Ahrensi õlgadel. Ahrensi ortograafia ajalooliselt ja tänapäeval

Author(s): Mati Hint / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 28/2018

In his grammars of Estonian (1843 and 1853), Eduard Ahrens (1803–1863), the pastor of Kuusalu, created a new orthography for the Estonian language. Ahrens intended to more adequately render the structure of short and long syllables in Estonian. Finnish orthography served as a model for Ahrens, thanks to the many similarities between the phonetic and morphophonemic (grade alternation) systems of both languages. Te most important difference between the phonetic systems of Finnish and Estonian is in the prosody of Estonian: it is possible to pronounce long stressed syllables with two distinctive syllable quantities (traditionally called the second and the third degree of quantity) without any change in the segmental structure of the syllable. This extra prosodic means of Estonian was not rendered in the orthography proposal made by Ahrens, because he concentrated on the segmental structure of syllables. This was a prescient decision, as it provided the new orthography with stability, and due to it this orthography has served the Estonian nation and the Estonian culture well since the 1870s. In the years 1840–1875 the foundations for the investigation of Estonian in accordance with the principles and theories of general linguistics were created (Fr. R. Faehlmann, Eduard Ahrens, Jakob Hurt, F. J. Wiedemann). Unfortunately, in the 1870–1880s a new theory of Estonian phonetics was formed (in 1879 Mihkel Veske created an original theory of the Estonian sound system; in 1884 Karl August Hermann used this new theory in his popular grammar of Estonian). In this theory the prosodic quantity of long syllables was interpreted as the quantity degrees of segmental sounds: both vowels and consonants were described as having three distinctive degrees of length (short, long, and overlong), and diphthongs and consonant clusters as having two distinctive degrees of length (long and overlong). Te phonetic system of Estonian was looked at as totally different from any other phonetic system. Ahrens’s orthography was reinterpreted in a way that required any sound in a stressed syllable to be determined to have one of three quantity degrees (short, long, overlong), and the diphthongs and consonant clusters to have long or overlong quantity. This view dominated in Estonian linguistics without any real opposition for about a hundred years (1880s–1980s). Te theory of three quantity degrees is totally incompatible with any phonemic theory. Despite it, up to now, the methods and rules for learning orthography are based on the false assumption that Ahrens’s orthography should be complemented with decisions about the quantity degree of any vowel or consonant or of so-called compound sound. This makes the rules for orthography schizophrenic, for in order to achieve the orthography as it is, a series of unnecessary steps must be taken. However, from the 1960s to the present day, the theory of three quantity degrees has lost ground step by step, and the views of Jakob Hurt and F. J. Wiedemann have made their way back to scientific discussion. In scientific discussion of Estonian phonetics and phonology, and in orthographic dictionaries, the theory of three quantity degrees in declarations has been abandoned, but in practice (A-B-C books, popular overviews of Estonian phonetics, the methods for teaching and learning orthography, some phonological interpretations) the treatment of Estonian as a language with a very peculiar phonological quantity system is still active.

Ainsuse pika ja lühikese sisseütleva valiku olenemine morfofonoloogilistest tunnustest – korpusanalüüs

Author(s): Ann Metslang / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 60/2014

