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Adnominal Possessive Constructions in Narym, Vasjugan and Middle-Ob Dialects of Selkup

Adnominal Possessive Constructions in Narym, Vasjugan and Middle-Ob Dialects of Selkup

Author(s): Victoria Vorobeva,Irina Novitskaya,Ksenia Girfanova,Vitaliy Vesnin / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2017

The paper presents an analysis of the structural types of the adnominal possessive constructions in three little-studied Southern dialects of Selkup: Narym, Vasjugan and Middle-Ob. Apart from the other two types of possessive constructions (predicative and external) the adnominal possessive construction corresponds to a noun phrase involving a possessor (dependent) and a possessed (head). The possessor can be expressed by a noun or a pronoun, thus two types of adnominal possessive constructions (PNP) can be distinguished: nominal PNP and pronominal PNP. There are some approaches to marking possession in each type of the PNP in Selkup, which boil down to morphological or syntactic encoding. The locus of explicitly expressed markers encoding the possessive relation can either be on the head, on the dependent, on both or on neither of them in Southern Selkup.

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Adtabanlı Eylemler ve Kılınış Özellikleri

Adtabanlı Eylemler ve Kılınış Özellikleri

Author(s): Mustafa Aksan,Yeşim Aksan / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 132/2006

This paper analyzes the morpological and semantic properites of denominal verbs in Turkish. Following Clark and Clark (1979), Turkish denominal verbs are classified into eight semantic categories: location, locatum, duration, agent, experiencer, goal, source, and instrument. The lexical aspectual characteristics of location, locatum, and goal verbs are also presented. It is argued that the inherent semantic features of base nouns have a crucial role in determining the telicity of the abovementioned denominal verbs. There is a correlation between the (non)boundedness of the base nominal and the (a)telicity of the derived verb. The paper finally focuses on the variable aspectual properties of locatum verbs and illustrates the impact of contextual factors, particularly real-world knowledge, in ascribing (a)telicity interpretations to these verbs.

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Adverbial Clauses With -ig and the “until-puzzle”

Author(s): Barbara Ürögdi / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2013

This paper is devoted to untangling some of the cross-linguistic puzzles that are associated with temporal adverbial clauses in general, and until-clauses in particular. After a brief introduction to the issues raised by the construction in Hungarian, the paper presents an overview of the complexities of until-clauses and prior attempts at analyzing these. Then, an account that was first proposed in MacDonald & Ürögdi (2009a;b; 2011) for English is presented, and it is argued that until-constructions do not require any of the special machinery that has been proposed to explain their behavior. The analysis outlined accounts for the properties of temporal adverbials formed with until and for without reference to auxiliary concepts like “expletive negation” and “stativizing negation”. After this detour into English, we return to Hungarian, where until-clauses present a more complex picture than they do in Germanic, and we see how even these data can be accounted for without special stipulations. Finally, the results are tied into the general picture of temporal and event relativization (cf. Haegeman & Ürögdi 2010a;b), providing support for an analysis of a well-defined class of subordinate clauses involving operator movement.

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ADVERBIALS WITH ADJECTIVAL BASIS IN BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE AND THEIR FREQUENCY IN SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE
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ADVERBIALS WITH ADJECTIVAL BASIS IN BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE AND THEIR FREQUENCY IN SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE

Author(s): Katharina Gerhalter,Stefan Koch / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2020

Adverbials with Adjectival Basis in Brazilian Portuguese and Their Frequency in Spoken and Written Language. The present paper focuses on the use of adverbs with an adjectival lexical base in spoken and written present-day Brazilian Portuguese. We compare the frequencies of three different types of adverbials: adverbs in mente (e.g. absolutamente), adjective-adverbs (e.g. alto in falar alto ‘speak loudly’) and prepositional phrases with adjectives as the post-prepositional element (e.g. de novo), the latter being the main focus of this study. The analysis is based on the Discurso & Gramática-corpus, which consists of oral interviews of 170 informants and their written texts on the same topic as the one in the interviews. The data shows that prepositional phrases are less frequent (in terms of type and token frequency) than adjective-adverbs and adverbs ending in mente. Regarding the difference between spoken and written language, adverbs in mente occur remarkably more often in written texts while adjective-adverbs are more frequent in spoken language. Prepositional phrases, instead, occur equally in both codes. Finally, we draw the conclusion that prepositional phrases form a small but stable inventory of lexicalised forms, which are not marked for any code.

