammatical form in Bulgarian, Polish and Russian on the basis of relevant quantitative data.
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Phraseologisms, or multi-word items, occur in most languages, but they may cause serious problems for foreign language learners. This article describes what Polish multi-word items were included and how they were translated into English in the first bilingual Polish-English dictionary by Erazm Rykaczewski. No fully-fledged diachronic study on phraseology in Polish-English and English-Polish bilingual dictionaries has ever been carried out, so the present article is a modest introduction to this field of research. A modern typology of phraseologisms has been applied for this purpose.
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