This study examines the choice between the singular long and short illative case. The research question examined is which morphophonological variables are statistically significant for choosing the long or short illative case. The variables considered were gradation, the type and direction of gradation, the quantity degree of the base form, stem-final alternation and the stem-final alternation pattern, the final sound of the base form and the number of syllables in the genitive stem. The data for the study came from the Morphologically Disambiguated Corpus of the University of Tartu. A total of 1710 illative case forms were analysed. With the help of the computer software program R, a chi-square test and standardized Pearson residuals were performed. Based on the standardized Pearson residuals, the short illative is more likely when the word has gradation or quality alternation, the word has stem-end alternation, the final sound of the word’s base form is a consonant or there are more than three syllables in the genitive stem. Likewise, the short illative is more likely when the stem-final alternation pattern has words belonging to the seminar, redel, kringel, siil, sai, lagi, nali, sõber and õnnelik types. The long illative is more likely if the word has no gradation (or has quantity alternation), the word has no stem-final alternation (or the stem-final alternation pattern has the ending -(V)s, if the word has the ending -(V)ne or -ke, if the word belongs to the suur, küünal, soolane, uus–küüs, or käsi type, the final sound of the word’s base form is a vowel or there are three syllables in the genitive stem. The direction of gradation and the quantity degree of the base form are not statistically significant factors in the choice between the short and the long illative. However, the short illative form was preferred by all morphophonological variables in the analysed data. Future studies could perform a multivariate analysis with morphosyntactic and semantic variables.

Ainsuse sisseütleva vormi valiku seos morfosüntaktiliste ja semantiliste tunnustega – materjali ning meetodi sobivus korpusanalüüsiks

Author(s): Ann Siiman / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 61/2015

The article examines the choice between the singular long and short illative case. It attempts to find out which morphosyntactic and semantic variables are statistically significant for choosing the long or short illative case. The variables considered are part of speech, part of sentence, government, fixed word combination, proper or common noun, proper noun semantic group, common noun semantic group and meaning of the verb lemma. The material investigated comes from the Estonian web corpus etTenTen and the Estonian Reference Corpus. In the final material, a total of 840 illative case forms were analysed. The material was balanced (420 long illative forms and 420 short illative forms) and all word forms were included only once. With the help of the computer software program R, a chi-square test and standardized Pearson residuals were performed. The results were controlled with a so-called part-whole method and using Cramér’s V effect size method. Based on the quantitative and qualitative analyses, five variables were found to be important: government, fixed word combination, proper or common noun, proper noun semantic group and common noun semantic group. it was found that the government structures, proper nouns and the levels ‘person names’ and ‘place names’ from the variable proper noun semantic group prefer the long illative case. The short illative case is more preferred with fixed word combinations and the levels ‘place phrases’ and ‘state phrases’ from the variable common noun semantic group. In this univariable corpus-based study, the variables government, fixed word combination, proper or common noun, proper noun semantic group and common noun semantic group were statistically significant, but further studies should test if these variables remain statistically significant when applying multivariable analysis or in experiment-based studies.

Akademiku Shaban Demiraj – dijetar i shquar dhe me ndikim të gjerë për zhvillimin e gjuhësisë shqiptare

Author(s): Emil Lafe,Remzi Nesimi / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 45/2015

Shaban Demiraj (1920- 2014) is one of the most well- known Albanian linguists. He is an author of a series of works from different areas of the Albanian linguistics. Demiraj was for a long time professor in the University of Tirana and the chief of the Department of the Albanian Language for 27 years (1962- 1989). His activity, as a university professor from 1955, in the first period was focused mainly on the morphology of ntemporary Albanian. His textbook about the Albanian morphology was in use for about two decades in Albania, Kosovo and Macedonia and brought forth important theoretical innovations concerning the explanation and the definition of the grammatical concepts and categories by bringing forward the characteristic aspects of the grammatical structures of the Albanian language, and thus setting aside several viewpoints borrowed from other languages. Besides, successful efforts were made in this text to better define the morphological norm of the literary Albanian, which was on the way of being crystallized in those years. The main domain of Demiraj’s activity is historical grammar of the Albanian language. After a long series of contributions on specific aspects, he wrote the synthetic work “Gramatikë historike e gjuhës shqipe” (Historical Grammar of the Albanian Language) (1986, 1166 p.), which has been highly appreciated regarding its method, its broad vision, the richness of the arguments and the personal achievements of the author. In this work, the continuity of the grammatical evolution of the Albanian language is followed and explained from its beginning up to nowadays, the linguistic and extralinguistic reasons for the loss of some inherited grammatical features and the appearance of new ones are investigated, and the evolution trends of the Albanian grammatical structure both as an Indo- European and Balkan languages are investigated. The multiple observations and the rich material collected systematically by Prof. Demiraj as a result of his research in the area of the historical grammar produced several important works, such as “Gjuha shqipe dhe historia e saj” (Albanian Language and his History) (1988; 2nd ed. 2013; an Italian version was published by the University of Calabria in 1997), “Fonologjia historike e gjuhës shqipe” (Historical Phonology of Albanian) (1996), “Gjuhësi ballkanike” (Balkan Linguistics) (Shkup, 1994; also published in Macedonian in the same year), which make up an original synthesis of the achievements of Albanian and foreign linguists in these areas. Such works as “Prejardhja e Shqiptarëve nën dritën e dëshmive të gjuhës shqipe” (1999); English version “The Origin of the Albanians (Linguistically Investigated)” (2006); “Epiri, Pellazgët, Etruskët dhe Shqiptarët” (“Epirus, Pelasgians, Etruscans and Albanians”) (2008) contain not only a reasoned summary of the actual state of art, but also the new contribution and visions of the author. His vast research and publication activity has rendered prof. Demiraj a well- known and highly appreciated scholar all over the Albanian world as well as in the international scientific world.

