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"auleta" und es bleibt alles beim Neuen! Zur Konstitution der polnischen Fachneologismen im Bereich der altgriechischen Musik.

Author(s): Grzegorz Pawłowski / Language(s): German / Issue: 1/2015

Epistemic properties of a man constitute the base for change. So far little attention has been paid to those properties in semantics. Questions of epistemic factors, which influence the formation of specialised neologisms, have not been posed. The keynote of this article is the attempt to answer this question. To achieve this goal, I attempt to explain such expressions as ‚neo’, ‚epistemic’ and ‚specialised neologism’. Then I proceed with the presentation of the results of the analysis of an interview. The subject of the interview is the Polish neologism ‚auleta’, created by Maciej Kaziński during his work an the translation of John Landes’ Music in Ancient Greece and Rome.Epistemic properties of a man constitute the base for change. So far little attention has been paid to those properties in semantics. Questions of epistemic factors, which influence the formation of specialised neologisms, have not been posed. The keynote of this article is the attempt to answer this question. To achieve this goal, I attempt to explain such expressions as ‚neo’, ‚epistemic’ and ‚specialised neologism’. Then I proceed with the presentation of the results of the analysis of an interview. The subject of the interview is the Polish neologism ‚auleta’, created by Maciej Kaziński during his work an the translation of John Landes’ Music in Ancient Greece and Rome.

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"U Doni Gjoni, biri i Bdek Buzukut ...” (Edhe një herë për prejardhjen e emrave Buzuk-u dhe Bdek-u)

Author(s): David Luka / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 01-02/2015

In this essay/article, after introducing briefly the ideas expressed by various linguists on the matter in question, the author throws into discussion two issues: the origine of the patronymic Buzuku, as well as the origine of the name of Gjon’s father (Bdek), giving thus his contribution. He thinks that the two names, Buzuk and Buzuq, are nominal compounds. There is no doubt that the first part of these compounds is the noun buz/ë/(lip/s), but with the meaning ‘brink, border, bank’. It seems that with this meaning, are especially linked the toponyms and micro-toponyms, numerous throughout all the toponomastic nomenclature in our country, which come out since early times in various medieval documents to our days. The second part of Buzuk/Buzuq is the name Ujk (wolf), which appears since early in documents as personal name. It seems, then, that in Buzuk as well as in Buzuq, we have a compounding or a juxtaposition of two nouns, which originally named a place, buzë ‘brink’, where there were wolves, this perhaps in connection to some occurrence, now petrified in the micro-toponym Bazulk (respectively Buzuk). Later the noun must have been used as a patronym; over time it may have passed also to the naming of the village according to the name of the kin holding it. We are then within that circle which E. Çabej calls ‘the system of Albanian anthroponomy’.

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(IN)TRANZITIVNOST GLAGOLA U ENGLESKOME I HRVATSKOME JEZIKU

Author(s): Nataša Stojan / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 6/2012

This paper represents comparative analysis of verbal transitivity in English and Croatian, which points out to syntactic-semantic characteristics that are crucial for the identification of object. It also discusses classification of verbs in English and Croatian grammar books. Transitivity is somewhat differently defined in linguistic literature and grammar books, which can cause disagreement related to verb classification. In Croatian grammar books verbal transitivity is related to direct object so this paper examines the possibility of a verb ''transiting'' action to an indirect object as well.

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(Meta)refleksja nad motywacją słowotwórczą w tekście

Author(s): Iwona Kaproń-Charzyńska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2021

In the article the author reflects on the issue of motivation – a key issue for word formation understood as an element of human communicative activity and a branch of language science. She analyzes the role of language users’ word-formation competence and their (meta)linguistic awareness in the process of encoding/decoding information contained in the derivative, taking into account the polyphonic structure of the text. She shows how the speaker controls the process of understanding the text by the recipient, moving between the language level and the metalanguage level. In terms of word-formation methodology, the analytical procedures presented in the article serve to outline a possible new direction of word formation research.

