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ВПЛИВ ТВОРЧОСТІ УКРАЇНCЬКОМОВНИХ ТА ІНШОМОВНИХ АВТОРІВ НА ПОЕТИКУ ВІРШОВАНИХ ТВОРІВ СИДОРА ВОРОБКЕВИЧА

Author(s): Tetyana Nykyforuk,Valeriyа Andriyets / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 3/2019

The purpose of the study is to systematize scientific developments of scientists about the study of Vorobkevych’s poetic works in the aspect of their comparison with other Ukrainian (I. Kotlyarevsky, M. Shashkevych, M. Ustijanovych, Y. Golovatsky, P. Kulish, A. Metlynsky, O. Konysky) and foreign (T. Padura, Y.V. Goethe, G. Heine, V. Alexandri, M. Eminescu, I. Geliade-Redulescu, J. Vekerescu) poets and to add new observations, including quantitative (expressed by one component of poetics, several, many) and chronological (constant, occasional: at the beginning, in the middle, at the end of the creative path) hierarchy of influences. Methods of study: Comparative and comparative historical methods are used to reveal the influence of other Ukrainian (I. Kotlyarevsky, M. Shashkevych, M. Ustijanovych, Y. Golovatsky, P. Kulish, A. Metlynsky, O. Konysky) and foreign (T. Padura, Y.V. Goethe, G. Heine, V. Alexandri, M. Eminescu, I. GeliadeRedulescu, J. Vekerescu) poets on the poetics of Bukovynian writer. Biographical method makes it possible to find out the dependence of S. Vorobkevych’s views on poetics on the life basis. The hermeneutic method and the method of slow reading (the method of receptive poetics) were practiced, aimed to reveal S. Vorobkevych artistic means, interpret his works. The article is characterized by several aspects of novelty: for the first time in the Ukrainian literary studies a comprehensive study of the influence of poetics of other Ukrainian and foreign poets on the poetics of poetry of S. Vorobkevych’s works has been carried out in the aspect of themes, specifics in poetic language, covering vocabulary, tropics, syntaxes and generics. New observations on the proximity of the form works other Ukrainian and foreign poets and poems by S. Vorobkevych were added, completing the investigations of the predecessors. Conclusions. The study of S. Vorobkevych’s poetic works in the aspect of their comparison with other Ukrainian (I. Kotlyarevsky, M. Shashkevych, M. Ustijanovych, Y. Golovatsky, P. Kulish, A. Metlynsky, O. Konysky) and foreign (T. Padura, Y.V. Goethe, G. Heine, V. Alexandri, M. Eminescu, I. Geliade-Redulescu, J. Vekerescu) poets reveals that the influence of other Ukrainian and foreign poets was less evident, though different. In the context of such a study of S. Vorobkevych's work, the thesis of researchers of the poetry of Bukovynian artist (most notably by V. Lesin and O. Romanets) was confirmed that he was influenced by not one, but many poets at different stages of creativity.

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Radical Communication Style of Contemporary Polish Reportage (on the Basis of "Abchazja" by Wojciech Górecki)

