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Accepţia ideologiei ca discurs

Author(s): Nicoleta Neşu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2-II/2010

The present paper fouses on the relationship between ideology and the political discourse, as well as on the relationship between ideology and propaganda. Our aim is to undeline the discoursive prospective of the ideology, seen into the global frame of the general communication process. A special attention is given to van Dijk´s three-dimension model of the ideologic discourse, based on a interdisciplinary theory of ideology which takes into consideration the level of the ideology´s nature, the level of its cognitive representation and the level of its modalities of expression.

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Acquisition of Albanian as a first language from the perspective of natural order hypothesis

Acquisition of Albanian as a first language from the perspective of natural order hypothesis

Author(s): Xhavit Rexhaj / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

This study deals with the natural order hypothesis in language acquisition, which posits that there is an order in which grammatical morphemes are acquired in the first, but also second language acquisition. There have been numerous studies addressing the order of acquisition of grammatical morphemes for major international languages. There have been no such studies for Albanian language, which could serve to improve acquisition of Albanian as mother tongue, improvement of the language curricula in schools, or to facilitate acquisition of Albanian as a second language. This research involved over 100 junior researchers in a cross-sectional research observing more than 200 children of age 0-11 organised in four age-groups over a period of two weeks. The observation collected naturalist non-experimental data to find out whether there is a natural order of acquisition of grammatical morphemes and structures in Albanian as a first language. The existence of an order of acquisition of grammatical morphemes ranked by difficulty level was clearly established. An unplanned finding of the study was the significant role of dialect and vernacular in the process of acquisition of Albanian. The study however did not succeed in clearly establishing the role of school and environment in the process of acquiring Albanian as mother tongue.

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Acquisition of noun derivation in Estonian and Russian L1

Acquisition of noun derivation in Estonian and Russian L1

Author(s): Reili Argus,Victoria Kazakovskaya / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2018

Acquisition of derivation is not a well-studied area in first language research and a comparative approach to the acquisition of derivation in different languages doesn’t exist. There is no information on how a child acquires derivation in a language with a rich and regular system of derivational patterns, or in a language where derivation is productive, but the system of derivational patterns is opaque. According to general ideas of complexity in a language, the child should start to use simplex stems first and, only after that, complex ones, that is, complexity should increase in the course of acquisition. Our paper is intended to address these issues, based on longitudinal child data from typologically different languages, Estonian and Russian. The results revealed significant differences in the acquisition of noun derivation in the two languages under observation. The system of noun derivation is acquired at a faster pace in Russian, while Estonian children have far fewer noun derivatives in their speech and they use different derivation suffixes with less regularity. Even so, the so-called building block model may be applied for both languages only partially.

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Acquisition of Noun Inflection in Lithuanian as a Foreign Language: a Qualitative Study

Acquisition of Noun Inflection in Lithuanian as a Foreign Language: a Qualitative Study

Author(s): Anzhalika Dubasava / Language(s): English Issue: 37(42)/2020

The aim of the research was to investigate how native speakers of Russian, which is a highly complex inflectional language, cope with the acquisition of the similar by structure and complexity Lithuanian language. The subjects were adults of different age and education who learned Lithuanian in Belarus. I analyse errors related to the acquisition of noun case. The errors are divided into formal (acquisition of endings) and conceptual ones (choice of the appropriate case). I shortly compare my results with the results of similar research conducted in Lithuania where the subjects were native speakers of different languages. The results of the study show that similar errors are typical for native speakers of different languages irrespective of their morphological complexity. A complex inflectional system of a native language is not necessarily beneficial, but it seems to give some advantages for the acquisition of semantic (not syntactic) cases.

