We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
In this paper, based on long-term research and scientific theoretical foundations, the author looks into the issues of embodiment in cognitive metaphors. Grounding on her experiences, she engages in the matter of metaphorical competence and presents the forms of metaphorical cognition, its most common manifestations, as well as the web of metaphors and its mapping factors.
More...
The Albanian language contains dozens of lexicological, semantic and word-forming classes in its lexicology, which need to be further studied, especially regarding their most important aspect, i.e. the semantic one. Such a class is composed of passive and reflexive verbs, which have so far been subject to pure grammatical and word-forming research. There is no comprehensive research that focuses on their lexicological content or semantics to answer the question whether reflexive and passive verbs represent separate lexicological units, i.e. units of an entirely independent meaning from the respective active voices or whether they are forms that derive form them. The answer to this question is first of all related with the nature of their lexicological content, and secondly with the concept of the diathesis and conjugation of verbs. In grammar and vocabularies, diathesis is at times defined as a grammar category and included as an element of verb conjugation, and at others as a lexicological-grammatical category. While verb conjugation is seen from different perspectives, researchers have often different, and more then rarely even contradictory views. The research analyses 2390 reflexive verbs extracted from the Dictionary of the modern Albanian language, 1980. A careful review of the lexicological groups and sub-groups tries to answer the question: are reflexive verbs separate lexicological units in the Albanian language? The research intends to shed light, using the componential analyses approach, within its limits, on the lexicological semantics of reflexive verbs in the Albanian language, which is the scope of our PhD thesis,
More...
This paper is a study of terms that concern lexical fields approaching money in Ciocoii vechi și noi novel by Nicolae Filimon, a well-known Romanian novel from the 19th century. The main inquiry from this research was how money is conceptualized within the context of our approach of the novel according to the meaning of money identified in this novel. In order to find an answer, we conducted an analysis of money related terms. The data consists of all identified terms referring to money as the main field of interest. 17 terms referring to money have been identified. A lexical, morphological and semantic analysis of the terms was performed and the terms were grouped into two main etymological branches - 5 Romanian terms, and foreign branches - 12 terms from Turkish, Greek and German, and then classified according to the frequency of use. The most important and frequently used foreign currency, besides Romanian currency, are Turkey, Greece, and Germany, as identified and mentioned in the novel. This predominance reflects the money movement outlined by the characters description of setting or commerce products, and this is owing to the circulation of money and the international trade or abroad commerce, owing to political and cultural Phanariot influences in Wallachia, during the first decades of the 19th century. The present paper could be useful as a theoretical background of the relationship between language and culture in the context of Romanian literature from the 19th century, the researched lexemes mentioned here may be considered as approaches of linguistic analysis.
More...
The present article describes theoretical issues of the English conditional sentences, including definitions and types, leading to concerns regarding teaching them. We argue that the concept of remoteness developed by Michael Lewis (1986) is much more suitable to describe conditionals, as well as it offers a more logical approach to tackle various less standard types, such as 'mixed', 'zero' or less frequent verb forms (e.g. continuous). A possible way to understand conditionals may start from a non-native speaker perspective, in our case Romanian or Hungarian, making students aware of the challenges represented by the English conditionals. We also offer a popular option to make students discover 'real-life' conditionals with the help of the entertainment industry, while the references contain major English, Romanian and Hungarian sources in the field.
More...
The present article aims at a possible logical approach to discussing the modal auxiliary verb would, including its importance in the English verb and tense system. Being one of the central modal verbs, we argue that wouldis the remote pair of will, including temporal, psychological, tentqative and social remoteness, primarily based on the ideas developed by Michael Lewis (1986). Thus we support the idea that the core meaning of would is connected to the concept ofremoteinevitability, which comes to complete Palmer’s distribution of modal verbs, expressing epistemic, deontic and dynamic meanings.Uses of wouldinclude both an auxiliary and various modal meanings, its presentation relying on authoritative sources published for international (English), Hungarian and Romanian students. Possible issues of teaching wouldare also dealt with, supported by data from a popular TV series containing modal verbs. The conclusion discusses the importance and relativity of number of occurrences, trying to offer a possible teaching option for modals stemming from practice.