Author(s): Katarzyna Ostrowska / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The article deals with the radical style of communication in contemporary Polish reportage based on the text Abchazja by Wojciech Górecki. The author attempts to present the syntactic features of the text in question in the light of radicalism and to locate the genre of reportage between literary, journalistic and scientific research based on the findings of the following authorities: Kazimierz Wolny-Zmorzyński, Andrzej Kaliszewski and Wojciech Furman. The meaning of the term reportage is defined using the definitions of Janusz Sławiński, Czesław Niedzielski and Julian Maślanka. In her work, the author uses the traditional syntactic model of Zenon Klemensiewicz, and Stanisław Jodłowski, and following to the postulates of Maria Kniagininowa, and Marek Ruszkowski she extracts a sample of 200 statements from the narrative constructions of the text. She analyzes in detail the relations between narrative and dialogue, simple and complex, verbal and verbless, paratactic, and hypotactic statements. She also focuses on the stylistic functions of syntactic constructions. As a result, in the reportage Abchazja the author observes 1) the reporting syntactic tendency, 2) dynamic as an important stylistic feature, 3) journalistic style predominance.Artykuł traktuje o radykalnym stylu komunikacji we współczesnym polskim reportażu na podstawie tekstu Abchazja Wojciecha Góreckiego. Autorka podejmuje próbę przedstawienia syntaktycznych cech omawianego tekstu w świetle radykalizmu oraz zlokalizowania gatunku reportażu pomiędzy literackością, publicystyką i naukowością na podstawie ustaleń autorytetów, takich jak: Kazimierz Wolny-Zmorzyński, Andrzej Kaliszewski oraz Wojciech Furman. Ramy znaczeniowe terminu reportaż określa, posiłkując się definicjami Janusza Sławińskiego, Czesława Niedzielskiego oraz Juliana Maślanki. W swojej pracy używa tradycyjnego modelu składniowego Zenona Klemensiewicza i Stanisława Jodłowskiego, a zgodnie z postulatami Marii Kniagininowej oraz Marka Ruszkowskiego spośród konstrukcji narracyjnych tekstu dokonuje doboru próby równej 200 wypowiedzeń. W szczegółowy sposób analizuje relacje procentowe zachodzące pomiędzy wypowiedzeniami narracyjnymi a dialogowymi, pojedynczymi a złożonymi, werbalnymi a niewerbalnymi oraz parataktycznymi a hipotaktycznymi. Zwraca uwagę na funkcje stylistyczne, jakie pełnią poszczególne konstrukcje syntaktyczne. W rezultacie autorka tekstu zauważa w reportażu Abchazja 1) tendencję do budowania składni sprawozdawczej, 2) dynamizację tekstu jako ważną funkcję stylistyczną, 3) przewagę stylu dziennikarskiego w kształtowaniu cech omawianego reportażu.

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Apozicija i sročnost

Author(s): Marija Znika / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2009

This paper provides an analysis of grammatical congruence occurring between an apposition and a noun the apposition is associated with. The analysis highlights deviations from the rules pertaining to congruence between the apposition and the noun, i.e. deviations caused by the noun (or a proper name) remaining in nominative case, regardless of the case the apposition associated with that noun (or that proper name) is in. The paper includes orthographic solutions related to such occurrences (namely, the writing of such appositions).

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Jezične i nejezične sastavnice govora

Author(s): Dunja Pavličević-Franić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2008

The realization of speech as a concrete system, as opposed to language as an abstract system, includes problems of realizing those elements in speech that could be labeled as non-linguistic, or elements that are not part of language. This raises the issue of what ‘linguistic’ means, or, in other words, what determines and belongs to language, and what belongs to speech and how it is determined. Language practice shows that, particularly at an early stage of language acquisition, non-linguistic elements contain not only phonetic and phonological characteristics, but also morphological, syntactic and, to some extent, even lexical characteristics pertaining to linguistic elements. This paper studies a detachment from the language system on two basic communication levels: a) the word level, referring to the isolated expression which is difficult or even impossible to understand exactly due to its isolation; b) the sentence level, or the minimal context necessary to facilitate understanding.

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Inovacijski semantemi u procesu usvajanja jezičnoga znaka

Author(s): Dunja Pavličević-Franić,Marija Sikirić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3/2005

To learn and master any language means to acquire the language system and the language structure, in other words, what is usually referred to as the genius of the language, its formal substance as well as all the potentials and restrictions which appear within a language system, especially in early language acquisition of Croatian language. Through some examples of the formation of nominal gender semantic pairs we have attempted to determine their frequency in speech and to establish theoretical language combinations on the borderline between morphology, syntax and semantics.

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Conjoining and the Weak/Strong Quantifier Distinction

Author(s): John Collins / Language(s): English Issue: 60/2020

Pietroski’s model of semantic composition is introduced and compared to the standard type hierarchy. Particular focus is then given to Pietroski’s account of quantification. The question is raised of how the model might account for the weak/strong distinction in natural language quantification. A number of options are addressed and one proposal is tentatively recommended.

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Generative Linguistics Meets Normative Inferentialism: Part 1