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Acta Marisiensis. Philologia

Acta Marisiensis. Philologia

Frequency: 1 issues / Country: Romania

<p>Acta Marisiensis. Philologia is an open access journal with all content free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited. This is in accordance with the BOAI definition of open acces</p>

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Adaptacija slovenskih naziva u srpskohrvatskom tekstu

Adaptacija slovenskih naziva u srpskohrvatskom tekstu

Author(s): Bogdan L. Dabić / Language(s): Croatian,Serbian Issue: 3-4/1976

Автор рассматривает ассимиляцию славянских слов в сербохорватском тексте. В основном он касается адаптации фонологической, а лишь изредка рассматривает ассимиляцию этих слов на морфологическом уровне. Как известно, славянские народы не достигли той взаимности культурноГг и литературной, о которой мечтали чешские „будители” и хорватские „иллирийцы. Тем не менее сотрудничество между отдельними славянскими народами никогда не переставало. В наше время существует уже 12 славянских литературных языков. На Балканском полуострове функционирует теперь 4 языка: в Югославии 3 (сербохорватский, словенский и македонский), в Болгарии 1 — болгарский. Словенцы используют латинский шрифт, Болгары и Македонцы употребляют кириллицу а носители сербохорватског языка употребляют два алфавита. Среди восточных Славян формировались 3 литературных языка: белорусский, украинский и русский. Среди западнославянских народов формировались 5 литературных языков: в Чехословакии 2 — чешский и словацкий, в Польше 1 — польский, а в Чехословакии 2 — чешский и словацкий, в Польше 1 — польский, а в Немецкой Демократической Республике — 2 славянских языка: верхнелужицкий и нижнелужицкий. Все восточнославянские народы употребляют кириллицу, а все западнославянские народы используют латинский шрифт. Автор даёт оценку, насколько удачны некоторые решения сербохорватского правописания. Как известно, орфография сербохорватског языка является. фонетически. Именно с этой точки зрения автор даёт свои критические замечания относительно последовательного применения прокламированных принципов (фонетических) сербохорватского правописания. В частности автор ратует за то, чтобы русские названия содержащие смягчённые Л и Н переда вать сербохорватским LJ и NJ. На пример, Koroljov, Bunjin за русское Королёв Бунин, С другой же стороны, автор предлагает в польских названиях писать сербохорватские согласные Š и Ž вместо польских Š, Ž. Его аргумент в том, что названные польские согласные представляют собой Ш-звук и Ж-звук (а не С-звук и 3-звук, как это казалось би в теперешнем написании.) На пример, Zošja, Kažjo за польское Zosia, Kazio. Вообще, автор считает, что в процессе перенимания славянских слов в сербохорватский текст мы должны стремится максимальной верности, но одновременно мы нс должны забывать, что в этом деле фонетика должна подчиняться фонологии.

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Adaptacije germanizama u međimurskom dijalektu

Author(s): Đuro Blažeka / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2009

In this paper the author analyzes a corpus of Germanisms that have been collected in field research of the dialect of Međimurje. The corpus is analyzed in terms of parts of speech, in terms of extralinguistic reality to which the words belong and in terms of their phonological, morphological and semantic adaptations. A special effort is made to include the variations of replicas at different local points of the dialect of Međimurje in terms of expression and contents. In the chapter on semantic adaptations, a special emphasis is made on the analysis of the seven different kinds of recent secondary semantic adaptations by means of which all the Germanism that have their equivalents in the standard Croatian prolong their presence in the active vocabulary of the speakers of the dialect of Međimurje.

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Adaptacja obcych elementów językowych w nazwiskach opoczyńskich

