Vëzhgim në fjalorin e Kosovës

Author(s): Qemal Murati / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 45/2015

In the dialects of the linguistics’ areal of Kosova there is saved a rich and independent fund of words, lexical units and phraseologisms, syntagms, and ingrained expressions of words that show linguistic and ethnocultural vitality and antiquity, not only of this area, but of the whole Albanian language. In the corpus of the vocabulary of the Albanian discourses of Kosova, there are used words of Albanian origin, as well as borrowed lexical elements from Serbian, Turkish, etc., which are of interest to enrich the literary and history of Albanian language. In the dictionary of idioms of Albanian language of Kosova, there are presented some distinctive features with a distinctive character in the vocabulary field, words which are used with different phonetic and semantic variants, in different regions of Kosova valley, and Dukagjin valley. Kosova’s vocabulary is consisted with special words and phrases called ethnographisms, expressing concepts of Albanian archaic habits of a great antiquity of this ethnolect (burrnēsh, kapuç, e pame , leçit, a mujte?, të fala mashkujve, etj.).

Veçori të arealit gjuhësor të istogut me rrethinë dhe disa toponime të kësaj ane, të shënuara në defterin e sanxhakut të Shkodrës të vitit 1485

Author(s): Sejdi Gashi / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 46/2016

The subdialect of Istog with the surroundings contains interesting material for inter-linguistic study and comparison, because, like other Albanian subdialects, by the passing of time and being in contact with Turkish, Serbian and other languages, had a borrowing relation with them. On the other hand, borrowings of Slavic and Turkish have provided opportunities for acquiring new lexical units, due to the presence of many word-forming tools, especially those suffixed. However, the impact of those languages in the phonetic, morphological, and syntax system of this language areal was not so strong. Collection of dialectic materials from Istog with the surroundings, their systematization and analysis is the evidence that enables the reconstruction of Albanian language history in these regions; therefore this task is of particular importance.

Благой Шклифов. Фразеологичен речник на говора на село Черешница, Костурско

Author(s): Mariyana Vitanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 34/2017

Jezične karakteristike Povelje Kulina bana

Author(s): Helena Dragić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 23/2017

The Paper is about the most legendary Bosnian ban Kulin who ruled from the year 1180 to the year 1204. His famous charter was written on August 29th 1189 and it established friendship with Republic of Dubrovnik giving its people privileges, freedom of movement and stay in Bosna. Kulin ban’s charter is the oldest written document by Bosnian-Hum rulers. The charter was written in Bosnian Cyrillic. The paper analyzes orthographic, phonologic, morphologic and lexical characteristics of the charter. Alongside the philological and historic importance of Kulin ban’s charter, it had an exceptional general social significance which was reflected in the development of economy, building of churches and monasteries, health facilities, etc. in Bosnia and Hum. Kulin ban was and remained loyal to Roman Catholic Church. Pope Alexander II delivered a letter to Kulin by means of his envoy Tebald. In the letter Pope addresses “the noble and powerful Kulin ban of Bosnia” stating a great wish that his envoy delivers Kulin his blessing. During the period of Kulin’s rule in Bosnia and Hum there was prosperity and so even today it is possible to hear a saying “Since the Kulin ban’s good days” and “During the Kulin ban’s good days”. Historical sources say that he really was a great ruler, but also the tradition because his name remains in the folk memory up to our days. Popularity of Kulin ban is also affirmed by microtoponyms Kuline in Uzarići near Široki Brijeg and in Prebilovci near Čapljina.

Evaluating knighthood through the discourse functions of negation in Le Morte DArthur by Malory

Author(s): Tatiana Komova,Anastasia Sharapkova / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The paper explores medieval knighthood as a complicated matrix of various cultural, historical, and ethical concepts. We hypothesize that we can access the way people conceptualized the chivalric ideal through analyzing the romances by means of linguistic and conceptual analysis. The justly prominent place among numerous romances is taken by Malory’s Le Morte DArthur (1485), for it provided solid ground for a detailed classification of knightly virtues and vices in later decades. The present paper displays the role of negation in portraying the opposition of a good and a bad knight. We take into account that this category is realized linguistically on various levels: lexical, morphological, and syntactical. Contrary to the preliminary hypothesis on negation featuring the bad, it allowed the author not only to explicate the bad qualities of a knight, but also to stress the language means evaluating the positive ones. As the linguistic analysis unfolds, negation turns out to be not a logical counterpart of positive utterances, but a powerful tool for featuring knighthood as a socially and ethically important endeavour. Pragmatics of negation in the romance, as well as its role in direct speech of various characters, including women, are also considered.