Author(s): David Pereplyotchik / Language(s): English Issue: 60/2020

This is the first installment of a two-part essay. Limitations of space prevented the publication of the full essay in present issue of the Journal. The second installment will appear in the next issue, 2021 (1). My overall goal is to outline a strategy for integrating generative linguistics with a broadly pragmatist approach to meaning and communication. Two immensely useful guides in this venture are Robert Brandom and Paul Pietroski. Squarely in the Chomskyan tradition, Pietroski’s recent book, Conjoining Meanings, offers an approach to natural-language semantics that rejects foundational assumptions widely held amongst philosophers and linguists. In particular, he argues against extensionalism— the view that meanings are (or determine) truth and satisfaction conditions. Having arrived at the same conclusion by way of Brandom’s deflationist account of truth and reference, I’ll argue that both theorists have important contributions to make to a broader anti-extensionalist approach to language. What appears here as Part 1 of the essay is largely exegetical, laying out what I see as the core aspects of Brandom’s normative inferentialism (§1) and Pietroski’s naturalistic semantics (§2). In Part 2 (next issue), I argue that there are many convergences between these two theoretical frameworks and, contrary to first appearances, very few points of substantive disagreement between them. If the integration strategy that I propose is correct, then what appear to be sharply contrasting commitments are better seen as interrelated verbal differences that come down to different—but complementary—explanatory goals. The residual disputes are, however, stubborn. I end by discussing how to square Pietroski’s commitment to predicativism with Brandom’s argument that a predicativist language is in principle incapable of expressing ordinary conditionals.

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LEKSYKALIZACJA ZDAŃ ROZWIJAJĄCYCH Z WYRAŻENIAMI COKOLWIEK I CO W FUNKCJI KOMENTARZA METATEKSTOWEGO

Author(s): Marzena Stępień / Language(s): Polish Issue: 09/2020

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the lexicalisation and pragmaticalisation process, as a result of which – in modern Polish – developing clauses, also called non-integrated appositive relative clauses, give rise to metatextual expressions, which comment on a statement/utterance (discourse markers) in the form co by nie / cokolwiek by nie (whatever you) with supplementations in the form of infinitives mówić, powiedzieć, rzec (say). The expressions were subject to an analysis intended to determine their distribution, form and connectivity, as well as semantic and syntactic properties, including functions in the thematic-rhematic structure. The discussions allowed also for the possibility to interpret the described phenomenon in the categories of conventional implicature.

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OPERATORY ADNUMERATYWNE TYPU MARNY, DOBRY, BITY – PRÓBA CHARAKTERYSTYKI FORMALNO-SEMANTYCZNEJ

Author(s): Katarzyna Doboszyńska-Markiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 09/2020

This paper presents the multitude and variety of expressions in the Polish language (e.g. góra, minimum, maks, raptem, bagatela, wszystkiego, po (at most, at least, max., only, merely, altogether)), which could be classified as adnumerative operators as defined by Maciej Grochowski. They include metapredictive adjectives such as dobry (milion) (a good (million)), ładne (100 kilometrów) (a good (100 kilometres)), bite (200 stron) (a whole (200 pages)), nędzne (200 złotych) (a measly (200 zloty)), which are characterised by connectivity with selected (standard and non-standard) units of measurement. The semantic and syntactic analysis of corpus examples shows that the discussed adjectives differ from their equivalents from the relevant language level in formal terms (non-predicativity, non-contrastivity, non-gradability, non-negativity) and semantic terms (communicating evaluations ‘to dużo’ (it’s much/many), ‘to mało’ (it’s little/few), indicating a precise or an approximate value, reinforcing assertion).

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MIKROKORPUS GRONOWY POLSZCZYZNY 1830–1918

Author(s): Magdalena Derwojedowa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 08/2020

This paper is dedicated to the construction of a small cluster corpus of Polish texts from the period 1830–1918. The assumptions of the corpus, its micro- and macro-structure, as well as stylistic, regional and author diversity, and method of making it available are presented. Its application capabilities are illustrated on the example of orthographic, inflectional, and syntactic studies.

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CZY SZOK MOŻE BYĆ POZYTYWNY? O WYRAŻENIU SZOK WE WSPÓŁCZESNEJ POLSZCZYŹNIE

Author(s): Mariola Wołk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 09/2018

This paper is dedicated to analysing lexical (mainly semantic) properties of the Polish expression szok (shock) in its secondary meaning, that is a meaning different from the primary one, where this word refers to strong emotions most often caused by a negative incident. The ‘shock’ that is described in this text is often related to positive events and is sometimes close to euphoria. The undertaken analysis focuses on szok, more precisely: a linguistic unit including the word and, to a lesser extent, the corresponding verb zszokować / zaszokować kogoś czymś (to shock someone with something). The analysis encompasses issues related to identifying a linguistic unit which represents the relevant notion, its syntactic properties and a description of its meaning. The analysed unit is additionally compared to verbs representing notions of surprise, bewilderment and amazement. The text is concluded with an attempt to explicate sentences which contain the expression ktoś jest w szoku, że_ (someone is in shock that_).

