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"auleta" und es bleibt alles beim Neuen! Zur Konstitution der polnischen Fachneologismen im Bereich der altgriechischen Musik.

Author(s): Grzegorz Pawlowski / Language(s): German / Issue: 1/2015

Epistemic properties of a man constitute the base for change. So far little attention has been paid to those properties in semantics. Questions of epistemic factors, which influence the formation of specialised neologisms, have not been posed. The keynote of this article is the attempt to answer this question. To achieve this goal, I attempt to explain such expressions as ‚neo’, ‚epistemic’ and ‚specialised neologism’. Then I proceed with the presentation of the results of the analysis of an interview. The subject of the interview is the Polish neologism ‚auleta’, created by Maciej Kaziński during his work an the translation of John Landes’ Music in Ancient Greece and Rome.Epistemic properties of a man constitute the base for change. So far little attention has been paid to those properties in semantics. Questions of epistemic factors, which influence the formation of specialised neologisms, have not been posed. The keynote of this article is the attempt to answer this question. To achieve this goal, I attempt to explain such expressions as ‚neo’, ‚epistemic’ and ‚specialised neologism’. Then I proceed with the presentation of the results of the analysis of an interview. The subject of the interview is the Polish neologism ‚auleta’, created by Maciej Kaziński during his work an the translation of John Landes’ Music in Ancient Greece and Rome.

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(Non-)Configurationality and the Internal Syntax of Adjectives in Old Romanian

Author(s): Raluca Braescu,Adina Dragomirescu,Alexandru Nicolae / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2015

This paper deals with three phenomena specific to old Romanian: pre-head complements to adjectives (i.e. head-final adjectival structures), post-adjectival degree markers, and discontinuous adjectival and degree phrases. Following recent work by Ledge-way, we defend the hypothesis that the old Romanian adjectival phrase preserves relics of the head-final and non-configurational syntax of Latin. The fact that pre-head complements of adjectives and post-adjectival degree markers represent a genuine instance of head-finality (i.e. roll-up movement) is reinforced by the existence of discontinuous adjectival phrases (the hallmark of non-configurationality), discontinuous structures being unavailable in harmonic head-initial systems (Ledge-way forthcoming b)

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A case for two voices in Old Church Slavonic – reflexively marked OCS verbs

Author(s): Anna Malicka-Kleparska / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2015

Old Church Slavonic data manifest significant similarities in the distribution and formal properties of anticausatives, reflexives, subject experiencer verbs, statives, and reciprocals, while their semantics may also be viewed as partly uniform. The structures representing the said classes of verbs are very frequent in the language, while passive structures, formed with analytic morpho-syntactic constructions, are relatively infrequent. Consequently, the expressions headed by anticausatives, reflexives, subject experiencer verbs, statives, and reciprocals (as well as dative impersonal structures) encroach on the area of semantics belonging in Modern Slavic to be the realm expressed in terms of passive morpho-syntax. The conclusion that can be drawn from this state of affairs is that Old Church Slavonic is characterized by the opposition of active and middle voices, while the passive voice is in its infancy.

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A Feature Geometric Approach of Verbal Inflection in Onondaga

Author(s): Gabriela Alboiu,Michael Barrie / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2015

Iroquoian inflectional verbal morphology is well-documented in the descriptive literature (Chafe 1961, Lounsbury 1949, 1953, Michelson and Doxtator 2002), but has received less attention from a generative perspective. Most generative analyses of verbal inflection rely on the notion of tense as a central category and the universal projection of a Tense Phrase. Onondaga (Northern Iroquoian), however, often makes very little use of tense as a grammatical concept, capitalizing instead on the notions of aspect and mood, thereby rendering the standard generative approach inappropriate. Instead, we propose that a feature geometric analysis (Cowper 2005), which does not rely on tense as a central concept, is better suited for analyzing the Onondaga verbal inflectional domain.

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A protocol for psych verbs

Author(s): Giuliana Giusti,Rossela Iovino / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2016

So-called psychological verbs such as Italian temere ‘fear’, preoccupare ‘worry’, and piacere ‘like’ present an extremely varied argument structure across languages, that arranges these two roles in apparently opposite hierarchies and assigns them different grammatical functions (subject, direct, indirect and prepositional objects). This paper wants to provide a descriptively adequate classification of such verbs in Latin and Italian to serve future analyses irrespective of their theoretical persuasion. We individuate six classes in Italian and seven classes in Latin, which comply with Belletti and Rizzi’s (1988) original analysis of psych verbs and focus on the three less studied classes, namely unaccusatives, unergatives and impersonals. We show that diachronic variation and apparent intra-language idiosyncrasies are due to the fact that these classes are universally available to all psych roots. The presentation is set in a protocol fashion in the sense of Giusti and Zegrean (2015) and Di Caro and Giusti (2015).

