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ПОРІВНЯЛЬНА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА СИНТАКСИЧНОЇ СПОЛУЧУВАНОСТІ ПРИКМЕТНИКІВ З ІМЕННИКАМИ В ХУДОЖНЬОМУ, ПУБЛІЦИСТИЧНОМУ ТА НАУКОВОМУ СТИЛЯХ СУЧАСНОЇ АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ

Author(s): Oksana Danylovych / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2020

The article is dedicated to the study of combinability of adjectives with lexical-semantic groups (LSG) of nouns in the belle-lettres, publicistic and scientific styles. The object of the investigation is syntactical combinability of adjectives with nouns, the subject is statistically meaningful ties on the syntactical level. The goal is a comparative characteristic of syntactical combinability of adjectives with nouns in the belle-lettres, publicistic and scientific styles of the modern English language. Topicality is caused by the necessity of comparison of syntactical combinability in three styles. In our study the statistical method was used such as χ² - which shows presence or absence of a tie. In such a way standard elements of contextual sets of adjectives with lexical-semantic groups (LSG) of nouns were found. The coefficient K indicates the force (intensity) of ties. Due to it the ties are divided into strong, mean and weak ones. Statistically meaningful ties of adjectives with LSG of nouns were analyzed. A scientific novelty is in finding standard ties for adjectives that gave a possibility to determine peculiarities of functioning of adjectives in each style. Conclusions. The belle-lettres style is distinguished by a number of statistically meaningful ties as well as ties which are characteristic to only the belle-lettres style. The scientific style is between the belle-lettres and publicistic styles. A number of the same statistically meaningful ties was found more between the belle-lettres and publicistic styles (9) in comparison with the scientific and belle-lettres ones (5) and the publicistic and scientific ones (2).

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CONCORDANCES ROMANES ET CONVERGENCES BALCANO-ROMANES DANS LES DIALECTS ROUMAINS SUD-DANUBIENS. ASPECTS PHONETIQUES, MORPHOLOGIQUES ET SYNTAXIQUES

Author(s): Manuela Nevaci / Language(s): French Issue: 4/2020

Romance Concordances and Balcano-Romance Convergences in the South-Danubian Romanian Dialects. Phonetic, Morphological, and Syntactic Aspects. This paper proposes to emphasise the linguistic similarities of South-Danubian Romanian dialects (Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian, Istro-Romanian) spoken in Albania, Croatia, R. of North Macedonia, Greece and Romania from the perspective of Romance and Balkan elements. We will take into consideration lexical aspects, from the point of view of linguistic contact with Balkan languages, as well as Romance elements that define these historical dialects of common Romanian. Our exposition is based on the broader theme of the relationship between genealogic (Romance features inherited from Latin, speaking of concordances in the Romance languages) and areal (convergences between the Aromanian and Megleno-Romanian dialects of the Romanian language and the languages spoken in the Balkan area). Through the presence of the Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian and Istro-Romanian dialects of Romanian in the Balkans, creating a bridge between Romània and Balkan, a convergence was attained on the one hand with the Romance languages, and, on the other, with Greek, Albanian North Macedonian as Balkan languages.

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Telad u bujadi

Author(s): Marija Zinka / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 4-5/2018

Nouns can be divided into two groups. One group comprises the countable nouns (stol, pismo), and the other group comprises the uncountable nouns. Uncountable nouns are abstract nouns, such as glazba or volja and mass nouns (voda, zrak), as well as concrete collective nouns with collective meaning, such as stoka, nakit, bujad, zrnje. Collective nouns with collective meaning are perceived as indivisible lexicalized sets (suharje, bujad, suđe), and they are followed by singular predicates. Other collective nouns may be perceived as divisible (blizančad, dojenčad, telad) and they may also be followed by plural predicates.

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Englesko-hrvatski jezični dodiri: razumijemo li jezik televizije?