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(Non-)Configurationality and the Internal Syntax of Adjectives in Old Romanian

Author(s): Raluca Brăescu,Adina Dragomirescu,Alexandru Nicolae / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2015

This paper deals with three phenomena specific to old Romanian: pre-head complements to adjectives (i.e. head-final adjectival structures), post-adjectival degree markers, and discontinuous adjectival and degree phrases. Following recent work by Ledge-way, we defend the hypothesis that the old Romanian adjectival phrase preserves relics of the head-final and non-configurational syntax of Latin. The fact that pre-head complements of adjectives and post-adjectival degree markers represent a genuine instance of head-finality (i.e. roll-up movement) is reinforced by the existence of discontinuous adjectival phrases (the hallmark of non-configurationality), discontinuous structures being unavailable in harmonic head-initial systems (Ledge-way forthcoming b)

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(Re)ediční praxe Daniela Adama z Veleslavína: Kronika o založení Země české a prvních obyvatelích jejích Martina Kuthena ze Šprinsberka

Author(s): Dmitrij Timofejev / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 2/2022

The famous Czech printer Daniel Adam of Veleslavín (1546–1599), as well as most of his fellow typographers, not only published previously unreleased works, but also prepared a number of re-editons. Our research is focused on the changes made by Veleslavín in his re-edition of Martin Kuthen’s Chronicle of the Founding of the Czech Lands. The paper concludes by arguing that Kuthen’s original text from 1539 was reprinted by Veleslavín in 1585 rather precisely, and changes were made in an attempt to systematically treat phenomena that vary at random in the first edition. This resulted, for example, in a quantitative reduction of minuscule digraphs, in the declining occurrence of the prothetic consonant v- before the phoneme /o/, as well as in a diminished usage of the auxiliary verb to be in the third person of the past tense. Nevertheless, a few features (e.g., an increasing usage of the letters combination «uo» instead of the more progressive letter «ů» to spell the vowel /u:/ from Old Czech /o:/) were employed by Veleslavín most probably to keep the archaic aura of Kuthen’s Chronicle, otherwise modernized by him in several aspects.

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(Under)specification of the person feature in relative clauses

Author(s): Kaori Furuya / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2017

By examining ϕ-agreement in relative clauses, this paper investigates the relation between syntax and morphology in terms of the person feature. English relativized subjects appear to have different phi-features for the purposes of subject–verb agreement and binding relations. The verbal morphology uniformly displays 3rd person whereas reflexive binding shows 1st/2nd person in addition to 3rd person. If subject extraction must trigger an invariable verbal form as Ouhalla (1993) argues, the binding alternations cannot be accounted for. This paper proposes dual properties of the person feature based on Harley and Ritter’s (2002) feature geometry, and argues that relativized subjects may not obtain both properties of the person feature from the head noun via Agree. This partial agreement causes morphosyntactic variation in English and cross-linguistically in Distributed Morphology (DM). The current analysis demonstrates that referential and morphological (under)specifications are kept separate under the constraint of the syntactic operation Agree.

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1595 Tarihli Defter-i Mufassal-ı Livâ-i Ahısha’da Geçen Türkçe Kökenli Kişi Adları Üzerine

Author(s): Sinan Uyğur / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: Spec.issue/2017

One copy of this book that was made about in 1595 is in the General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre in Ankara and another one is in Sakartvelos Sahelmtzebi Muzeumi in Tbilisi just after following the conquest of Ahiska whose Muslim people were exiled in 1944 and it was conquered by Ottomans in 1578 and occupied by Russians in 1828. The book both has an important place in historical researches in the way of showing that the economic and civilian administration structuring of the region and inclusion of the names of the taxpayers makes it valuable from the point of Turkish language and culture. However, the names of rich person in the book have been evaluated superficially by those who have not been experts before, and have been made inferences about the ethnic structure of the region based on these names in the book. We will examine these previous studies about the book and discuss the names of the Turkish people recorded in the book from the point of phonetics of the historical Turkish dialects, morphology and vocabulary, and will be emphasized on these names that bear trace which of Turkish dialects.

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1759 metų Ziwato moteriškojo linksniavimo daiktavardžiai ir jų raida

Author(s): Sonata Vaičiakauskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 68/2013

The present article is devoted to the analysis of the development of the feminine-type declension nouns as represented by the 18th century best record of the Northern Zemaiciai (Samogitians) of Kretinga Dialect – the Ziwato, published in 1759. The feminine-type declension comprises three kinds of stem: ā and ā, and also ē stems. The data of the Ziwato Dialect were compared with the data of the present-day form use in the Northern Zemaiciai of Kretinga Dialect. The comparative study of the noun stem paradigms revealed certain characteristic features and tendencies in the morphological development of proper names in the Northern Zemaiciai of Kretinga Dialect. The comparative analysis proved that changes in the noun forms of the feminine-type declension and the abundance of homonymous forms had been preconditioned by the phonetic developments in the Dialect as well as by the patterns of stressing. Thus the morphological development of the dialect depends both on morphological and phonological phenomena.