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A split DP-analysis of Croatian noun phrases

Author(s): Željka Caruso / Language(s): English / Issue: 1-2/2016

This paper investigates the syntactic structure of nominal expressions in Croatian and proposes their analysis in terms of a split DP. Within the split DP-approach, the nominal left periphery contains functional projections DefP, FocP, TopP and DP. I will show that these functional categories host different lexical items (e.g. determiners, demonstratives, possessives, etc.) that contribute to the (in)definiteness and specificity of the Croatian noun phrase. A reanalysis of the nominal left periphery in terms of a split DP allows for the explanation of DP-internal word order variations, along with some other syntactic phenomena.

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Abraham Kajzer i jego tekst z obozów koncentracyjnych – studium przypadku

Author(s): Barbara Elmanowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2015

The author analyses one of the intimate diaries from concentration camps written by AbrahamKajzer, who was a prisoner of KL Auschwitz-Birkenau and AL Riese (which was a part of KL Gross-Rosen on Lower Silesia). In article is uses Paweł Rodak’s theory of broad understanding of diary’s materiality as a writing practice, which was very complicated and difficult during the World WarII, especially at concentrations camps (finding material and tool to write, organizing space andwork out a ritual of writing; also place where notes were hiding and their fates in the post-war years). Diary it’s not only on textual level but it’s closely related to regular life. But in the campwriting daries was extremely dangerous practice (author could pay with his own life for it). Abraham Kajzer was an writing in Yiddish on empty cement bags with indelible pencil in camplatrine, where he was also hiding notes. After war he passed on his material to Adam Ostoja, who translated them and edited to publication.Kajzer described his reality in concentration camps and many traumatic experiences, which are one of many evidences of the Nazi genocide.

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Additive Enclitic Suffix -Da In Turkish As A Cohesive Device

Author(s): Dönercan Dönük / Language(s): English / Issue: 130/2005

This study aims to throw light upon the focusing and continuative functions of-dA at the intersentential and intrasentential level focusing on the study by Kerslake (1992).

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Adnominal Possessive Constructions in Narym, Vasjugan and Middle-Ob Dialects of Selkup

Author(s): Victoria Vorobeva,Irina Novitskaya,Ksenia Girfanova,Vitaliy Vesnin / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2017

The paper presents an analysis of the structural types of the adnominal possessive constructions in three little-studied Southern dialects of Selkup: Narym, Vasjugan and Middle-Ob. Apart from the other two types of possessive constructions (predicative and external) the adnominal possessive construction corresponds to a noun phrase involving a possessor (dependent) and a possessed (head). The possessor can be expressed by a noun or a pronoun, thus two types of adnominal possessive constructions (PNP) can be distinguished: nominal PNP and pronominal PNP. There are some approaches to marking possession in each type of the PNP in Selkup, which boil down to morphological or syntactic encoding. The locus of explicitly expressed markers encoding the possessive relation can either be on the head, on the dependent, on both or on neither of them in Southern Selkup.

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Adtabanlı Eylemler ve Kılınış Özellikleri

Author(s): Mustafa Aksan,Yesim Aksan / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 132/2006

This paper analyzes the morpological and semantic properites of denominal verbs in Turkish. Following Clark and Clark (1979), Turkish denominal verbs are classified into eight semantic categories: location, locatum, duration, agent, experiencer, goal, source, and instrument. The lexical aspectual characteristics of location, locatum, and goal verbs are also presented. It is argued that the inherent semantic features of base nouns have a crucial role in determining the telicity of the abovementioned denominal verbs. There is a correlation between the (non)boundedness of the base nominal and the (a)telicity of the derived verb. The paper finally focuses on the variable aspectual properties of locatum verbs and illustrates the impact of contextual factors, particularly real-world knowledge, in ascribing (a)telicity interpretations to these verbs.