Aktuálne prešovské výskumy v oblasti slovenskej lexiky

Author(s): Martin Ološtiak / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 39-40/2019

The paper introduces research activities on Slovak lexicology carried out at the Faculty of Arts (Prešov University) during the period 2016 – 2019. These activities are focused on two domains: 1) word-formation and morphemics; 2) neology and neological lexicography. The former activities are concentrated on nomination and word-formation of proper names, univerbization, word-formation adaptation of compounds etc. As the main output of the grant project VEGA (2019 – 2021) the dictionary of affixes is planned. As far as the latter domain is concerned, 29 bachelor and diploma theses were written during the period 2012 – 2019 and several remarkable papers were published. Presently, the grant project Dictionary of Slovak neologisms (lexicographic, lexicological and comparative Slavic research) (2019 – 2023) is implemented, and two major outputs within the project are designed: a) Dictionary of Slovak neologisms; b) the collective monograph Neologisms in Slovak (and in Slavic context).

AlCo – NJË KORPUS TEKSTESH I GJUHËS SHQIPE ME NJËQIND MILIONË FJALË

Author(s): Besim Kabashi / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 36/2017

It is impossible to do serious studies in the field of natural languages without consulting empirical data. Natural language corpora offer this data in its original form. Apart from the fact that in some cases a corpus does not cover every possible word of a language, e. g. evidence, spelling or definition dictionary does, it offers the possibility to explore the data in every imaginable form, e. g. based on the actual context. A big corpus offers more data and the possibilities to cover more words and more phenomena than a small corpus does. Corpora make it possible to accurately study language in a quality not possible without empirical data. To use these benefits from corpora, it is necessary to create them first. We present an Albanian Corpus (AlCo) that contains a hundred million word tokens (text words), the first Albanian corpus of this size. The corpus covers different domains of language and contains different text types – it is a reference corpus. At this moment the work is still in progress, some texts still need to be replaced or recategorized. The corpus is annotated with a morpho-syntactic tagset of 77 tags, since 2015. We use CQPweb, a web-based corpus analysis system, to explore the corpus data.