Einige Bemerkungen zur Eindeutschung des einfachen, oder doch des schwierigen Hydronyms Biebrza im deutschen Satzkontext

Author(s): Robert Skoczek / Language(s): German Issue: 5/2017

The aim of this article is to analyze sound adaptation of Polish proper names with intervocalic consonant clusters which in terms of phonotactic structure do not exist in standard German. At the beginning, the author presents a theoretical approach to the issue from the point of view of syllabic phonology and phonotactic constraints. Using the example of the Biebrza hydronym, the author then shows discrepancies between theory, German pronunciation dictionaries and speech reality in German public mass media.

Dėl iliatyvų laukan, laukuosun semantikos rytų aukštaičių vilniškių šnektose

Author(s): Daiva Kardelytė-Grinevičienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 68/2013

Based on the theoretical principles of reference linguistics, the article discusses the semantic peculiarities of the lexeme laukas illative forms laukan, laukuosun in the subdialects of the Eastern Auk taitian of Vilnius. It brings forward several questions: a) how the illatives of the lexeme laukas used in different contexts differ from the defined function of this form and b) whether the meaning of the illative, being a paradigmatic case, differs from the principal meanings of the lexeme laukas. It also discusses the issue of adverbialization of the singular illative laukan.

Mikalojaus Daukšos raštų ilgosios šaknies sta kamieno veiksmažodžiai

Author(s): Raimonda Šarkytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 67/2012

The article explores sta stem verbs with long root attested in the scripts of Mikalojus Daukša. The verbs in question are analyzed in respect of different aspects: morphological (the structure of present and past tense forms), morphonological (vocalism, consonantism, the cases of vowel gradation), also the peculiarities of constructive coding regarding categorical semantics are taken into account. The structure of verbs registered in Daukša’s works is further compared to that found in old scripts of Bretkūnas and Mažvydas, also in Lithuanian dialects and current Lithuanian language. The research is intended to determine the localization and chronological layers of registered lexemes, to propose the motives for change of the verbs in question.

Lietuvių kalbos skoliniai Lietuvos lenkų tarmėse

Author(s): Kristina Rutkovska / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 67/2012

The paper deals with lexical Lituanisms functioning in Polish dialects on the Polish-Lithuanian-Belorussian borderland. Lithuanian lexical loanwords are characterized with regard to time and the ways of filtering of these words into Polish dialects. The conducted analysis shows that the majority of Lithuanian borrowings penetrated into Polish by the mediation of the Belorussian language, which can be an evidence of the Belorussian background of Polish dialects in Vilnius and its area.

Baltų skoliniai samių kalboje

Author(s): Lucie Hofirkova,Václav Blažek / Language(s): English Issue: 64-65/2011

The purpose of the present study is to summarize and interpret the lexemes of Baltic origin in Saami, in the context of Fenno-Saamic and Fenno-Volgaic relations. Our conclusion is that about 20% of lexical parallels between Baltic and Saamic from about 40 Balto-Fenno- Saamic comparisons are without the Balto-Fennic counterparts. It means that it is probable that the ancestors of the Balts and the Saami were in direct contact.

M. Stryikowskio veikalo Kronika Polska, Litewska, Żmódzka i wszystkiej Rusi teonimai: Chaurirari

Author(s): Rolandas Kregždys / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 62-63/2011

The study deals with the topics of etymological analysis and brief nascence (consequently, a hierarchical position in the Baltic pantheon) of the theonym Chaurirari mentioned in Maciej Stryikowski’s work Kronika Polska, Litewska, Żmódzka i wszystkiej Rusi (1582). The one and only scientific examination of the issue was carried out by Vladimir Toporov. It must be stated with many regrets that tatpuruṣa composite Lith. *Kaur-aris ‘tawny tint (element of fire symbolism) horse deity’, reconstructed by the author of the hypothesis, is not acceptable due to reconstruction motivation of unauthenticated (in any written source of Baltic mythology and religion) Balt. *aris ‘horse’. Providing that non-existence of a horse-deity cult in Baltic and Slavic religious systems, save totemic vestiges, such an interpretation is doubtful in relation to mythological motivation. Being based on the new theonym etymology and analysis of the deity functions, a proposition has been made that Chaurirari could not be interpreted as ἅπαξ λεγόμενον. The lexeme may be correlated with nomen proprium (theonym) Kaukarius ‘ghats God’, which is mentioned in several Lithuania Minor lexicographical lexicons of the 18th century (Brodowski’s and Milke’s thesauruses).