Adaptacja obcych elementów językowych w nazwiskach opoczyńskich

Author(s): Genowefa Surma / Language(s): Polish Issue: 27/1993

Die Anpassung fremder Sprachelemente an das polnische Sprachsystem wurde durch bestimmte kulturelle Tendenzen in Polen (wie Latinisierung slawischer und Polonisierung lateinischer Namen im Alt- und Mittelpolnischen), durch historische Gegebenheiten (wie deutsche Kolonisation und Ansiedlung von Juden, wodurch deutsche und jüdische Namen an das Polnische angepaßt werden mußten - aber auch umgekehrt) und schließlich durch bestimmte regionale Bedingtheit (wie Nachbarschaft mit russischen Dialekten) begünstigt. Fremde Namen wurden sowohl phonetisch als auch morphologisch auf das Polnische abgestimmt. Mit fremden Basen korrelierten nunmehr polnische Formanten -ewic(z)l/-owic(z), die patronymische Namen mit russischen, deutschen und jüdischen Basen herstellten; weiterhin sind -ski in lauter struktureller Funktion, -k in patronymischer und diminutiver Funktion sowie -as in struktureller Funktion zu nennen. Polnische Vor- und Zunamen wurden vor allem mit Hilfe der Flexion und mit Wortbildungsmitteln sowie durch Übersetzung (Niger dictus Czarny) latinisiert, germanisiert dagegen wurden sie meist mit dem Suffix -er in patronymischer, struktureller und die Abstammung sigmalisierender Funktion (Kaliszer : Kalisz). Russische Einflüsse markieren die Formanten -uk, -ko.

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ADECUACIÓN TEXTUAL, COMPLEJIDAD Y PRECISIÓN MORFOSINTÁCTICA Y LÉXICA EN LA EXPRESIÓN ESCRITA DE ADOLESCENTES EN ESPAÑOL L2

ADECUACIÓN TEXTUAL, COMPLEJIDAD Y PRECISIÓN MORFOSINTÁCTICA Y LÉXICA EN LA EXPRESIÓN ESCRITA DE ADOLESCENTES EN ESPAÑOL L2

Author(s): Iban Mañas Navarrete,María José Centelles Cuart / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 1/2020

In this work we collected the results of a study based on L2 Spanish writing tasks [Manchón 2016]. The analyzed corpus is based on letters written by Russian teenagers who study Spanish as a foreign language and native Spanish teenagers. In order to analyze the written texts of native and non-native speakers, syntactic and lexical complexity are established [Bulté & Housen 2012], as well as an accuracy rate [Polio 1997; Wolfe-Quintero et al. 1998]. These measurements have been commonly used in second language acquisition studies [Mavrou 2016], and this allows us to discuss the results and to relate them to previous data obtained in similar studies. In addition, contextual adequacy will be measured taking into account communicative intention. Based on the obtained results, we will give some didactic recommendations for teaching writing skills to teenage students in formal education contexts.

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ADJECTIFS HÉRITÉS DU LATIN À VALEUR ADVERBIALE EN ISTRO-ROUMAIN

ADJECTIFS HÉRITÉS DU LATIN À VALEUR ADVERBIALE EN ISTRO-ROUMAIN

Author(s): Adrian Chircu / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2022

Latin inherited Adjectives used as Adverbials in Istro-Romanian. Our study aims to research the adverbial use of adjectives (followed or not by prepositions) inherited from Latin into Istro-Romanian, one of the South-Danubian Romanian dialects which is threatened nowadays with extinction, as foreseen by the majority of linguists interested in this dialectal variety of the Romanian language. In order to pursue an objective analysis we will rely generally on the standard Romanian language and on the description of Istro-Romanian adjectives and adverbs according to specialized literature (treaties, monographies, further studies, dictionaries, glossaries, dialectal texts and so on) as proof for our research, but we will also rely on Latin as well as other Romance languages. We would also like to highlight that such a research has not been undertaken until the present moment. Our research will have an impact not only on the description of a particular aspect discovered in Istro-Romanian, but also on Romanian as a whole or on the Neo-Latin languages, by pointing out certain language-specific structural concordances.

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Adjectival and verbal nouns in Japanese and multi-level nominalization

Adjectival and verbal nouns in Japanese and multi-level nominalization

Author(s): Seiki Ayano / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2007

This paper shows that there is a subclass of adjectives in Japanese called adjectival nouns, which consists of adjectives mostly of foreign origin, and this subset of the adjectives is required to undergo nominalization by the merger of a null nominalizing suffix. This process of nominalization takes place either prior to the PF interface or at PF, depending on the types of null nominalizing suffixes that merge with adjectival nouns. The proposed multilevel nominalization analysis has desirable consequences for adjectival nouns, and can also be extended to a subclass of verbs in Japanese, which likewise are typically of foreign origin.