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Against Old English ‘short’ diphthongs

Against Old English ‘short’ diphthongs

Author(s): Helena Sobol / Language(s): English / Issue: 01 (16)/2017

Since the earliest grammars, Old English has been analysed as having a length contrast in diphthongs, containing both regular, bimoraic ones, side by side with cross-linguistically unique monomoraic ones. The supposedly monomoraic diphthongs [io eo æɑ] arose through back umlaut and breaking. Unsurprisingly, they have become the source of possibly the greatest controversy in OE phonology, which still remains unresolved. The present paper refutes the main arguments for a length contrast in OE diphthongs. Instead, it argues for a generative phonological analysis, where the diphthongs constitute monomoraic monophthongs in the underlying representation, and bimoraic diphthongs in the surface representation.

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Ahrensi õlgadel. Ahrensi ortograafia ajalooliselt ja tänapäeval

Ahrensi õlgadel. Ahrensi ortograafia ajalooliselt ja tänapäeval

Author(s): Mati Hint / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 28/2018

In his grammars of Estonian (1843 and 1853), Eduard Ahrens (1803–1863), the pastor of Kuusalu, created a new orthography for the Estonian language. Ahrens intended to more adequately render the structure of short and long syllables in Estonian. Finnish orthography served as a model for Ahrens, thanks to the many similarities between the phonetic and morphophonemic (grade alternation) systems of both languages. Te most important difference between the phonetic systems of Finnish and Estonian is in the prosody of Estonian: it is possible to pronounce long stressed syllables with two distinctive syllable quantities (traditionally called the second and the third degree of quantity) without any change in the segmental structure of the syllable. This extra prosodic means of Estonian was not rendered in the orthography proposal made by Ahrens, because he concentrated on the segmental structure of syllables. This was a prescient decision, as it provided the new orthography with stability, and due to it this orthography has served the Estonian nation and the Estonian culture well since the 1870s. In the years 1840–1875 the foundations for the investigation of Estonian in accordance with the principles and theories of general linguistics were created (Fr. R. Faehlmann, Eduard Ahrens, Jakob Hurt, F. J. Wiedemann). Unfortunately, in the 1870–1880s a new theory of Estonian phonetics was formed (in 1879 Mihkel Veske created an original theory of the Estonian sound system; in 1884 Karl August Hermann used this new theory in his popular grammar of Estonian). In this theory the prosodic quantity of long syllables was interpreted as the quantity degrees of segmental sounds: both vowels and consonants were described as having three distinctive degrees of length (short, long, and overlong), and diphthongs and consonant clusters as having two distinctive degrees of length (long and overlong). Te phonetic system of Estonian was looked at as totally different from any other phonetic system. Ahrens’s orthography was reinterpreted in a way that required any sound in a stressed syllable to be determined to have one of three quantity degrees (short, long, overlong), and the diphthongs and consonant clusters to have long or overlong quantity. This view dominated in Estonian linguistics without any real opposition for about a hundred years (1880s–1980s). Te theory of three quantity degrees is totally incompatible with any phonemic theory. Despite it, up to now, the methods and rules for learning orthography are based on the false assumption that Ahrens’s orthography should be complemented with decisions about the quantity degree of any vowel or consonant or of so-called compound sound. This makes the rules for orthography schizophrenic, for in order to achieve the orthography as it is, a series of unnecessary steps must be taken. However, from the 1960s to the present day, the theory of three quantity degrees has lost ground step by step, and the views of Jakob Hurt and F. J. Wiedemann have made their way back to scientific discussion. In scientific discussion of Estonian phonetics and phonology, and in orthographic dictionaries, the theory of three quantity degrees in declarations has been abandoned, but in practice (A-B-C books, popular overviews of Estonian phonetics, the methods for teaching and learning orthography, some phonological interpretations) the treatment of Estonian as a language with a very peculiar phonological quantity system is still active.