More...
In order to assess the truthfulness of events as well as comments or information, journalists make use of various techniques employed to support the validity of their statements in the face of reality. The present paper attempts to prove that writers resort to several methods, among which, almost invariably, is the use of the involvement features specific to adverbs, especially epistemic, attitude, and style stance adverbs. A higher number as adverb occurrence is anticipated in newspaper articles meant to spectacularly or persuasively present information or events, as is the case of tabloids, whereas ‘highbrow’ broadsheets, which supposedly present information rather objectively, will exhibit a lower percentage of adverb employment.
More...
Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar aims to offer a conceptual characterization of word classes. Pivotal to this endeavor is the distinction between a “thing” and a “relation” as well as the claim that relations can be scanned either sequentially or summarily. The difference between the two scanning modes is essential to separate, for example, enter as a finite verb from the dynamic preposition into. In this paper, the debate on the status and relevance of the two scanning modes is revisited and the very notion of relation is subjected to close scrutiny, thus revealing its potentially problematic nature. A new way of looking at word classes based on the notions of evolving vs. non-evolving categorization sequences, extrinsicality vs. intrinsicality, and anchorability is developed, which constitutes a radical departure from Cognitive Grammar despite being compatible with its fundamental assumptions.
More...
This study investigates the structural differences between the so-called de -modification, [Adj de N], and the so-called de -less modification, [Adj N], in Mandarin Chinese. I argue that the Adj’s followed by de are phrasal and have freer syntactic distribution. I further argue that the de -less modification should be analyzed as a morphosyntactic word (MWd) under the N head in the sense of Embick — Noyer (2001). This proposal accounts for the ordering fact that Adj’s with de cannot intervene between a de -less Adj and N or between two de -less Adj’s.
More...
The Word-in-Context corpus, which forms part of the SuperGLUE benchmark dataset, focuses on a specific sense disambiguation task: it has to be decided whether two occurrences of a given target word in two different contexts convey the same meaning or not. Unfortunately, the WiC database exhibits a relatively low consistency in terms of inter-annotator agreement, which implies that the meaning discrimination task is not well defined even for humans. The present paper aims at tackling this problem through anchoring semantic information to observable surface data. For doing so, we have experimented with a graph-based distributional approach, where both sparse and dense adjectival vector representations served as input. According to our expectations the algorithm is able to anchor the semantic information to contextual data, and therefore it is able to provide clear and explicit criteria as to when the same meaning should be assigned to the occurrences. Moreover, since this method does not rely on any external knowledge base, it should be suitable for any low- or medium-resourced language
More...
So-called psychological verbs such as Italian temere ‘fear’, preoccupare ‘worry’, and piacere ‘like’ present an extremely varied argument structure across languages, that arranges these two roles in apparently opposite hierarchies and assigns them different grammatical functions (subject, direct, indirect and prepositional objects). This paper wants to provide a descriptively adequate classification of such verbs in Latin and Italian to serve future analyses irrespective of their theoretical persuasion. We individuate six classes in Italian and seven classes in Latin, which comply with Belletti and Rizzi’s (1988) original analysis of psych verbs and focus on the three less studied classes, namely unaccusatives, unergatives and impersonals. We show that diachronic variation and apparent intra-language idiosyncrasies are due to the fact that these classes are universally available to all psych roots. The presentation is set in a protocol fashion in the sense of Giusti and Zegrean (2015) and Di Caro and Giusti (2015).
More...
William Richard Morfill, A Simplified Grammar of the Polish Language (Uproszczona gramatyka języka polskiego), Nicholas Trübner, London, 1884. Review by Irmina Kotlarska.