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Adjectives co-occurring with the illative form of the MA-infinitive in Finnish and Estonian

Adjectives co-occurring with the illative form of the MA-infinitive in Finnish and Estonian

Author(s): Petra Hebedová / Language(s): English Issue: 26/2016

In both Finnish and Estonian, the illative form of the MA-infinitive/supine can be used at the end of a predictive the clause, as in the Finnish online hitaita optimal (‘we were slow to learn’) or the Estonian open küps Seda aktsepteerima (‘I am ready/ripe to accept it’). In these sentences, a characteristic expressed by an adjective is attributed to the subject of the sentence, with the scope of the characteristic related to a single activity marked by the an illative form of the MA-infinitive/supine. In this paper, I will present data to describe this type of construction in both languages and will analyze it as a constructional schema in terms of cognitive grammar (Langacker 2000, 2008). My analysis will concentrate on the adjectival component of the schema with the help of examples from Estonian and Finnish corpora.

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Adjuncţii genitivali ai substantivului în croată și echivalentele lor în română

Adjuncţii genitivali ai substantivului în croată și echivalentele lor în română

Author(s): Gorana Bikić-Carić,Clara Căpățînă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2019

The topic of this paper are genitive complements of the noun in Croatian and the expression of noun determination. Croatian does not have the grammatical category of the article, but there are other ways to express this concept (jedan/one, which some authors consider to be transforming into indefinite article, word order, definite and indefinite form of adjectives, genitive / accusative opposition, etc.). On the other hand, we consider that in Croatian the noun can also be neutral in terms of determination, i.e. that in some cases the (in)definiteness can be understood only from the context. Since the role of the noun in the discourse in Croatian is also expressed by the declension case, we would like to point out the importance of the genitive in that matter. The genitive can come either with or without preposition. and among the types of genitive without prepositions the functions of noun complement are expressed through subject genitive, object genitive, genitive of property, explanatory genitive, possessive genitive and partitive genitive. In addition, we compare the expression of possessiveness using the possessive genitive or the possessive adjective (derived from a noun denoting the possessor), which are in a complementary distribution. From all the listed types of genitives, the noun determination is visible in the genitive of property and the possessive genitive. In other types of genitives without preposition, as well as in the prepositional genitive (introduced by the preposition od/of), it is not clear from the very form of the noun if it is definite or indefinite. Therefore, the Croatian examples in such cases can, depending on the context, be translated into Romanian with both definite and indefinite articles. We would also like to point out that the noun determination in Croatian is not such an important concept as in languages that have the article as a special grammatical category. Therefore, nouns can fulfill their role in discourse even without expression of the determination.

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Adnominal Possessive Constructions in Narym, Vasjugan and Middle-Ob Dialects of Selkup

Adnominal Possessive Constructions in Narym, Vasjugan and Middle-Ob Dialects of Selkup

Author(s): Victoria Vorobeva,Irina Novitskaya,Ksenia Girfanova,Vitaliy Vesnin / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The paper presents an analysis of the structural types of the adnominal possessive constructions in three little-studied Southern dialects of Selkup: Narym, Vasjugan and Middle-Ob. Apart from the other two types of possessive constructions (predicative and external) the adnominal possessive construction corresponds to a noun phrase involving a possessor (dependent) and a possessed (head). The possessor can be expressed by a noun or a pronoun, thus two types of adnominal possessive constructions (PNP) can be distinguished: nominal PNP and pronominal PNP. There are some approaches to marking possession in each type of the PNP in Selkup, which boil down to morphological or syntactic encoding. The locus of explicitly expressed markers encoding the possessive relation can either be on the head, on the dependent, on both or on neither of them in Southern Selkup.