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Ainsuse pika ja lühikese sisseütleva valiku olenemine morfofonoloogilistest tunnustest – korpusanalüüs

Author(s): Ann Metslang / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 60/2014

This study examines the choice between the singular long and short illative case. The research question examined is which morphophonological variables are statistically significant for choosing the long or short illative case. The variables considered were gradation, the type and direction of gradation, the quantity degree of the base form, stem-final alternation and the stem-final alternation pattern, the final sound of the base form and the number of syllables in the genitive stem. The data for the study came from the Morphologically Disambiguated Corpus of the University of Tartu. A total of 1710 illative case forms were analysed. With the help of the computer software program R, a chi-square test and standardized Pearson residuals were performed. Based on the standardized Pearson residuals, the short illative is more likely when the word has gradation or quality alternation, the word has stem-end alternation, the final sound of the word’s base form is a consonant or there are more than three syllables in the genitive stem. Likewise, the short illative is more likely when the stem-final alternation pattern has words belonging to the seminar, redel, kringel, siil, sai, lagi, nali, sõber and õnnelik types. The long illative is more likely if the word has no gradation (or has quantity alternation), the word has no stem-final alternation (or the stem-final alternation pattern has the ending -(V)s, if the word has the ending -(V)ne or -ke, if the word belongs to the suur, küünal, soolane, uus–küüs, or käsi type, the final sound of the word’s base form is a vowel or there are three syllables in the genitive stem. The direction of gradation and the quantity degree of the base form are not statistically significant factors in the choice between the short and the long illative. However, the short illative form was preferred by all morphophonological variables in the analysed data. Future studies could perform a multivariate analysis with morphosyntactic and semantic variables.

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Ainsuse sisseütleva vormi valiku seos morfosüntaktiliste ja semantiliste tunnustega – materjali ning meetodi sobivus korpusanalüüsiks

Author(s): Ann Siiman / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 61/2015

The article examines the choice between the singular long and short illative case. It attempts to find out which morphosyntactic and semantic variables are statistically significant for choosing the long or short illative case. The variables considered are part of speech, part of sentence, government, fixed word combination, proper or common noun, proper noun semantic group, common noun semantic group and meaning of the verb lemma. The material investigated comes from the Estonian web corpus etTenTen and the Estonian Reference Corpus. In the final material, a total of 840 illative case forms were analysed. The material was balanced (420 long illative forms and 420 short illative forms) and all word forms were included only once. With the help of the computer software program R, a chi-square test and standardized Pearson residuals were performed. The results were controlled with a so-called part-whole method and using Cramér’s V effect size method. Based on the quantitative and qualitative analyses, five variables were found to be important: government, fixed word combination, proper or common noun, proper noun semantic group and common noun semantic group. it was found that the government structures, proper nouns and the levels ‘person names’ and ‘place names’ from the variable proper noun semantic group prefer the long illative case. The short illative case is more preferred with fixed word combinations and the levels ‘place phrases’ and ‘state phrases’ from the variable common noun semantic group. In this univariable corpus-based study, the variables government, fixed word combination, proper or common noun, proper noun semantic group and common noun semantic group were statistically significant, but further studies should test if these variables remain statistically significant when applying multivariable analysis or in experiment-based studies.