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Ainsuse pika ja lühikese sisseütleva valiku olenemine morfofonoloogilistest tunnustest – korpusanalüüs

Author(s): Ann Metslang / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 60/2014

This study examines the choice between the singular long and short illative case. The research question examined is which morphophonological variables are statistically significant for choosing the long or short illative case. The variables considered were gradation, the type and direction of gradation, the quantity degree of the base form, stem-final alternation and the stem-final alternation pattern, the final sound of the base form and the number of syllables in the genitive stem. The data for the study came from the Morphologically Disambiguated Corpus of the University of Tartu. A total of 1710 illative case forms were analysed. With the help of the computer software program R, a chi-square test and standardized Pearson residuals were performed. Based on the standardized Pearson residuals, the short illative is more likely when the word has gradation or quality alternation, the word has stem-end alternation, the final sound of the word’s base form is a consonant or there are more than three syllables in the genitive stem. Likewise, the short illative is more likely when the stem-final alternation pattern has words belonging to the seminar, redel, kringel, siil, sai, lagi, nali, sõber and õnnelik types. The long illative is more likely if the word has no gradation (or has quantity alternation), the word has no stem-final alternation (or the stem-final alternation pattern has the ending -(V)s, if the word has the ending -(V)ne or -ke, if the word belongs to the suur, küünal, soolane, uus–küüs, or käsi type, the final sound of the word’s base form is a vowel or there are three syllables in the genitive stem. The direction of gradation and the quantity degree of the base form are not statistically significant factors in the choice between the short and the long illative. However, the short illative form was preferred by all morphophonological variables in the analysed data. Future studies could perform a multivariate analysis with morphosyntactic and semantic variables.

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Ainsuse sisseütleva vormi valiku seos morfosüntaktiliste ja semantiliste tunnustega – materjali ning meetodi sobivus korpusanalüüsiks

Author(s): Ann Siiman / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 61/2015

The article examines the choice between the singular long and short illative case. It attempts to find out which morphosyntactic and semantic variables are statistically significant for choosing the long or short illative case. The variables considered are part of speech, part of sentence, government, fixed word combination, proper or common noun, proper noun semantic group, common noun semantic group and meaning of the verb lemma. The material investigated comes from the Estonian web corpus etTenTen and the Estonian Reference Corpus. In the final material, a total of 840 illative case forms were analysed. The material was balanced (420 long illative forms and 420 short illative forms) and all word forms were included only once. With the help of the computer software program R, a chi-square test and standardized Pearson residuals were performed. The results were controlled with a so-called part-whole method and using Cramér’s V effect size method. Based on the quantitative and qualitative analyses, five variables were found to be important: government, fixed word combination, proper or common noun, proper noun semantic group and common noun semantic group. it was found that the government structures, proper nouns and the levels ‘person names’ and ‘place names’ from the variable proper noun semantic group prefer the long illative case. The short illative case is more preferred with fixed word combinations and the levels ‘place phrases’ and ‘state phrases’ from the variable common noun semantic group. In this univariable corpus-based study, the variables government, fixed word combination, proper or common noun, proper noun semantic group and common noun semantic group were statistically significant, but further studies should test if these variables remain statistically significant when applying multivariable analysis or in experiment-based studies.

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Akademiku Shaban Demiraj – dijetar i shquar dhe me ndikim të gjerë për zhvillimin e gjuhësisë shqiptare

Author(s): Emil Lafe,Remzi Nesimi / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 45/2015

Shaban Demiraj (1920- 2014) is one of the most well- known Albanian linguists. He is an author of a series of works from different areas of the Albanian linguistics. Demiraj was for a long time professor in the University of Tirana and the chief of the Department of the Albanian Language for 27 years (1962- 1989). His activity, as a university professor from 1955, in the first period was focused mainly on the morphology of ntemporary Albanian. His textbook about the Albanian morphology was in use for about two decades in Albania, Kosovo and Macedonia and brought forth important theoretical innovations concerning the explanation and the definition of the grammatical concepts and categories by bringing forward the characteristic aspects of the grammatical structures of the Albanian language, and thus setting aside several viewpoints borrowed from other languages. Besides, successful efforts were made in this text to better define the morphological norm of the literary Albanian, which was on the way of being crystallized in those years. The main domain of Demiraj’s activity is historical grammar of the Albanian language. After a long series of contributions on specific aspects, he wrote the synthetic work “Gramatikë historike e gjuhës shqipe” (Historical Grammar of the Albanian Language) (1986, 1166 p.), which has been highly appreciated regarding its method, its broad vision, the richness of the arguments and the personal achievements of the author. In this work, the continuity of the grammatical evolution of the Albanian language is followed and explained from its beginning up to nowadays, the linguistic and extralinguistic reasons for the loss of some inherited grammatical features and the appearance of new ones are investigated, and the evolution trends of the Albanian grammatical structure both as an Indo- European and Balkan languages are investigated. The multiple observations and the rich material collected systematically by Prof. Demiraj as a result of his research in the area of the historical grammar produced several important works, such as “Gjuha shqipe dhe historia e saj” (Albanian Language and his History) (1988; 2nd ed. 2013; an Italian version was published by the University of Calabria in 1997), “Fonologjia historike e gjuhës shqipe” (Historical Phonology of Albanian) (1996), “Gjuhësi ballkanike” (Balkan Linguistics) (Shkup, 1994; also published in Macedonian in the same year), which make up an original synthesis of the achievements of Albanian and foreign linguists in these areas. Such works as “Prejardhja e Shqiptarëve nën dritën e dëshmive të gjuhës shqipe” (1999); English version “The Origin of the Albanians (Linguistically Investigated)” (2006); “Epiri, Pellazgët, Etruskët dhe Shqiptarët” (“Epirus, Pelasgians, Etruscans and Albanians”) (2008) contain not only a reasoned summary of the actual state of art, but also the new contribution and visions of the author. His vast research and publication activity has rendered prof. Demiraj a well- known and highly appreciated scholar all over the Albanian world as well as in the international scientific world.