More...
The two Turkic etymologies of Hung. ocsúdik (1508) ‘to awake, to come to, to regain consciousness’ proposed, on the one hand, in the late 19th century by Vámbéry (1870) and, on the other, by K. Palló in 1976 and 1982, have been rightly rejected by the authors of TLH. At the same time, the explanation for the origin of this word found in the etymological dictionaries of Hungarian (TESz, EWUng, Zaicz 2006), namely, that it is a derivative of an unknown unproductive stem, is not entirely convincing for morphological reasons. The present paper offers a new etymology for this word, explaining it as a loanword from East Slavonic очюдитися ‘to regain consciousness, to awake’ attested in 16th- and 17th-century Russian. The starting point for the discussion is M. Stachowski’s (2014) article, in which he compared Hung. ocsúdik with Polish dialectal ocudzić ‘to revive’.
More...
This paper investigates the syntactic structure of nominal expressions in Croatian and proposes their analysis in terms of a split DP. Within the split DP-approach, the nominal left periphery contains functional projections DefP, FocP, TopP and DP. I will show that these functional categories host different lexical items (e.g. determiners, demonstratives, possessives, etc.) that contribute to the (in)definiteness and specificity of the Croatian noun phrase. A reanalysis of the nominal left periphery in terms of a split DP allows for the explanation of DP-internal word order variations, along with some other syntactic phenomena.
More...
This paper examines the use of the verbal suffixes -(d)inė- and dav in Lithuanian dialects. Both suffixes express pluractionality, although of different types, and their distribution in Lithuanian dialects differs as well. Using corpus data, we find that in South Aukštaitian dav is rarer and -(d)inė is more frequent than in East Aukštaitian; in Lithuanian dialects of Belarus -dav- is almost absent. We argue against the assumption that -(d)inėforms have extended into the domain of the past habitual at the expense of dav forms; a slightly higher token frequency of -(d)inė in South Aukštaitian seems to apply irrespective of any particular tense. We also argue that only token-based analyses can substantiate claims concerning areal distribution of certain grammatical forms and constructions.
More...
In this study, natural language processing (NLP) is used to analyse nominal inflection in Estonian proficiency examination writings representing the CEFR levels A2–C1. The aim is to define the nominal features that distinguish learner language production at each proficiency level. For this purpose, the frequency and variation of inflectional forms are measured in two ways: a) for the nominal parts of speech (PoSs) in total, i.e., considering the use of nouns, pronouns, adjectives and numerals; b) for nouns, pronouns and adjectives individually (numerals were discarded due to low frequency). The analysed corpus contains 480 texts, 120 for each level. Nominal features based on the grammatical categories of number, case and degree of comparison are extracted from the morphologically tagged and manually corrected output of the Stanza NLP toolkit. Relevant features are selected according to the following criteria: they correlate with the proficiency level, their values change monotonically, and there are statistically significant differences between (some) adjacent levels. A2–C1-level texts are consistently distinguished by the number of cases used in the text as well as the ratio of singular and plural forms. The changes in the frequency of nominal inflectional forms mainly occur from level B1 to C1. The use of translative, nominative and genitive case are more strongly related to the text level, while partitive, inessive, elative and comitative case and comparative adjectives also differentiate some levels. Furthermore, the study indicates that it is beneficial to observe inflection-based features separately for each PoS when analysing L2 development. Firstly, the PoSspecific frequencies of some grammatical categories increase at different stages of proficiency. Secondly, changes may emerge for certain PoSs only. The identified criterial features could be used for automated assessment of Estonian L2 writings alongside lexical, syntactic and other linguistic features. The results can also help to specify the CEFR level descriptions for Estonian.
More...