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Ajama-verbi polüseemia ja ajama-põhjustamiskonstruktsioon eesti kirjakeeles

Author(s): Kairit Tomson / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 6/2020

This paper examines the polysemy of the Estonian core verb ajama (‘to move something; to force someone’) and focuses on the development and use of the ajama-(lit. drive)-causative (MAKE-causative; henceforth ajama-causative). The analysis draws on corpus data consisting of written Estonian texts from the 16th century until the present day. As many as 2,366 cases of ajama were analysed in order to decide over the meaning groups of the verb and the relations between its meanings. The lexical meanings of the verb ajama are ‘to move or push something’, ‘to force or direct some­one’, ‘to deal with something (continually)’ and ‘to move’. A remarkable number of ajama cases appear in the constructions that have the meaning ‘to put something or someone into a physical or abstract state’. These constructions are considered as bridging constructions, as they have both lexical and grammatical meaning. The percentage of bridging constructions is rising in Estonian, nowadays accounting for around 32 per cent of all the cases of the verb ajama. The verb ajama expresses causal meaning in a causative construction (causer + ajama + causee + Vma-inf).In addition, 1,341 cases of the ajama-causative were extracted from the Estonian National Corpus. It turned out that 2/3 of the cases of the ajama-causative do not explicitly express either the causer or the causee. The cases of the ajama-causative expressing both causer and causee were analysed in detail. The 458 such cases can be divided into 16 construction types. The most frequent type of the ajama-causative is FORCE-EXPERIENCER-PROCESS (about half of the cases). In this type, the verb of the result situation is mostly naerma ‘to laugh’ or nutma ‘to cry’. The next frequent type is FORCE-PATIENT-ACTION (around 20%), in which the result situation can be expressed by various verbs and which is therefore a more productive type than FORCE-EXPERIENCER-PROCESS. The next types that follow in frequency are FORCE-PATIENT-PROCESS (around 10%) and FORCE-EXPERIENCER-STATE (around 10%). The fifth most frequent type, AGENT-EXPERIENCER-STATE (around 5%), is the first containing AGENT as causer. The analysis shows that AGENT as causer is rare in the ajama-causative, appearing only in 10% of all ajama-causative cases.

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Akademiku Shaban Demiraj – dijetar i shquar dhe me ndikim të gjerë për zhvillimin e gjuhësisë shqiptare

Author(s): Emil Lafe,Remzi Nesimi / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 45/2015

Shaban Demiraj (1920- 2014) is one of the most well- known Albanian linguists. He is an author of a series of works from different areas of the Albanian linguistics. Demiraj was for a long time professor in the University of Tirana and the chief of the Department of the Albanian Language for 27 years (1962- 1989). His activity, as a university professor from 1955, in the first period was focused mainly on the morphology of ntemporary Albanian. His textbook about the Albanian morphology was in use for about two decades in Albania, Kosovo and Macedonia and brought forth important theoretical innovations concerning the explanation and the definition of the grammatical concepts and categories by bringing forward the characteristic aspects of the grammatical structures of the Albanian language, and thus setting aside several viewpoints borrowed from other languages. Besides, successful efforts were made in this text to better define the morphological norm of the literary Albanian, which was on the way of being crystallized in those years. The main domain of Demiraj’s activity is historical grammar of the Albanian language. After a long series of contributions on specific aspects, he wrote the synthetic work “Gramatikë historike e gjuhës shqipe” (Historical Grammar of the Albanian Language) (1986, 1166 p.), which has been highly appreciated regarding its method, its broad vision, the richness of the arguments and the personal achievements of the author. In this work, the continuity of the grammatical evolution of the Albanian language is followed and explained from its beginning up to nowadays, the linguistic and extralinguistic reasons for the loss of some inherited grammatical features and the appearance of new ones are investigated, and the evolution trends of the Albanian grammatical structure both as an Indo- European and Balkan languages are investigated. The multiple observations and the rich material collected systematically by Prof. Demiraj as a result of his research in the area of the historical grammar produced several important works, such as “Gjuha shqipe dhe historia e saj” (Albanian Language and his History) (1988; 2nd ed. 2013; an Italian version was published by the University of Calabria in 1997), “Fonologjia historike e gjuhës shqipe” (Historical Phonology of Albanian) (1996), “Gjuhësi ballkanike” (Balkan Linguistics) (Shkup, 1994; also published in Macedonian in the same year), which make up an original synthesis of the achievements of Albanian and foreign linguists in these areas. Such works as “Prejardhja e Shqiptarëve nën dritën e dëshmive të gjuhës shqipe” (1999); English version “The Origin of the Albanians (Linguistically Investigated)” (2006); “Epiri, Pellazgët, Etruskët dhe Shqiptarët” (“Epirus, Pelasgians, Etruscans and Albanians”) (2008) contain not only a reasoned summary of the actual state of art, but also the new contribution and visions of the author. His vast research and publication activity has rendered prof. Demiraj a well- known and highly appreciated scholar all over the Albanian world as well as in the international scientific world.