Author(s): Katica Balenović,Vesna Grahovac-Pražić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 4-5/2016

There has been an uncontrolled proliferation of anglicisms and English words into the Croatian language, primarily through the media. The media have a strong impact on the linguistic and cultural awareness of TV viewers and, as a result of this influence, the basic norms of the Croatian language are being destroyed, as is the communicative function of its standard language. In everyday communication the use of non-standard forms of the Croatian language, which has been influenced by English, Europe’s new language, can be noticed. The influence of English as a global and dominant language has been the subject of many linguistic studies by English and Croatian language researchers with varying views ranging from purist to more liberal ones. This paper explores the extent to which the average Croatian TV viewer comprehends the speech discourse of Croatian TV networks. The study is based on the use of expressions which were gathered from various Croatian television programmes. The sample of participants included 110 adults from the city of Gospić. They belong to different age groups and have different educational and professional profiles, as well as different levels of English proficiency. The initial hypothesis was that there is a clear misunderstanding of linguistic forms coined from both the Croatian and English elements. A questionnaire was used consisting of 15 sentence structures in which participants’ understanding of the meaning was tested. In addition, participants were asked to give the Croatian equivalent if they understood the meaning. The research results confirmed the initial hypothesis, that is, there was a clear non-comprehension of non-standard Croatian/ English language constructions by the average Croatian TV viewers.

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Onkraj i ukraj

Author(s): Stefan Rittgasser / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2016

Der Autor analysiert die Wörter onkraj i ukraj und zeigt, dass sie dem aktiven Wortschatz der kroatischen Sprache angehören.

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Futur drugi u suvremenom hrvatskom jeziku

Author(s): Petar Vuković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3/2014

Based on the analysis of examples from Croatian National Corpus, the article brings a semantic and functional definition of Future II. In temporal clauses, this tense denotes future action but it doesn’t indicate its sequence in relation to the action in the main clause. In conditional, relative, place, manner, quantity and comparative clauses Future II denotes priority and concurrency, whereas Future I indicates future subsequence. In concessive-relative clauses Future II also denotes future priority and concurrency, but in these sentences the use of Future I is not possible.

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Što je ekstra u hrvatskome jeziku?

Author(s): Vesna Vujić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 4/2012

Ekstra je riječ latinskog podrijetla. U latinskome je jeziku prijedlog s akuzativom i znači izvan, izuzev, osim. Izvorno se piše extra, a prema pravopisnim pravilima našega jezika, slovo x preslovljava se kao ks.

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Odabrani pokazatelji određenosti i neodređenosti

Author(s): Marija Zinka / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 5/2010

The paper briefly outlines the category of definiteness and its two denotations [+ definite], [- definite] and the means by which they are expressed. The analysis includes examples in which the form of the adjective does not allow an unambiguous conclusion on whether these adjectives express the definiteness or indefiniteness of the noun with which they appear as attributes. The performed analysis results in the conclusion that the language offers auxiliary means not only for the detection of definiteness (demonstrative pronouns, verb aspect, cases of some nouns...) but also for the identification of the indefiniteness in forms in which it is not morphemically expressed. Such means primarily include additional adverbs (vrlo, jako, baš, onako, tako...), intensified adjectives ending in –cat (e.g.: novcat), questions (koji?, kakav?), as well as information whether the adjective used as attribute was added as a part of a proper name, a denomination, a phraseme, a proverb.

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Когниция и синтаксис

Author(s): Mariana Georgieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

The article has for a subject the cognitive approach in linguistics in general and in syntax in particular. An overview is offered to the theses on specifics of application of the method of cognitive congruity in syntax as cognitive revision of definitive attributes of sentence and hence - of sentence paradigm. The variability of sentence paradigm is looked into from the point of view of cognitivism and the metalanguage is presented its referential part along with punctuation.

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VIŠEFUNKCIONALNA INTERPRETACIJA SINTASKIČKIH JEDINICA KAO ODRAZ TRADICIONALNOG KONCEPTA ARAPSKE GRAMATIKE

Author(s): Mithat Jugo / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 18/2020

This paper attempts to explore the issue of multifunctional interpretation of syntactic elements in Arabic grammar. Thus, the aim of the research is to investigate the reasons underlying different grammatical interpretation of the same syntactic element in Arabic grammar. The focus is on an indefinite noun in the accusative case, which performs various functions within a sentence, the most common being the function of an absolute object. Through the analysis of a selected part of the Qur’anic text, the paper presents scholars’ attitudes towards this phenomenon. The findings showed that various multifunctional grammatical interpretations appeared from the very beginning of the standardization of grammar rules in Arabic. With its main postulates: an analytical approach, the concept of regency, the rule of implying certain grammar units, traditional concept of Arabic grammar left some space for the application of a functional-semantic criterion in the sentence analysis, which resulted in the appearance of different stances on the function of an indefinite noun in the accusative case. Grammatical multifunctionality is noticeable in the stances of Sibawayha, Ibn Hisham and others, while it is particularly notable within the studies dealing with the lingua-stylistic issues related to the Qur’anic text. The qualification of one syntactic from a few grammatical functions in a sentence and text results in linguastylistic implications in terms of textual economy and semantics.