Žemaitiškieji rengėjo tapatybės pėdsakai XVIII –XIX amžiaus pagrindiniame katalikų giesmyne 1: Balso širdies pirmojo leidimo kalbos kaita

Author(s): Birutė Kabašinskaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 08/2006

As late as the seventeenth century, Saliamonas Slavočinskis’ hymnal (SlG) gave a certain impetus to the spread of the Lowland Lithuanian dialect in church poetry, although generally this hymnal represented the central Highland written variety of Lithuanian. This Lowland dialect impulse is very clear in later editions of Balsas Širdies (The Voice of the Heart, 1726; BŠ), which replaced Slavočinskis’ hymnal. The editor of the BŠ is very likely to have been a Lowlander, who was quite familiar with the Highland dialects of Lithuanian. Thus, although his intentions were to write in central Highland written Lithuanian, there remain many traces of the Lowland Lithuanian dialect. The heterogeneity of the language of BŠ was also determined by the three sources of the hymnal: SlG (Central Highland written Lithuanian and the Lowland dialect), Knyga Nobažnystės (Book of Devotion, 1653; KN) (Central Highland written Lithuanian) and the anonymous translation of Bellarmin’s Catechism (1677; BK) (Eastern Highland written Lithuanian). In some cases these three sources were used in a rather peculiar way. The adopted hymns and psalms had not only been greatly revised but they had been often composed from the text fragments of various sources. Out of 154 texts of BŠ (114 hymns and 40 psalms) obviously only 29 (25 hymns and 4 psalms) are new. It seems that for the editor it was most important to revise those already existing texts but not to create new ones.

Rankraštinės Purpuros chronologiniai santykiai su 1759 metų Žyvatu

Author(s): Aleksas Girdenis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 07/2005

This article deals with the manuscript Purpura iszganima mukos Jezusa, which was compiled in the North-Western Lowland Lithuanian dialect. The title page bears the year 1707, but basing myself on the linguistic data I attempt to prove that the text was composed (or reedited) only after the middle of the nineteenth century or even slightly later. Along with the salient graphic peculiarities that show such a late origin of the manuscript, certain linguistic features which are different in the other Lowland Lithuanian book (based on the same dialect) Ziwatas Pona yr Diewa musu Jezusa Christusa (1759) prove this to be a comparatively late version of the manuscript Purpura: 1. The morphological alternation of [t], [d] : [è], [dþ] is almost totally absent in Purpura; in Zywatas this process was still in the embryonic stage of development. 2. In Zywatas the sound [e] was consistently used in unstressed word-stem and inflectional positions. In Purpura the shift can be traced as it progresses very clearly: -e- ´ -¼-, -e ´ -¼. 3. In certain cases the cluster [nî] was more than just nasalized, it was actually turned into [nán] in Purpura. Yet the same cluster [nî] in Zywatas was always kept unaltered. 4. Certain archaic morphological features were absent from the manuscript; yet they were present in Zywatas. Note for instance, the loc. pl. ending -su and also such archaic forms of the consonantal declension as the instr. sg. sesermi '(with) sister', instr. pl. sesermis '(with) sisters'h, etc. At the end of the article certain strong arguments are advanced to demonstrate that the linguistic basis of Purpura was the subdialect of Kretinga of the so-called littoral Lowland Lithuanian dialect.

Kristijonas Donelaitis ir brošiūra apie separacijos naudą (1769): kalbos analizė

Author(s): Daiva Krištopaitienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 09/2007

In my article I analyze the language of the pamphlet on the usefulness of pasture separation (1769; the exact title is not known, the title page did not survive). The pamphlet was compared to the fiction of Kristijonas Donelaitis and other circulars of the government in Eastern Prussia in order to answer the questions: (1) is the pamphlet to be attributed to Donelaitis; (2) is it an original text or a translation. The 1769 pamphlet on the usefulness of pasture separation is obviously related to Donelaitis’s texts. First of all, such a conclusion is supported by the common orthographic, phonetic, and morphological (dialectal) affinity. An even more persuasive argument is the similar vocabulary. In the pamphlet there are many words, figurative sentences, some phrases that are characteristic of Donelaitis’s fiction and sometimes recall the lines from Donelaitis’s writings. One of the most significant pieces of evidence of Donelaitis’s authorship is a quotation from his manuscript “Summer Toils,” that at the time was accessible only to the author himself.

Some Challenges in Identifying Anglicisms in the Albanian Language

Author(s): Irena Pata-Kapo / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2011

The boundaries of different countries all around the world are diminishing in significance, bringing peoples and cultures closer, thus raising communication to the highest development levels. The globalization phenomenon, the desire and will to be integrated in the global development processes, and the invention of the internet, have all led to the need for a common language to best maximize communication. And it does not come as a surprise that English is the language to enable such a global communication, sometimes described as a ‘lingua franca’. “English is the third most natively spoken language in the world after Mandarin Chinese and Spanish; it is the most widely spoken language across the world and over a billion people speak English to at least a basic level; The growing economic and cultural influence of the US and its status as a global superpower since World War II have significantly accelerated the language’s spread across the planet.”