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Ambipositsioonide morfsüntaktilise varieerumise kirjeldusi kvantitatiivsete profiilide abil

Author(s): Mirjam Ruutma,Aki-Juhani Kyröläinen,Kristel Uiboaed,Maarja-Liisa Pilvik / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 2/2016

Certain Estonian adpositions can occur either as prepositions or as postpositions (e.g. ümber maja, maja ümber ’round the house’). In this study, we refer to these as ambipositions and the goal of this study is to find the motivation for this positional variation in usage. The data come from the Estonian Dialect Corpus, which contains natural dialectal speech, allowing us to simultaneously include both linguistic as well as dialectal factors as part of the analysis. Here, we have included five ambipositions, läbi ’through’, mööda ’along’, vastu ’against’, üle ’over’ and ümber ’around’, that occurred with sufficient frequency in both positions. All utterances of these ambipositions in the corpus were included as part of this study and the results of the quantitative analysis, based on classification trees, showed that out of eight factors considered for the analyses, six influenced the realization of these ambipositions in usage, either as preposition or as postposition. The following factors significantly influenced their realization: dialect, case of the complement, word order, animacy of the complement’s referent, number, semantic function of the adposition. Verb tense and length of the adpositsional phrase were not significant for any of the analyses. In addition to identifying the abovementioned factors that influenced their realization globally, we provide an analysis for each of the ambipositions displaying their morpho-syntactic and geographical profile. In general, these profiles can be used, for example, in lexicography or in language teaching. Finally, the results indicate that the usage profiles of these ambipositions are rather specific and their realization appears to be more strongly influenced by linguistic rather than dialectal factors.

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Anomalous use of definiteness and gender in some types of noun phrases in Bulgarian

Author(s): Valentin Gešev / Language(s): English / Issue: 1-2/2016

The paper considers the anomalous use of definiteness and gender in Bulgarian noun phrases containing hypocoristic names, nicknames or sometimes even legal personal names. Proper names of people, being semantically definite, usually do not take the definite article in Bulgarian. But in the cases considered it is just the opposite – in informal conversation, in fiction or in ironic statements the use of a definite article is either obligatory or facultative depending on the formal and semantic features of the names. The factors to trigger the anomalous use described may be the female sex of the designee, the less typical ending of the noun, its being grammatically neuter or its inclusion in an attributive phrase. Thus the female legal personal names (e.g. Marija, Elena) may take a definite article on some special occasions (Marijata, Elenata) but male legal personal names (e.g. Boris) cannot. Male legal or hypocoristic names ending in -o (Stojko, Borko More...

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Archaic features of Bogdani’s language: overlappings with southern dialects

Author(s): Anila Omari / Language(s): English / Issue: 01/2015

Albanologists have long noted a greater closeness between the two main dialects of Albanian, the Gheg and the Tosk, during an earlier stage of Albanian language. Gustav Meyer, questioning Hahn’s argument as being unsupported by facts, according to whom differences between the Gheg and Tosk dialects reflected an ancient division between the Illyrian and Epirotic languages, wrote: “In ogni caso la odierna differenza fra il gego e il tosco, la quale non è poi tanto grande, può derivare da una distinzione posteriore. Lo studio dell’albanese parlato in Grecia mi fa presentemente ritenere questa opinione come la piu plausibile.” Other scholars, such as Jokl and Tagliavini, later expressed that same position. After Gjon Buzuku’s Missal (1555) was discovered, various Arbëresh (i.e. Italo-Albanian) scholars offered remarks concerning similarities between the language of the earliest (known) Albanian author and that of the varieties of the Arbëresh of Italy.