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Nešto napomena o Sintaksi prof. Katičića

Author(s): Ivo Pranjković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1-2/1988

This is a review of the Syntax of Standard Croatian by Radoslav Katičić.

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Suvremena lingvistika u Sintaksi Radoslava Katičića

Author(s): Jasna Melvinger / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1-2/1988

This is a review of the Syntax of Standard Croatian by Radoslav Katičić.

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Jezični sustav i kulturni kontekst u Sintaksi Radoslava Katičića

Author(s): Mislav Ježić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1-2/1988

Katičić's Syntax is based on a representative corpus selected from the Croatian literary text, the humanities and journalism. lt widens the usual basis of description by including, along with the corpus of Karadžić's school, specimens from the Croatian literature based on the neo-štokavian dialect between the 1sth century and now. Thus it produces a broader range of linguistic phenomena, which need a broader and more precise linguistic model of interpretation than has been produced so far. On the other hand however, it does not review the syntactic facts from all variant idioms of standard Croatian. This is because a necessary preliminary work like this one has no precedent, and any such attempt is necessarily provisory, being more selective and prescriptive than interpretative and descriptive. The corpus is interpreted by a very coherent deductive system of grammatical rules. It is not formalized symbolically and does not reject traditional grammatical notions, but it succeeds surprisingly in building up a system of phrase structure rules (with precise sub categorization of nominal and verbal forms in their syntactic roles), of transformations of phrases into complex sentences with clause structures, and of transformations into complex sentences with non-clause structures, which result from the processes of attribution, nominalization, infinitivization, etc. The whole system is viewed under three aspects of grammatical semantic and informative sentence structures. Their interplay aptly explains many syntactic phenomena. Thus, it permits an elegant explanation of fundamental rules of word order, or allows very precise and complex semantic interpretations of syntactic structures. In the review article, this theoretical system is presented, its specific issues and accomplishments are exemplified, some technical objections are put forward, basic parallels with the generative grammar are discussed. Finally, some generalizations of the model are proposed, which nevertheless indirectly bear witness to its fruitfulness.

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Deklinacija imenica u komiškomu govoru

Author(s): Filip Galović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2018

Focussed upon in the paper is the morphological problem of the local speech of Komiža on the island of Vis, i.e. with the aim main to point out the individuality in the declination of nouns.On the basis of the analysed material it can be concluded that the peculiarities in the declination of nouns of the observed speech are mainly expected for the central Dalmatian region and that they are not disturbed by the latest influences and trends from outside.

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Поредбене клаузе као допуна глаголима непотпуног значења у роману Ђакон Богородичине цркве Исидоре Секулић

Author(s): Maja Stepanov / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 51/2020

In this paper we analyse comparative clauses that complete verbs with incomplete meaning in the novel Đakon Bogorodičine crkve by Isidora Sekulić. In the introduction we speak more about these verbs and their classification in grammar books, whereas the central part of the paper is dedicated to the description of grammatical features of these clauses and their individual semantic specificities are pointed out. The greatest part of the paper is dedicated to comparative clauses besides the semi-copulative verbs izgledati and činiti se. In the conclusion facts are given about the frequency of individual verbs whose complement is a comparative clause.

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Tipovi glagolskih situacija u komplementu početnih faznih glagola u srpskom jeziku

Author(s): Snežana Kljakić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 51/2020

This paper deals with a compound predicate, i.e. a type of predication in the Serbian language which consists of a phase verb and a complement structure verb. The goal of this research was to isolate aspectual constructions with phase verbs početi / počinjati and analyse the semantical and syntactic relation between the constituents within the framework of complex predication in Serbian. An important segment of the analysis was employed to determine all situation types which can be found in phase verb complements. The findings suggest that only two situation types could be found in a complement position. They include states and activities as they are imperfective.