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O WŁAŚCIWOŚCIACH SKŁADNIOWO-SEMANTYCZNYCH CZASOWNIKÓW ZAPRZEPAŚCIĆ I PRZEPAŚĆ

Author(s): Dorota Kruk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 09/2018

This paper contains a semantic and syntactic analysis of two verbal language units identified by the author and represented by the forms zaprzepaścić (to squander) and przepaść (to be lost), namely [ktośi] zaprzepaścił [cośj] ([someonei] squandered [somethingj]) and [cośi] przepadło ([somethingi] was lost). By means of language tests, the author tries to reconstruct their semantic properties (which imply their formal features), the result of which is the proposed (working) explications of the units.

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O SPECIFIČNOSTIMA SINTAKSE KNJIŽEVNOUMJETNIČKOG STILA: SLIKANJE SINTAKSOM U KRATKIM PRIČAMA JUSUFA IDRISA

Author(s): Elma Dizdar / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 69/2020

From the point of view of syntactic analysis, the main features of texts belonging to literary style are the unlimited freedom and absence of rules which in other functional styles dictate the characteristic use of syntactic patterns and structures, as well as means of text cohesion. That is why it is difficult to discuss the specific features of the syntax of literary style in general. Instead, it is possible to analyze the use of syntax as an element of style of individual authors, literary movements or genres. However, it is not the syntactic features that could be analyzed as building blocks of unique, homogenous style of Yusuf Idris that served as motivation for writing of this paper. Quite the contrary, the paper draws attention to markedly different syntactic devices used by this writer in different short stories. The central focus of the paper is the analysis of these syntactic devices in several short stories of Yusuf Idris, which aims to show that the use of syntax therein is not simply means or form used by the writer to convey the content of the story. Actually, this syntactic warp and woof of the story, packed with various syntactic figures, not only works together with the story content and tells one part of it but often speaks louder than words, forming unique narrative devices.

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Клаузалне структуре у функцији допуне у тексту Пролошког житија Светог Максима Бранковића Гаврила Стефановића Венцловића из 1744/45. године

Author(s): Sanja Petrović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 51/2020

The topic of this paper is the syntactic and semantic analysis of complement clause structures (both verbal and nominal ones) in Prološko žitije Svetog Maksima (The Vita of Holy Maksim) written by Gavril Stefanović Venclović. The sources were digital photographs of Venclović’s autograph from 1744/45, Archives of SASA, 84 (270). A detailed qualitative and quantitative analysis were conducted and the results were compared with the data from the research dedicated to the analysis of hypotactic structures of the adverbial type in the same manuscript

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Odnos glagolskih prefiksa pod- i nad-

Author(s): Jelena Ajdžanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 51/2020

The paper analyses the relation between prefixes pod- and nad-, the argument structure and syntactic behaviour of verbs derived by means of the given prefixes. The analysis has shown that prefixes pod- and nad- make an antonymous pair only in their primary meaning – when they denote spatiality, which classifies them as diametrical, reversive antonyms, i.e. they represent converse antonymy. The relation of opposition is established only between the verbs of motion and action verbs derived by the means of the analysed prefixes. Opposite verbal lexemes, in most cases, bind themselves to the same sentence constituents, which can be formalized through various case forms or, if they are realized by the same forms, they are differentiated according to different semantic features. Antonymous verbal lexemes rarely bind themselves to different sentence constituents. It seems that all inconsistences in terms of the syntactic behaviour of the observed antonymous verbs are based on the changes in their meaning induced by the very addition of the analysed prefixes.

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Kompetenca gramatikore e nxënësve të klasave XII në Prishtinë

Author(s): Agnesa Hasimja / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 38.1/2019

The term “grammatical competence”, first used by Chomsky (1965:3), refers to the born ability of people to generate an infinity of phrases; linguistic knowledges (systems of rules) of these individuals to understand grammatical errors and different ambiguities. Whereas, Hymes (1972:269) speaks about the communication ability or competence, as knowledge or cognition a speaker or listener needs, but which has a broader basis than the competence of Chomsky linguistics. Communicative competence includes in itself: grammatical competence, socio-linguistic competence, lecturing competence and strategic competence. Grammatical competence remains linked to the mastery of the language code itself, which includes the characteristics and rules of the language, such as: vocabulary, morphology (word formulation/building), syntax, pronunciation, spelling and language semantics. Consequently, since the linguistic components, along with other components play a role in the development of communication abilities of students (pupils), as one of main objectives of Albanian language curricula, they will be part of our research. In this research will be depicted the current state of grammatical knowledge of twelfth grades students (pupils) in Prishtina, obtaining the data from the field research, through the method of polling. In order to have a critical view against the given result, the research will be focused on Albanian languge curricula for the twlefth grades.