Disa veçori arkaike në veprën e De Radës

Author(s): Kolec Topalli / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 01-02/2016

De Rada is the greatest arbëresh poet and one of the classical of Albanian literature. His work is of valuable contribution in relation to Albanian history as well. He utilizes archaic words with great interest for their etymology. From a phonetic point of view, the poet reveals dialectal traits found in regions where Albanian is spoken, especially in Arbëresh dialect as well as in other regions, especially the southern ones. Of particular interest are some grammatical forms, which have existed in an early stage of Albanian language and are stored in the work of the great arbëresh poet. These archaic grammatical forms are also found in the works of other old authors; therefore, a comparative study among them helps to sketch the general framework of the development of Albanian in the earliest period of its development.

Западнославянские диалекты в Омском Прииртышье: явление интерференции в чешском сибирском говоре

Author(s): M.A. Kharlamova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 5/2016

The history of the Czechs in the Middle Irtysh region is closely related to the history of P.A. Stolypin’s reforms of the late 19th – early 20th century. The evidence provided by the language conscious representations has allowed identifying the migration paths of the Czechs, as well as the places where they “exited” the European part of Russia and Europe. The paper traces the formation of the Czech dialect and its development in Siberia. It also underpins the thesis concerning the specific role played by interdialect and inter-linguistic interference in forming the sprachraum of the polyethnic region. The connection of interference and bilingualism has been demonstrated by the example of the development of the Czech dialect in the Middle Irtysh region. The paper also considers theoretical foundations of the research: different approaches to the problem of interference in linguistics, viewpoints on the connection of interference and bilingualism, the author’s point of view has been presented adequately. Based on the material collected by the author, it has been demonstrated that interference appears at all levels of the language system, being especially explicit in lexis. Lexis represents the “power” of the Russian language and of Siberian old-settlers’ dialects, which is reflected in direct lexical borrowings from the surrounding dialects and in adaptation (phonetic, grammatical, derivational, and semantic) of the Czech lexicon seen as particularly important.

Vocabularies from the middle of the 20th century from Afghanistan Part two: Özbek and Moghol materials

Author(s): Volker Rybatzki,A.F. Mackenzie / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

In addition to the references to Mackenzie mentioned in the first part of this paper, I found another one in Schurmann (1962, p. 13) that reads as follows: “In the late 1940s, an American named Mackenzie, then teaching in Kabul, was reputed to have come across some Mongol settlements in the Turkestan region. He made some photographs and compiled a small vocabulary. However, although he communicated his discovery to a number of scholars, none of his material has been published, to my knowledge.” This statement is also cited in Doerfer (1971, p. 228). It is to be hoped that this series of papers might lead to the discovery of Mackenzie’s photographs. Their localisation would be of indispensible importance for the ethnography, history and culture of the Turkic, Hazara and Moghol people of the northern part of Afghanistan. After writing this short introduction in the middle of 2014, the work had to be put aside due to other obligations. Not much new can now, after about four years, be said about A. F. Mackenzie. His second name was Franklin as it is stated by Dupree (1973, p. 74) who knew Mackenzie from their common time in Afghanistan where both seem to have worked for or been in contact with an American organization called Meridian.

Reconstructing the Khitan vowel system and vowel spelling rule through the Khitan Small Script

Author(s): Masami Ōtake / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

This paper reconstructs the Khitan vowel system by analyzing materials concerning the Khitan Small Script. First, the approximate phonetic values of the graphemes were determined by systematically comparing Khitan transcriptions of Chinese words with their original Chinese sounds and by analyzing Khitan rhymes. Next, an exhaustive survey of two adjacent graphemes in a corpus elucidated the script’s spelling rule and thus were the accurate phonetic values determined. Finally, a comparative study based on the reconstructed values established regular vowel correspondences between Khitan and Mongolian. In conclusion, the author presents twelve Khitan vowel phonemes that are distinguished by four vocalic features.

Koreanic loanwords in Khitan and their importance in the decipherment of the latter

Author(s): Alexander Vovin / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

In this article I am surveying several possible loanwords from Koreanic languages (probably Koguryǒ and/or Bo-hai) into the Khitan language. Apart from explaining the origin of some of the Khitan words that have no Mongolic, other Central Asian, or Chinese etymologies, I will demonstrate that these loanwords can shed light on the decipherment of Khitan characters with unknown readings, and therefore advance the reconstruction and reading of the Khitan language itself.