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Aktuálne prešovské výskumy v oblasti slovenskej lexiky

Aktuálne prešovské výskumy v oblasti slovenskej lexiky

Author(s): Martin Ološtiak / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 39-40/2019

The paper introduces research activities on Slovak lexicology carried out at the Faculty of Arts (Prešov University) during the period 2016 – 2019. These activities are focused on two domains: 1) word-formation and morphemics; 2) neology and neological lexicography. The former activities are concentrated on nomination and word-formation of proper names, univerbization, word-formation adaptation of compounds etc. As the main output of the grant project VEGA (2019 – 2021) the dictionary of affixes is planned. As far as the latter domain is concerned, 29 bachelor and diploma theses were written during the period 2012 – 2019 and several remarkable papers were published. Presently, the grant project Dictionary of Slovak neologisms (lexicographic, lexicological and comparative Slavic research) (2019 – 2023) is implemented, and two major outputs within the project are designed: a) Dictionary of Slovak neologisms; b) the collective monograph Neologisms in Slovak (and in Slavic context).

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AlCo – NJË KORPUS TEKSTESH I GJUHËS SHQIPE ME NJËQIND MILIONË FJALË

Author(s): Besim Kabashi / Language(s): Albanian / Issue: 36/2017

It is impossible to do serious studies in the field of natural languages without consulting empirical data. Natural language corpora offer this data in its original form. Apart from the fact that in some cases a corpus does not cover every possible word of a language, e. g. evidence, spelling or definition dictionary does, it offers the possibility to explore the data in every imaginable form, e. g. based on the actual context. A big corpus offers more data and the possibilities to cover more words and more phenomena than a small corpus does. Corpora make it possible to accurately study language in a quality not possible without empirical data. To use these benefits from corpora, it is necessary to create them first. We present an Albanian Corpus (AlCo) that contains a hundred million word tokens (text words), the first Albanian corpus of this size. The corpus covers different domains of language and contains different text types – it is a reference corpus. At this moment the work is still in progress, some texts still need to be replaced or recategorized. The corpus is annotated with a morpho-syntactic tagset of 77 tags, since 2015. We use CQPweb, a web-based corpus analysis system, to explore the corpus data.

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Allomorph Analysis in The Novels: The Great Gatsby, Of Mice and Men, The Old Man and The Sea

Allomorph Analysis in The Novels: The Great Gatsby, Of Mice and Men, The Old Man and The Sea

Author(s): Ivona Šetka-Čilić,Mario Penavić / Language(s): English / Issue: 11/2020

This paper seeks to address English allomorphs, with the analysis being conducted in three novels: The Old Man and the Sea (Starac i more), written by Ernest Hemnigway, Of Mice and Men (O miševima i ljudima), written by John Steinbeck and The Great Gatsby (Veliki Gatsby),written by F. Scott Fitzgerald. Allomorphs are different variants of the same morpheme, i.e.different forms or spoken variants of the same morpheme. They appear due to influence of the environment, as well as due to influence of other morphemes. Thus, this paper discusses types of allomorphs as well as the reasons why they appear.The hypothesis stated in this paper says that additive allomorphs are the most commonly used type of allomorphs in literary works in the English language, for which purpose the analysis was conducted in three mentioned novels. However, it is important to emphasize that the mentioned novels were not analyzed completely, but first one hundred pages of each novel were analyzed in order to prove the hypothesis. Although all three novels were written in different language styles, the results have shown many similarities and the main hypothesis has been proven.