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Formimi i shumësit të emrave në shqipe me prapashtesat me burim turk -llarë / -lerë

Author(s): Labinot Krasniqi / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 38.1/2019

The Albanians are people who have constantly lived under the rule of other peoples. This situation has made that also their language has been influenced by the ruler's language. One of the last rulers who has ruled for more than five centuries are Ottomans, who have left left traces of its Ottoman language, hence the Turkish. The Turkish language has extended its influence in Albanian, especially in the lexical field, but there are cases of its influence in the grammar of the Albanian language too. In this paper, we will discuss the extension of the two grammatical elements of the Turkish language plural formation, and their use in the formation of the Albanian language plural. We will first discuss the use of these terms in the Turkish language itself, then we will deal with the case of Albanian, its spread; we will see that which words take the plurality with these endings; is this phenomenon spread just in Turkish loanwords, or also in non-turkish loanwords etc. During this paper we will also consider the work of other scholars in this field. At the end of this work we expect to determine the extent of this phenomenon in Albanian, its first using, in what words has been spread and how much it is present now.

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Директив и претња исказани независносложеном реченицом са кондиционалним међуклаузалним семантичким односом

Author(s): Marina J. Šafer / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 51/2020

The paper examines independent coordinated clauses with conditional semantic relations. The second clause is formulated as a speech act of threat, while the first clause, which conditions the enactment of the threat, communicates a directive (order/prohibition). Such an arrangement is predominantly visible in disjunctive (e.g. Турска прети Хафтару: Пустите наше грађане, или ћете постати наша мета → Ако не пустите наше грађане, постаћете наша мета) and conjunctive sentences (e.g. Слушај мали, направи још један проблем и имаћеш посла са мном → Ако направиш још један проблем, имаћеш посла са мном). Examples like these can always be transformed into conditional sentences. The corpus includes select Serbian television shows of different genres (comedy, drama, and crime) as well as Serbian internet portals. Apart from pragmatic functions of the first and second clause, the paper analyses syntactic and semantic traits of these structures: conjunctions, the composition of the first and second clause predicate (different combinations of verb forms, as well as lexical semantics of the verbs that compose the predicates – e.g. the use of aspectual verbs in the first clause), frequent adverbial determiners (e.g. the determiner још једном in the first clause), etc. The most frequent syntactic combination is V1 (Imper.) + V2 (Fut1), but other verb forms are also present, especially in disjunctive sentences (the first clause can use Future 1, while the second often uses a present verb of the imperfective aspect). The clauses are very often joined using the particle иначе, which is expected, considering that its lexical semantics implies a conditional relation (a ако не).

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Утврђивање ауторства И. Андрића у спорним текстовима објављеним у часопису Свеске Задужбине Иве Андрића (бројеви 16 и 17)

Author(s): Jovana Prokopijević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 51/2020

The subject of this research is to determine I. Andric's authorship in the disputed articles published in the magazine Sveske published by Ivo Andrić’s Endowment by determining linguistic and stylistic markers. The paper analyses the syntactic level of language in the questioned and known texts by Ivo Andrić. The aim of this work is to determine the similarities and differences in the language and style of known Andrić's texts and questioned manuscripts published in the journal, and to give an opinion on the possibility of Ivo Andrić's authorship in the disputed texts. The research is based on the material excerpted from six disputed and eight known texts. The method is the analysis of stylistic markers that identify an author and give us information about him, his language and style. The perception and analysis of the material give us a clear picture of Ivo Andrić’s language and style as well as the language and style of the disputed texts. Their comparison casts light on the issue of Andrić's authorship in the disputed texts.

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Przyimek i jego użycie w pracach pisemnych osób dyslektycznych

Author(s): Ewa Boksa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2021

The research presented in this paper is aimed to answer the question whether dyslexic people who had been diagnosed with delayed speech development before they started school use prepositions correctly in statements and how their ability to use prepositional phrases affects their formation of sentence structures. The material underlying the research on the syntactic functions of prepositions and prepositional phrases has been extracted from reports on speech development for six-year-old children and stories created by the same people many years later, when they were eighth-year students. Analyses of dyslexic students’ essays have confirmed that one of the key indicators of developmental dyslexia, which is helpful in diagnosis, could be the preposition acquisition time as well as understanding and using this part of speech in utterances and statements.

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