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1918–1940 M. STATYBOS TERMINIJOS DŪRINIŲ DARYBOS POLINKIAI

Author(s): Lina Rutkienė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 92/2019

The article deals with the compound constructional terms in scientific literature, published between 1918 and 1940. In Lithuania, during the interwar period, the construction sector was rapidly expanding, there were many new realities, which called for many new terms, including compounds. Exclusive personalities were very important for the development of construction terms of this period and for the formation of this professional language: Kazimieras Vasiliauskas, Jonas Šimoliūnas, Pranas Morkūnas, Anatolijus Rozenbliumas, Pranas Jodele, Jonas Kiškinas, Juozas Gabrys and others. Not only did these construction engineers carry out significant research, writing articles and books, teaching young people, but also enriched construction terminology. Quantitative data of related terms from 33 scientific papers and articles on construction indicate that during the interwar period compounding was an important way of developing construction terms: in the literature read, 262 related compound terms were found. The German equivalents presented in addition to some of the compounds make the assumption that the Lithuanian compounds are to be regarded as partial or full evaluations. Although general types of Lithuanian compound terms are characterized by the same major types of compounding found in the the present Lithuanian language, analyzing the period from 1918 to 1940 construction terminology compounds, it is determined that they are made according to 10 types of production.

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9. Уровень морфологических и грамматических элементов

Author(s): Yuri M. Lotman / Language(s): Russian / Issue: 1/1964

Основываясь на изложенном и несколько забегая вперед, можно сформулировать вывод: в поэтическом тексте все элементы взаимно соотнесены и соотнесены со своими нереализованными альтернативами, следовательно - семантически нагружены. Художественная структура проявляется на всех уровнях. Следовательно, нет ничего более ошибочного, чем разделять текст художественного произведения на «общеязыковую часть», якобы, не имеющую художественного значения, и некие «художественные особенности».

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A case for two voices in Old Church Slavonic – reflexively marked OCS verbs

Author(s): Anna Malicka-Kleparska / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2015

Old Church Slavonic data manifest significant similarities in the distribution and formal properties of anticausatives, reflexives, subject experiencer verbs, statives, and reciprocals, while their semantics may also be viewed as partly uniform. The structures representing the said classes of verbs are very frequent in the language, while passive structures, formed with analytic morpho-syntactic constructions, are relatively infrequent. Consequently, the expressions headed by anticausatives, reflexives, subject experiencer verbs, statives, and reciprocals (as well as dative impersonal structures) encroach on the area of semantics belonging in Modern Slavic to be the realm expressed in terms of passive morpho-syntax. The conclusion that can be drawn from this state of affairs is that Old Church Slavonic is characterized by the opposition of active and middle voices, while the passive voice is in its infancy.

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A Cluster Study of Community-Based Tourism Terminology

Author(s): Dietermar Say / Language(s): English / Issue: 8(56)/2021

The lack of an official definition of “community-based tourism” (CBT) from the United Nations has caused the academics in the literature to debate the philosophy of the terminology. This paper collects and studies a list of CBT terminology changes in chronological order. Further observation reveals how the works in the CBT literature area have been mainly written by four groups of authors: 1) academics, 2) local government, NGOs, and 4) international organizations. A cluster of 90 CBT works are displayed through word cloud analysis presents evidence of the differences among these three different groups. The results show how the academics have a stronger focus on “community participation”, the government on “product placement”, and the international organizations on “development goals”. These results may allow future communities to more easily decide on which group of authors would suit them more when applying CBT practices.

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A Comparative - Contrastive Approach to Auxiliary Verbs in English, Romanian and Italian

Author(s): Antoanela Marta Mardar / Language(s): English / Issue: 19/2018

Starting from the fact that auxiliary verbs have the same grammatical function, irrespective of the language taken into consideration, the present paper aims at identifying relevant formal and semantic similarities and dissimilarities between the most common auxiliary verbs in English, Romanian and Italian and at proving that certain semantic features shared by the auxiliary verbs analyzed (to be and to have) may represent a useful tool for teaching English auxiliary verbs to Romanian and/or Italian students.

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A CONTEMPORARY ISSUE ‒ PARTS OF SPEECH OR LEXICAL-GRAMMATICAL CLASSES?