Allomorph Analysis in The Novels: The Great Gatsby, Of Mice and Men, The Old Man and The Sea

Author(s): Ivona Šetka-Čilić,Mario Penavić / Language(s): English / Issue: 11/2020

This paper seeks to address English allomorphs, with the analysis being conducted in three novels: The Old Man and the Sea (Starac i more), written by Ernest Hemnigway, Of Mice and Men (O miševima i ljudima), written by John Steinbeck and The Great Gatsby (Veliki Gatsby),written by F. Scott Fitzgerald. Allomorphs are different variants of the same morpheme, i.e.different forms or spoken variants of the same morpheme. They appear due to influence of the environment, as well as due to influence of other morphemes. Thus, this paper discusses types of allomorphs as well as the reasons why they appear.The hypothesis stated in this paper says that additive allomorphs are the most commonly used type of allomorphs in literary works in the English language, for which purpose the analysis was conducted in three mentioned novels. However, it is important to emphasize that the mentioned novels were not analyzed completely, but first one hundred pages of each novel were analyzed in order to prove the hypothesis. Although all three novels were written in different language styles, the results have shown many similarities and the main hypothesis has been proven.

ALTAY DİLLERİNDE EDİLGENLİK EKİ

Author(s): M. Selda Karaşlar / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 18/2015

The Altaist conducted a lot of researches on Altaic languages. To investigate the relationship between the Altaic languages they have established many phonological and morphological correlations. As a result of these researches, both positive and negative views on the relationship of the Altaic languages has been determined. Although there are many studies on the morphology of the Altaic languages studies on passivity suffix is limited. These studies on passivity suffix are conducted by Ramstedt, Poppe, Benzing, Gronbech, Clauson, Talat Tekin, Han-Woo Choi. The paper includes studies on the passivity suffix of the Altaic languages and depending on these studies, the situation of passivity suffix of the Altaic languages is analyzed. Furthermore, the development of passivity suffix in the old and today Turkish languages is tried to be proved with the help of some examples. As a result of the research, passivity suffix is proved mostly as voice suffix in old and today Turkish language. In Mongolian, Manchu-Tungusic and Japanese passive sentences are made with different suffixes but in Korean language voice of /-l-/ can make a passive meaning to the sentence.

Alternative routes of lexical retrieval in spontaneous speech

Author(s): Mária Gósy / Language(s): English / Issue: 1(2)/2007

The interaction between pauses and the retrieval of the desired lexemes in the process of word production involves controversies that are worth investigating. The temporal analysis of word retrieval was carried out in a ‘tip-of-the-tongue’ elicitation experiment while pauses signaling the speaker’s word finding trouble were measured also in spontaneous speech. Acoustic–phonetic data confirmed the existence of specific temporal organization of various lexical retrieval problems that occur similarly within one word and also in word seeking, in restarts and in restarts with morphological change in an agglutinative language.

Ambipositsioonide morfsüntaktilise varieerumise kirjeldusi kvantitatiivsete profiilide abil

Author(s): Mirjam Ruutma,Aki-Juhani Kyröläinen,Kristel Uiboaed,Maarja-Liisa Pilvik / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 02/2016

Certain Estonian adpositions can occur either as prepositions or as postpositions (e.g. ümber maja, maja ümber ’round the house’). In this study, we refer to these as ambipositions and the goal of this study is to find the motivation for this positional variation in usage. The data come from the Estonian Dialect Corpus, which contains natural dialectal speech, allowing us to simultaneously include both linguistic as well as dialectal factors as part of the analysis. Here, we have included five ambipositions, läbi ’through’, mööda ’along’, vastu ’against’, üle ’over’ and ümber ’around’, that occurred with sufficient frequency in both positions. All utterances of these ambipositions in the corpus were included as part of this study and the results of the quantitative analysis, based on classification trees, showed that out of eight factors considered for the analyses, six influenced the realization of these ambipositions in usage, either as preposition or as postposition. The following factors significantly influenced their realization: dialect, case of the complement, word order, animacy of the complement’s referent, number, semantic function of the adposition. Verb tense and length of the adpositsional phrase were not significant for any of the analyses. In addition to identifying the abovementioned factors that influenced their realization globally, we provide an analysis for each of the ambipositions displaying their morpho-syntactic and geographical profile. In general, these profiles can be used, for example, in lexicography or in language teaching. Finally, the results indicate that the usage profiles of these ambipositions are rather specific and their realization appears to be more strongly influenced by linguistic rather than dialectal factors.