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PERMUTATIV (AL-BADAL) I APOZICIJA (ꜥAṬF AL-BAYĀN) U ARAPSKOM JEZIKU - SLIČNOSTI I RAZLIKE

Author(s): Amira Trnka-Uzunović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 41/2020

This paper examines two secondary elements of a clause in the Arabic language, namely the permutative and the apposition. The permutative is a noun complement that follows the noun as the appositive and tries to additionally explain it or even take its place, which justifies the semantics of the term badal (permutation). Furthermore, the rules say that a non-derived noun can act as the permutative, and owing to the different semantics it creates, four different types of the permutative are defined and they all keep case agreement with the antecedent in all forms. The apposition in the Arabic language is characterized by the function of additional explanation of the antecedent with which it shares the same case inflexion, which brings it closer to the permutative, but what separates them is the fact that the permutative is independent in its semantic content and it can replace the antecedent, while the clause stays syntactically correct. Without an ambition to make a serious comparison and with the sole aim of a better understanding of the apposition in the Arabic language, by comparing terminological solution in two separate language systems, we will try to justify the attitude that an equal sign between the terms apposition in the Arabic language and the apposition in the Bosnian language cannot be put to the fullest extent.

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KLÕPSAMA PEIBUTAVAD LÜNKPEALKIRJAD VEEBIMEEDIAS

Author(s): Kairi Janson / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 16/2020

The era of online click media has begun. Journalists are creating clickbait headlines, which aim at catching readers’ attention and making them want to click on the headline. This kind of headlines can be misleading and not live up to the readers’ expectations. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview on the kind of clickbait headlines that cannot completely be interpreted without context: forward referencing headlines. Headlines from the entertainment portal Elu24’s from 2008, 2013 and 2018 were analyzed. The results indicate that the headlines of 2013 contained the most forward-reference, although 2018 was not far behind. Mostly, nouns and quantifiers as well as interrogative and imperative sentences were used for creating forward-reference. Pronouns and proadverbs and exclamatory sentences were used less. In some cases, the reference was created by multiple linguistic tools at once. An interview with a long-time Elu24 journalist helped explain the results.

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Muutevormide ilmumine eesti keelt esimese keelena omandavate laste kõnesse

Author(s): Reili Argus,Annika Bauer / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 1/2020

The goal of this paper is to describe the first emergence and productive use of inflectional forms in the speech of three Estonian-speaking children and provide the order of the emergence of different inflectional categories. Spontaneous data from three children aged 1;3–5;8 have been used to determine which noun, verb and adjective categories emerge first and which morphophonological features of first exemplars (stems used first in different inflectional forms) play a role in the acquisition of Estonian. The first inflectional categories acquired by the children in question were in grammatical cases, the imperative and first person singular present tense forms. Concerning the productively used forms, it can be argued that the number of verb forms increases rapidly while the acquisition of noun forms is slower. Some case forms were even not registered in the speech material of the children. The children started to use comparative degrees of adjectives quite late compared to adjectival case forms. It seems that the children acquired the core of Estonian grammar at the same time. The further order of acquisition of inflectional forms was different in the speech of the three children in question. Still, the differences in the order of emergence of forms can be caused by the different frequency of some forms: if the inflectional form is infrequent also in the speech of adults it can just be that the form is not present in recordings but the child could still use it; therefore, evidence of the order of emergence of infrequent forms can be quite occasional in the data presented here. The first exemplars with distinguishable morphophonological features could be detected only in the case of nouns. The first nouns used for early case forms could be divided into two prototypical morphophonological class: nouns with monosyllabic strong grade stem in the nominative and disyllabic nouns without grade alternation. Clear-cut morphophonological distinctions could not be identified in case of verbs and adjectives.

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Explaining the Emergence Order of Contact-induced Language Change Phenomena in Language Maintenance

Author(s): Anna Verschik / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

According to generalizations made by Thomason and Kaufman (1988), contact-induced language change in language maintenance starts from the lexicon, then progresses to semantics, phonology, non-core morphosyntax and may result in a profound restructuring. To date no explanations for this particular order have been suggested. The article “translates” the borrowing scale into the metalanguage of the code-copying framework (Johanson 1992), which views contact-induced language change in lexicon, meaning and structure within the same terminological framework. This terminology enables the view that the cognitive mechanism is the same (copying), only that different types of meaning (specific vs. abstract) produce different types of copies. Specific or expressive items yield global copying, while more abstract meaning (grammatical) yields selective copying. Apparently, processing, entrenchment and conventionalization of more abstract meaning require more time than in the case of specific or expressive meaning. This explains why structural changes (selective copies) appear later.

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