Author(s): Cipriana-Elena Peica / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 12/2017

In this paper we will discuss a conceptual problem that poses at least three questions: 1. Is the name part of speech still appropriate in the current grammar or should it be replaced by lexical-grammatical class (with its related subdivisions), which is used in the vision proposed by the Basic Romanian Grammar (GBLR)?; 2. Is this terminological replacement n advantage in teaching? 3. What is the need based on which part of speech could be justifiably considered obsolete? As we will show in this paper, the name part of speech from the 1963/1966 Academy Grammar (GLR) is preserved by the 2005 Romanian Grammar (GALR) as well, which adds certain distinctions that we will present and detail. However, the 2010 Basic Romanian Grammar (GBLR) is different from both the 1963/1966 Academy Grammar (GLR) and the 2005 Romanian Grammar (GALR), with the declared purpose of being accessible for didactic use. We will analyse to what extent this goal has been reached or could be reached from our point of view

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A Feature Geometric Approach of Verbal Inflection in Onondaga

Author(s): Gabriela Alboiu,Michael Barrie / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2015

Iroquoian inflectional verbal morphology is well-documented in the descriptive literature (Chafe 1961, Lounsbury 1949, 1953, Michelson and Doxtator 2002), but has received less attention from a generative perspective. Most generative analyses of verbal inflection rely on the notion of tense as a central category and the universal projection of a Tense Phrase. Onondaga (Northern Iroquoian), however, often makes very little use of tense as a grammatical concept, capitalizing instead on the notions of aspect and mood, thereby rendering the standard generative approach inappropriate. Instead, we propose that a feature geometric analysis (Cowper 2005), which does not rely on tense as a central concept, is better suited for analyzing the Onondaga verbal inflectional domain.

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A GRAMMATICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE OBJECT IN ROMANIAN LANGUAGE

Author(s): Adelina Patricia Băilă / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 12/2017

Both in the traditional Romanian grammar and the modern one, the classification of the object is done by extra grammatical standards. The designations 'direct object', 'indirect object' , 'secondary object' don't mean anything, statistically speaking about the morphosyntactic in the Romanian language, and those as 'object of place', 'object of time', 'object of manner' etc. have a purely semantic explanation, not at all grammatical. For this specific reason, in the given article, we aim to realise an exclusively morphosyntactic classification of the object, having regard to, first of all, the relational/syntactical standards, and on the flip side, the morphological ones. More specifically, we will classify the object by the way it subordinates to its primal term ‒ by the derivation of nouns depending on cases, preposition, adherence or verbal affixes of manner ‒ and by the lexico-grammatical classes by which it expresses its self.

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A HISTORICAL MORPHOLOGY OF WESTERN KARAIM: THE -p edi- PAST TENSE IN THE SOUTH-WESTERN DIALECT

Author(s): Michał Németh / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2015

The present paper describes the -p edi- past tense in Western Karaim – the first such attempt made in the available scholarly literature. It is important to note that the paper is based not only on philological data collected from manuscripts from the 18th–20th centuries, but also on field research conducted by the late Polish Turcologist, Józef Sulimowicz (1913–1973). His linguistic informants were Karaims from Halych.

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A janë njësi të veҫanta leksikore foljet vetvetore në gjuhën shqipe?

Author(s): Anila Shorri / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 38.1/2019

The Albanian language contains dozens of lexicological, semantic and word-forming classes in its lexicology, which need to be further studied, especially regarding their most important aspect, i.e. the semantic one. Such a class is composed of passive and reflexive verbs, which have so far been subject to pure grammatical and word-forming research. There is no comprehensive research that focuses on their lexicological content or semantics to answer the question whether reflexive and passive verbs represent separate lexicological units, i.e. units of an entirely independent meaning from the respective active voices or whether they are forms that derive form them. The answer to this question is first of all related with the nature of their lexicological content, and secondly with the concept of the diathesis and conjugation of verbs. In grammar and vocabularies, diathesis is at times defined as a grammar category and included as an element of verb conjugation, and at others as a lexicological-grammatical category. While verb conjugation is seen from different perspectives, researchers have often different, and more then rarely even contradictory views. The research analyses 2390 reflexive verbs extracted from the Dictionary of the modern Albanian language, 1980. A careful review of the lexicological groups and sub-groups tries to answer the question: are reflexive verbs separate lexicological units in the Albanian language? The research intends to shed light, using the componential analyses approach, within its limits, on the lexicological semantics of reflexive verbs in the Albanian language, which is the scope of our PhD thesis,

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A LOGICAL APPROACH TO ENGLISH CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Author(s): Attila Imre / Language(s): English / Issue: 12/2017

The present article describes theoretical issues of the English conditional sentences, including definitions and types, leading to concerns regarding teaching them. We argue that the concept of remoteness developed by Michael Lewis (1986) is much more suitable to describe conditionals, as well as it offers a more logical approach to tackle various less standard types, such as 'mixed', 'zero' or less frequent verb forms (e.g. continuous). A possible way to understand conditionals may start from a non-native speaker perspective, in our case Romanian or Hungarian, making students aware of the challenges represented by the English conditionals. We also offer a popular option to make students discover 'real-life' conditionals with the help of the entertainment industry, while the references contain major English, Romanian and Hungarian sources in the field.

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