Amurca, murga, murk во романските и балканските јазици. Од романската и балканската лингвистика, патронимика и топономастика

Author(s): Ǵorǵi Šoptrajanov / Language(s): Macedonian / Issue: 1/1956

Dans cette étude les formes anturca, murga, murk et celles qui s’y apparentent, sont considérées dans le cadre du développement historique des formes de ce type dans toutes les langues où elles apparaissent, de sorte qu’elles représentent un élément très important dans la linguistique balkanique et dans la géographie linguistique. Elles ont des sens différents et s’emploient tantôt comme substantifs, adjectifs ou verbes, tantôt comme patronymes ou toponymes. Quelques-uns de ces morphèmes, en partie communs à toutes les langues balkaniques, ont développé sur le territoire lingustique macédonien de nouvelles formes morphologiques et ont passé par une transformation phonétique considérable. Ces morphèmes représentent un grand intérêt scientifique non seulement du point de vue phonétique et morphologique, mais aussi du point de vue sémantique. Ces formes, en dehors de leur importance linguistique, présentent aussi un intérêt documentaire , précisément à cause de leur développement sémantique. En effet, il est en rapport étroit avec l’histoire de la civilisation et, plus spécialement, avec l’histoire économique des peuples qui ont adopté leurs formes et leurs sens successifs. Au cours de leur développement, long et complexe, les formes en question, comme les langues qui les ont adoptées, ont passé par différentes phases, ont subi des influences diverses, se sont multipliées morphologiquement quand elles ont rencontré des éléments semblables dans les autres langues, se sont développées sémantiquement dans le cadre social.

An “Unexocentric” Synthetic Account of cut-throat and chimney sweep: Evidence from Polish

Author(s): Joanna Kolbusz-Buda / Language(s): English / Issue: 11/2019

In English, exocentric compounds, such as chimney sweep and cut-throat do not possess an overtly expressed suffix. Instead, they seem to be composed of a verb and an argument of that verb, e.g. dareVdevilN, shoeNblackV. Naturally, such an interpretation would immediately position the quoted examples among the representatives of root compounding.We are convinced that zero derivation plays a significant role in the formation of English synthetic compounds in the same way it is seen in Polish. We believe that the research material from Polish offers a substantial amount of evidence for the active participation of conversion in the process of synthetic compounding. This, in turn, accentuates the need to revisit the classification of such formations as spoilsport and chimney sweep, habitually classified as exocentric.This paper provides an ‘unexocentric’ synthetic account of N-V/V-N compound nouns in English. We believe that a root interpretation of shoeblack and daredevil types does not reflect their genuine structure, which, as we argue, rests on a combination of a nominal and verbal stems followed by a zero affix, being the locus of morphosyntactic features and the semantic referent.In our analysis, we draw on a revised version of LIH, i.e. Lieber and Scalise’s (2007) Firewall Theory, which belongs to the current of the so-called mixed models of word-formation advanced in the recent years by, for instance, Ackema and Neeleman (2004), Lieber and Scalise (2007), and Pafel (2017), allowing for a limited intermodular interaction between morphological and syntactic domains.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE LITERARY TEXT FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF GRAMMATICAL ANAPHORA

Author(s): Mioara Mocanu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 10/2017

The present paper puts forward two analyzing models - hierarchical and cognitive ones - applied on two narrative segments of various extent in Novalis work (Hymn to the night and the novel Heinrich von Ofterdingen) to show up the fact that the anaphoric relation study makes upon of the main goals of the text grammar, of the textual cohesion and of the thematic progression.