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Asking and answering: A contrastive study of English and Swedish basic communication verbs

Author(s): Åke Viberg / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2016

This article presents a contrastive study of the English verbs ask and answer and their Swedish correspondents based on data from the English Swedish Parallel Corpus (ESPC), which is bi-directional and contains Swedish and English original texts and their corresponding translations. As a background, a short overview is given of Verbal Communication Verbs (VCVs) in general with brief discussions of speech act theory (Searle), direct and reported speech and conceptual frames (FrameNet) and their syntactic realizations. The contrastive study is concerned with networks of polysemy and the relationships of various senses with differing syntactic realizations across languages. The senses of ask are primarily distributed between two verbs in Swedish: fråga ‘ask a question’ and be ‘request (politely)’ but even some verbs with more specific meanings are involved. The concept of answering forms a conceptual network which is similar in English and Swedish but contrasts with respect to the way meanings are divided up between various verbs. English has a number of verbs such as answer, reply, respond, correspond, retort and rejoin, whereas Swedish to a great extent relies on one verb (svara) and its morphological derivations: besvara, ansvara, motsvara, försvara. In the Conclusion, pedagogical applications of the study are briefly discussed.

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Atgriezenisko kustības verbu daudznozīmība latviešu valodā

Author(s): Ieva Kupla / Language(s): Latvian / Issue: 2/2012

The article explores the lexicalization of polysemous reflexive verbs of motion and the systems of their meanings. In order to establish the peculiarities of the meaning systems of reflexive verbs of motion more successfully, the systems of their meanings are opposed to those of non-reflexive verbs. The analyzed reflexive verbs of motion are divided into the following groups: reflexive verbs the basic meanings of which differ from the basic meanings of non-reflexive verbs due to reflexivity only – staipīties ‘to stretch’, ārdīties ‘to rave’, sviesties ‘to get along in how are you getting along?’, rauties ‘to shrink’; reflexive verbs the basic meanings of which are withdrawn from the basic meanings of non-reflexive verbs – ņemties ‘to toil’, laisties ‘to fly’, and reflexive verbs that lack non-reflexive verbs – tuvoties ‘to get closer’, mosties ‘to awake’. The meaning systems of the reflexive verbs of motion mentioned above are taken from the “Dictionary of the Latvian Language”.The meaning of the reflexive verbs can be classified by the activity area they describe, that is, subject and object domains. The following meanings of the reflexive verbs are the most common in the systems of reflexive verbs of motion in the Latvian language: in subject domain – prototypical reflexive meaning, reciprocal or mutual activity meaning, autocausative meaning, aspectual meaning, in impersonal domain – modal accidental meaning; in object domain – decausative meaning, modal quasi-passive meaning and negative modal meaning.Observing the meaning systems of reflexive verbs it can be concluded that they are to be considered as separate lexemes:1 As there are reflexive verb meaning systems created independent from the meaning systems of non-reflexive verbs.2 Meaning systems are created also by those reflexive verbs that have no appropriate non-reflexive verb.

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Atgriezeniskuma formālie rādītāji latviešu valodā

Author(s): Andra Kalnaca / Language(s): Latvian / Issue: 3/2013

Latvian has different types of reflexive markers – the light form – a verbal affix, the heavy form and superheavy form, which are usually pronominal. In Standard Latvian the light reflexive marker is expressed by the final -s in verbal finite and non-finite forms. In Latvian subdialects, in prefixed verbs the light reflexive marker stands between the prefix and the root, e.g., sa-sa¬-runāt ‘to speak’ (Standard Latvian sarunāties) in Couronian subdialects of the Middle Dialect, na-sa-klauseit ‘not to listen’ (Standard Latvian neklausīties) in the High Latvian Dialect. The light marker can occur twice – the element -sa- between the prefix and the root as well as the final s: pa-sa-priecātie-s ‘to be happy’ (Standard Latvian papriecāties), ap-sa-rauduotī-s ‘to start crying’ (Standard Latvian apraudāties’). Heavy reflexive markers in Latvian are attested in the form of the reflexive pronoun sevi (ACC) or sev (DAT): es neieredzu sevi ‘I hate myself’, es nopirku sev grāmatu ‘I bought myself a book’. Superheavy reflexive markers in Latvian take the form of a cluster of two pronominals – the emphatic pronoun pats/pati (NOM) + reflexive pronoun sevi (ACC) or sev (DAT): es neieredzu pats sevi / sevi pats ‘I hate myself (male speaker)’, es nopirku pati sev / sev pati grāmatu ‘I bought myself a book (female speaker)’. Examples with pašu (ACC) and pašam, pašai (DAT) in the cluster of pronominals also attested.

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