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Adverb u kontrastu – kriterijumi za razgraničenje vrste reči

Adverb u kontrastu – kriterijumi za razgraničenje vrste reči

Author(s): Božinka M. Petronijević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 22/2020

This paper attempts at examining and determining, using the vast corpus of Serbian and German languages, whether the part of speech in question exists as such in each of these languages, as well as whether it (adverb) is a universal or specific language category. The research shows that most languages recognise the adverb as a distinctive part of speech, which implies that it is a universal category that can be defined according to the following criteria: a) morphological (adverbs have no flexions, but they undergo comparison with regard to the relative subclass) and syntactic (conditioned by verbs as nucleus, assuming in most cases the function of adverbials as verb complements; b) rare attributive function before nouns and adverbs themselves; c) differences between specific languages, German and Serbian included, are a result of their respective word formation systems. In this particular case, each of the two languages recognises relatively few simple words (simplizia); on the other hand, the explicit (suffixational) derivation is largely productive in Serbian, whereas there is a completely opposite situation in German concerning this issue (although the process is recorded in the latter as well); and, finally, adverb derivatives in Serbian correspond, as a rule, to adjectives and prepositional phrases functioning as adverbials in German.

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Adverbial Clauses With -ig and the “until-puzzle”

Author(s): Barbara Ürögdi / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2013

This paper is devoted to untangling some of the cross-linguistic puzzles that are associated with temporal adverbial clauses in general, and until-clauses in particular. After a brief introduction to the issues raised by the construction in Hungarian, the paper presents an overview of the complexities of until-clauses and prior attempts at analyzing these. Then, an account that was first proposed in MacDonald & Ürögdi (2009a;b; 2011) for English is presented, and it is argued that until-constructions do not require any of the special machinery that has been proposed to explain their behavior. The analysis outlined accounts for the properties of temporal adverbials formed with until and for without reference to auxiliary concepts like “expletive negation” and “stativizing negation”. After this detour into English, we return to Hungarian, where until-clauses present a more complex picture than they do in Germanic, and we see how even these data can be accounted for without special stipulations. Finally, the results are tied into the general picture of temporal and event relativization (cf. Haegeman & Ürögdi 2010a;b), providing support for an analysis of a well-defined class of subordinate clauses involving operator movement.

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ADVERBIALS WITH ADJECTIVAL BASIS IN BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE AND THEIR FREQUENCY IN SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE

ADVERBIALS WITH ADJECTIVAL BASIS IN BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE AND THEIR FREQUENCY IN SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE

Author(s): Katharina Gerhalter,Stefan Koch / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

Adverbials with Adjectival Basis in Brazilian Portuguese and Their Frequency in Spoken and Written Language. The present paper focuses on the use of adverbs with an adjectival lexical base in spoken and written present-day Brazilian Portuguese. We compare the frequencies of three different types of adverbials: adverbs in mente (e.g. absolutamente), adjective-adverbs (e.g. alto in falar alto ‘speak loudly’) and prepositional phrases with adjectives as the post-prepositional element (e.g. de novo), the latter being the main focus of this study. The analysis is based on the Discurso & Gramática-corpus, which consists of oral interviews of 170 informants and their written texts on the same topic as the one in the interviews. The data shows that prepositional phrases are less frequent (in terms of type and token frequency) than adjective-adverbs and adverbs ending in mente. Regarding the difference between spoken and written language, adverbs in mente occur remarkably more often in written texts while adjective-adverbs are more frequent in spoken language. Prepositional phrases, instead, occur equally in both codes. Finally, we draw the conclusion that prepositional phrases form a small but stable inventory of lexicalised forms, which are not marked for any code.

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Against Old English ‘short’ diphthongs

Against Old English ‘short’ diphthongs

Author(s): Helena Sobol / Language(s): English Issue: 01 (16)/2017

Since the earliest grammars, Old English has been analysed as having a length contrast in diphthongs, containing both regular, bimoraic ones, side by side with cross-linguistically unique monomoraic ones. The supposedly monomoraic diphthongs [io eo æɑ] arose through back umlaut and breaking. Unsurprisingly, they have become the source of possibly the greatest controversy in OE phonology, which still remains unresolved. The present paper refutes the main arguments for a length contrast in OE diphthongs. Instead, it argues for a generative phonological analysis, where the diphthongs constitute monomoraic monophthongs in the underlying representation, and bimoraic diphthongs in the surface representation.