This paper deals with abbreviations as a word formation process in textese. Many people, especially the youth, like to use different abbreviated forms of lexical items when chatting via SMS or online. The aim here is to find some instances of this phenomenon and classify them according to their morphological features. The data was collected from a poem written in textese and published by The Guardian in 2001. The analysis includes the examination of the data based on two different types of categorization, the first one modeled after David Crystal’s classification and the second one based on orthographic versus phonological distinction, as created and modified by several authors. This paper shows that there are numerous ways of abbreviating words in textese, and even though it may be presumed that textisms are illogical, they actually do follow some rules.
More...
The article is devoted to the semantic components of constructions with derived causative verbs of emotions (stimulus, experiencer and the state of emotion) and means for their expression on the syntactic level (explicitly, elliptically, implicitly, incorporation) in German and Ukrainian. The central element in the argument structure of derived causativeverbs of emotions is a human entity as the experiencer of the state of emotion that syntactically may be expressed as subject and object. Syntactically, the derived causative emotion verb may occur in connection with an element that expresses the cause for the state of emotion. This element can be expressed in syntax as subject, as an adjunct clause or as a complement in a subordinate clause.
More...
Traditionally, blends such as brunch, Oxbridge and veggieburger are seen as a form of word play and consequently as exceptions. Therefore they are considered to be unique and unproductive. In this article, structurally different types of blends are studied and compared with combining forms such as Reagonomics or workaholic. It will be shown that all these types are possibly productive and thus not unique. Blends may be formed via an unusual process of word formation, but this does not affect their potential to become a model for productive processes of paradigmatic extension. In this respect, there is no essential difference between blends and combining forms.
More...
The author analyses one of the intimate diaries from concentration camps written by AbrahamKajzer, who was a prisoner of KL Auschwitz-Birkenau and AL Riese (which was a part of KL Gross-Rosen on Lower Silesia). In article is uses Paweł Rodak’s theory of broad understanding of diary’s materiality as a writing practice, which was very complicated and difficult during the World WarII, especially at concentrations camps (finding material and tool to write, organizing space andwork out a ritual of writing; also place where notes were hiding and their fates in the post-war years). Diary it’s not only on textual level but it’s closely related to regular life. But in the campwriting daries was extremely dangerous practice (author could pay with his own life for it). Abraham Kajzer was an writing in Yiddish on empty cement bags with indelible pencil in camplatrine, where he was also hiding notes. After war he passed on his material to Adam Ostoja, who translated them and edited to publication.Kajzer described his reality in concentration camps and many traumatic experiences, which are one of many evidences of the Nazi genocide.
More...
The article provides an analysis of the accentuation of disyllabic nouns in the Southern Aukštaitian (SAuk) dialect spoken in Southern Lithuania (Alytus, Lazdijai, Varėna, Šalčininkai, Druskininkai and Trakai districts). The term pietų aukštaičiai (southern Aukštaitians) was coined by scholars; because of certain phonetic peculiarities of the dialect, the inhabitants of southern Lithuania consider themselves to be dzūkai (Dzūkians). The SAuk has been of special interest to both dialectologists and Baltic language specialists for a long time. The archaic grammatical forms, syntactic constructions, phonetic, accentual and lexical peculiarities that are features of these dialects are intertwined with new phenomena and thus reveal many stages of the development of the dialect of the Southern Aukštaitians, which in turn can be of help in finding answers to some unanswered questions about the development and usage of language. For this reason more attention and research has been devoted to the SAuk dialect and its broader connections with language as a whole. The article analyses the tendencies of the accentuation parallels of disyllabic nouns with ā, ē, a and i̯a1 stems in the SAuk dialect. Drawing on audio and written sources dating from 1952–2015, the spread of the accentuation variants of the words and their forms in the same subdialect, separate subdialects and/or their groups are discussed; the accentuation patterns of disyllabic nouns with the productive ā, ē, a and i̯a stems that are stressed in various ways are described, and the nature of their prevalence in the area of the dialect is established. The study uses quantitative, geolinguistic and comparative methods.
More...