An Approach to the Synoptic Gospels

Author(s): Ioan Beniamin Pop / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2018

The Gospels according to Matthew, Mark, and Luke, also known as the ‘synoptic gospels’, alongside the Gospel according to John, have been analysed in order to determine the frequency of adverbs exhibited throughout the four gospels. The study attempts to monitor the most frequent characteristics adverbs display and the manner in which these features reveal the cohesion of the text while reinforcing utterances and, at the same time, arranging actions and events or placing emphasis on the modified part of speech. Due to the highly integrated structure of the gospels, however, few involvement features specific to adverbs are expected to be found.

ANADISS

Frequency: 2 issues / Country: Romania

The academic journal ANADISS is a biannual publication which comes out at Suceava University Press. On the initiative of the members of the "Discourse Analysis" Research Centre founded in 2005 within the Faculty of Letters and Communication Sciences from "Stefan cel Mare" University, Suceava, the articles and their abstracts are written in French, English, German, Spanish or Italian.

One of the fundamental components of the human existence's dimension is the linguistic one. Language defines the human presence as intensely as the human becoming stabilizes and affirms the language. In the contemporary world, this equilibrium is often fragile.

The present publication proposes the presentation of such contributions, which can sustain the aggrandizement and the establishment of the human-language relation. To this end, our journal's preoccupations gravitate around themes such as: political discourse, text and discursiveness, discourse and didacticism, inter-text - inter-discourse, discourse and society, linguistic imaginary and language dynamics, production and capture of specialty discourses, discursive perspectives and various cultural contexts, knowledge and discourse: discursive and non-discursive practices, inter-text and inter-speech, discourse and society, linguistic imaginary and language dynamics, discourse and identity. We illustrate through these the Saussurian principal according to which "la langue n'est faite qu'en vue du discours", without ignoring its materialization within the text.

Journal Policy: ANADISS is an international journal that accepts for publication reviewed original papers, short communications, reviews and conference proceedings on a broad range of topics of interest for Discourse Analysis, particularly, for Linguistics in general. There are no article processing charges (APC) or article submission charge.

Author's Ownership and Rights: The journal allows the author(s) to hold the copyright and to retain publishing rights on their materials.

Open Access Policy: ANADISS Journal offers „open access” to published literature. ANADISS Journal assures has free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. ANADISS Journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. Open access enables authors to reach a much broader audience, which has the potential to increase the impact of their research. The ANADISS issues are available online for free, without any charge to download or print each article.

Analele Universității ”Dunărea de Jos din Galați, Lexic comun / Lexic specializat

Frequency: 2 issues / Country: Romania

Annals of “Dunărea de Jos” University of Galati, Fascicle XXIV General Lexicon / Specialized Lexicon is a refereed academic journal of humanities, focused on linguistics, language history, vocabulary and culture, language studies, philology, translation studies, communication studies, cultural history, cultural anthropology, terminology and didactics. The first issue of the journal was published in 2008 by the Faculty of Letters, “Dunărea de Jos” University of Galati. The journal also publishes the scientific papers which are communicated at the international conference Lexic comun / lexic specializat. General Lexicon / Specialized Lexicon. Lexique commun / Lexique spécialisé which has been hosted by the Faculty of Letters, “Dunărea de Jos” University of Galati ever since 2008. Even if we are a Romanian journal of linguistics, the editorial board has a wide perspective towards the lexical level of any language, the interest in the movement of ideas in the field of lexicology and lexicography, as well the in the international promotion of the Romanian contributions. For this purpose the paper publication languages should mainly be Romanian, English, French, but contributions in Spanish, German or Italian are also accepted.