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ALTAY DİLLERİNDE EDİLGENLİK EKİ

ALTAY DİLLERİNDE EDİLGENLİK EKİ

Author(s): M. Selda Karaşlar / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 18/2015

The Altaist conducted a lot of researches on Altaic languages. To investigate the relationship between the Altaic languages they have established many phonological and morphological correlations. As a result of these researches, both positive and negative views on the relationship of the Altaic languages has been determined. Although there are many studies on the morphology of the Altaic languages studies on passivity suffix is limited. These studies on passivity suffix are conducted by Ramstedt, Poppe, Benzing, Gronbech, Clauson, Talat Tekin, Han-Woo Choi. The paper includes studies on the passivity suffix of the Altaic languages and depending on these studies, the situation of passivity suffix of the Altaic languages is analyzed. Furthermore, the development of passivity suffix in the old and today Turkish languages is tried to be proved with the help of some examples. As a result of the research, passivity suffix is proved mostly as voice suffix in old and today Turkish language. In Mongolian, Manchu-Tungusic and Japanese passive sentences are made with different suffixes but in Korean language voice of /-l-/ can make a passive meaning to the sentence.

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Alternative routes of lexical retrieval in spontaneous speech

Author(s): Mária Gósy / Language(s): English / Issue: 1(2)/2007

The interaction between pauses and the retrieval of the desired lexemes in the process of word production involves controversies that are worth investigating. The temporal analysis of word retrieval was carried out in a ‘tip-of-the-tongue’ elicitation experiment while pauses signaling the speaker’s word finding trouble were measured also in spontaneous speech. Acoustic–phonetic data confirmed the existence of specific temporal organization of various lexical retrieval problems that occur similarly within one word and also in word seeking, in restarts and in restarts with morphological change in an agglutinative language.

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Ambiguous se-constructions in Bulgarian and their English Correspondences
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Ambiguous se-constructions in Bulgarian and their English Correspondences

Author(s): Galina Petrova,Ivan Sokolov / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

The Bulgarian clitic se (Bulg. ‘се’) has a polyfunctional character due to its diverse morphological status. On the one hand, se is a reflexive pronoun in the short accusative form, which is the same for all persons, numbers, and genders. On the other, the clitic is used as a particle that can have different functions. This homonymy leads to homonymous se-constructions and ambiguous sentences with different interpretations: reflexive, reciprocal, passive, or optative. The aim of this study is to present the morphological status of the clitic in its various uses and the resulting differences in meaning of the se-constructions. A semantic-syntactic approach is adopted to differentiate between the argument and non-argument use of the clitic. If se takes argument position, the clitic is a reflexive pronoun and functions as part of the sentence. In its non-argument use, se functions as a particle and is either part of the verb lexeme or part of the verb form. In the analysis, the corresponding translations into English are provided.

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Ambipositsioonide morfsüntaktilise varieerumise kirjeldusi kvantitatiivsete profiilide abil

Author(s): Mirjam Ruutma,Aki-Juhani Kyröläinen,Kristel Uiboaed,Maarja-Liisa Pilvik / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 02/2016