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Agentive and non-agentive adjectival synthetic compounds in English
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Agentive and non-agentive adjectival synthetic compounds in English

Author(s): Sebastian Wasak / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

In this paper, it is argued that synthetic compounds based on the passive participle in English fall into two classes, depending on whether they possess the capacity to license modifiers pointing to the presence of the external argument. Compounds such as computer-generated, pencil-drawn or home-made are typically used as eventive and resultative participles, both of which are syntactically agentive. Compounds belonging to this group are contrasted with adjectives such as action-packed, family-oriented, work-related or adult-themed, which are shown to behave syntactically like underived adjectives, with no traces of the external argument. As such, they correspond to the class of stative participles.

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Ahrensi õlgadel. Ahrensi ortograafia ajalooliselt ja tänapäeval

Ahrensi õlgadel. Ahrensi ortograafia ajalooliselt ja tänapäeval

Author(s): Mati Hint / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 28/2018

In his grammars of Estonian (1843 and 1853), Eduard Ahrens (1803–1863), the pastor of Kuusalu, created a new orthography for the Estonian language. Ahrens intended to more adequately render the structure of short and long syllables in Estonian. Finnish orthography served as a model for Ahrens, thanks to the many similarities between the phonetic and morphophonemic (grade alternation) systems of both languages. Te most important difference between the phonetic systems of Finnish and Estonian is in the prosody of Estonian: it is possible to pronounce long stressed syllables with two distinctive syllable quantities (traditionally called the second and the third degree of quantity) without any change in the segmental structure of the syllable. This extra prosodic means of Estonian was not rendered in the orthography proposal made by Ahrens, because he concentrated on the segmental structure of syllables. This was a prescient decision, as it provided the new orthography with stability, and due to it this orthography has served the Estonian nation and the Estonian culture well since the 1870s. In the years 1840–1875 the foundations for the investigation of Estonian in accordance with the principles and theories of general linguistics were created (Fr. R. Faehlmann, Eduard Ahrens, Jakob Hurt, F. J. Wiedemann). Unfortunately, in the 1870–1880s a new theory of Estonian phonetics was formed (in 1879 Mihkel Veske created an original theory of the Estonian sound system; in 1884 Karl August Hermann used this new theory in his popular grammar of Estonian). In this theory the prosodic quantity of long syllables was interpreted as the quantity degrees of segmental sounds: both vowels and consonants were described as having three distinctive degrees of length (short, long, and overlong), and diphthongs and consonant clusters as having two distinctive degrees of length (long and overlong). Te phonetic system of Estonian was looked at as totally different from any other phonetic system. Ahrens’s orthography was reinterpreted in a way that required any sound in a stressed syllable to be determined to have one of three quantity degrees (short, long, overlong), and the diphthongs and consonant clusters to have long or overlong quantity. This view dominated in Estonian linguistics without any real opposition for about a hundred years (1880s–1980s). Te theory of three quantity degrees is totally incompatible with any phonemic theory. Despite it, up to now, the methods and rules for learning orthography are based on the false assumption that Ahrens’s orthography should be complemented with decisions about the quantity degree of any vowel or consonant or of so-called compound sound. This makes the rules for orthography schizophrenic, for in order to achieve the orthography as it is, a series of unnecessary steps must be taken. However, from the 1960s to the present day, the theory of three quantity degrees has lost ground step by step, and the views of Jakob Hurt and F. J. Wiedemann have made their way back to scientific discussion. In scientific discussion of Estonian phonetics and phonology, and in orthographic dictionaries, the theory of three quantity degrees in declarations has been abandoned, but in practice (A-B-C books, popular overviews of Estonian phonetics, the methods for teaching and learning orthography, some phonological interpretations) the treatment of Estonian as a language with a very peculiar phonological quantity system is still active.

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