ANALIZA GREŠAKA U JEZIČKOJ PRODUKCIJI ISPITANIKA U EKSPERIMENTALNOJ STUDIJI SLAGANJA PREDIKATA SA KOORDINIRANIM SUBJEKTOM U BOSANSKOM/HRVATSKOM/SRPSKOM JEZIKU

Author(s): Nedžad Leko / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 13/2015

In this paper we present the results of agreement experiments conducted at the University of Sarajevo as part of the EMSS project (Experimental Morphosyntax of South Slavic Languages). We conducted two experiments:oral and written. Our hypothesis was that the written experiment would better reflect native speaker intuitions about agreement forms of the predicate when the subject contains conjoined noun phrases. This was based on the assumption that participants in the oral experiment may be more prone to performance errors than those in the written experiment. The first experiment was a computer assisted oral experiment, in which participants were recorded.They were prompted to continue by the computer, which did not allow enough time for excessive thinking, or making corrections. The second (written) experiment contained the same material and distribution of material as the oral experiment. It was administered immediately after the oral experiment, and did not impose any time limits. The participants had more time to consider each example and correct themselves, if necessary. As a result, we assumed that the written experiment would leave less space for performance errors, and may better reflect native speaker intuitions about agreement forms. The experiments confirmed our initial hypothesis: there were considerably fewer performance errors in written than oral tests

Analiza grešaka u pisanom izražavanju - Negramatične rečenice u komunikaciji u jeziku L2 (studija slučaja)

Author(s): Bernes Aljukić / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 8/2011

This case study analyzes written assignments by a student A. H., twenty one year-old Jordanian who was one of the nineteen students of Bosnian language course for foreigners. Considering that the written language shows specificities in relation to the use of spoken language, the most successful student has been chosen for detailed analyses of errors he made in graphics, phonetics, morphosyntax and semantics. The results are used as guidelines for future teachers and students of this or similar course. The three topics he wrote about supposed to show in what way Ahmad uses sentences in L2 language with the reference that Ahmad’s language ability is quite enough to express thoughts and feelings even in the “damaged” sentences, which leads us to Kauffman’s (2003) principle “focus of meaning” as a remarkably useful guideline for more complete and more substantial language learning. The study is split in two parts- theoretical (includes specificities of processing while learning second language and pointing the differences between communication ability and traditional teaching of second language) and the second part analyses Ahmad’s work in detail with the results and conclusion.

Analiza struktury morfologicznej nazwisk mie­szkańców dawnego powiatu brzezińskiego w województwie łódzkim

Author(s): Barbara Stanecka-Tyralska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/1981

The paper analyses family names in the former district of Brzeziny (284 villages, 3 towns: Brzeziny, Koluszki, Stryków); The study covered 94 200 names, giving 5515 name entries. The material covers mainly the 19th and the 20th centuries. The analysis of morphological structure of the names shows the percentage and number of individual formatives in their productivity (cf. Tab. 1). The author has pointed out their occurrence and regularity and their onomastic connections with Wielkopolska, Mazowsze and partly Małopolska. The analysis shows that the process of suffix derivation is dominant here, both in forma derived from proper nouns and from consaon nouns. Basic forms constitute 27% of all names (1494 names). The most common type of derived names is -ski. The formatives -ski, -cki and the expanded morpheme -in-//-yn-, -ew-//-ow-, -an make 1899 names i.e. 45.9* of derivatives. The derivations from apellative forms with the format¬ive -ski (and the expanded morphemes) have been dominant in towns: Brzeziny (47.3%), Koluszki (51.4%), Stryków (52.3%), Jeżów (55.16%), Będków (43.2%), Ujazd (46.7%). There are 1203 nones with the basic -k- in the suffix (i.e. 3o% of derived names). The derivatives with -ak, -ek, -lk//-yk, -сгук have been the most numerous in the study.

ANALIZË GJUHËSORE KRAHASUESE E NJË PËRRALLE ARBËRESHE NË DY VARIANTE DIALEKTORE

Author(s): Gianni Belluscio,Emilia Conforti / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 36/2017

The authors propose a comparative analysis of the Italo-Albanian tale "Jugalla and orku" recorded at San Benedetto Ullano in 1967 (original version), with a new variant of the same tale recorded in San Basile in 2017 using the same text. This article aims to emphasize the differences between the two tales and the two linguistic variations by different points of view (phonetic, morphology, syntax and lexicon).