Certain Estonian adpositions can occur either as prepositions or as postpositions (e.g. ümber maja, maja ümber ’round the house’). In this study, we refer to these as ambipositions and the goal of this study is to find the motivation for this positional variation in usage. The data come from the Estonian Dialect Corpus, which contains natural dialectal speech, allowing us to simultaneously include both linguistic as well as dialectal factors as part of the analysis. Here, we have included five ambipositions, läbi ’through’, mööda ’along’, vastu ’against’, üle ’over’ and ümber ’around’, that occurred with sufficient frequency in both positions. All utterances of these ambipositions in the corpus were included as part of this study and the results of the quantitative analysis, based on classification trees, showed that out of eight factors considered for the analyses, six influenced the realization of these ambipositions in usage, either as preposition or as postposition. The following factors significantly influenced their realization: dialect, case of the complement, word order, animacy of the complement’s referent, number, semantic function of the adposition. Verb tense and length of the adpositsional phrase were not significant for any of the analyses. In addition to identifying the abovementioned factors that influenced their realization globally, we provide an analysis for each of the ambipositions displaying their morpho-syntactic and geographical profile. In general, these profiles can be used, for example, in lexicography or in language teaching. Finally, the results indicate that the usage profiles of these ambipositions are rather specific and their realization appears to be more strongly influenced by linguistic rather than dialectal factors.

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Amurca, murga, murk во романските и балканските јазици. Од романската и балканската лингвистика, патронимика и топономастика

Amurca, murga, murk во романските и балканските јазици. Од романската и балканската лингвистика, патронимика и топономастика

Author(s): Ǵorǵi Šoptrajanov / Language(s): Macedonian / Issue: 1/1956

Dans cette étude les formes anturca, murga, murk et celles qui s’y apparentent, sont considérées dans le cadre du développement historique des formes de ce type dans toutes les langues où elles apparaissent, de sorte qu’elles représentent un élément très important dans la linguistique balkanique et dans la géographie linguistique. Elles ont des sens différents et s’emploient tantôt comme substantifs, adjectifs ou verbes, tantôt comme patronymes ou toponymes. Quelques-uns de ces morphèmes, en partie communs à toutes les langues balkaniques, ont développé sur le territoire lingustique macédonien de nouvelles formes morphologiques et ont passé par une transformation phonétique considérable. Ces morphèmes représentent un grand intérêt scientifique non seulement du point de vue phonétique et morphologique, mais aussi du point de vue sémantique. Ces formes, en dehors de leur importance linguistique, présentent aussi un intérêt documentaire , précisément à cause de leur développement sémantique. En effet, il est en rapport étroit avec l’histoire de la civilisation et, plus spécialement, avec l’histoire économique des peuples qui ont adopté leurs formes et leurs sens successifs. Au cours de leur développement, long et complexe, les formes en question, comme les langues qui les ont adoptées, ont passé par différentes phases, ont subi des influences diverses, se sont multipliées morphologiquement quand elles ont rencontré des éléments semblables dans les autres langues, se sont développées sémantiquement dans le cadre social.

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AN ANALYSIS OF THE LITERARY TEXT FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF GRAMMATICAL ANAPHORA

AN ANALYSIS OF THE LITERARY TEXT FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF GRAMMATICAL ANAPHORA

Author(s): Mioara Mocanu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 10/2017

The present paper puts forward two analyzing models - hierarchical and cognitive ones - applied on two narrative segments of various extent in Novalis work (Hymn to the night and the novel Heinrich von Ofterdingen) to show up the fact that the anaphoric relation study makes upon of the main goals of the text grammar, of the textual cohesion and of the thematic progression.

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An Approach to the Synoptic Gospels

An Approach to the Synoptic Gospels

Author(s): Ioan Beniamin Pop / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2018

The Gospels according to Matthew, Mark, and Luke, also known as the ‘synoptic gospels’, alongside the Gospel according to John, have been analysed in order to determine the frequency of adverbs exhibited throughout the four gospels. The study attempts to monitor the most frequent characteristics adverbs display and the manner in which these features reveal the cohesion of the text while reinforcing utterances and, at the same time, arranging actions and events or placing emphasis on the modified part of speech. Due to the highly integrated structure of the gospels, however, few involvement features specific to adverbs are expected to be found.

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