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Jusuf Mulić- Velika krađa i podvala Vuka Stefanovića Karadžića/ A Big Theft and Fraud by Vuk Stefanovic Karadzic;
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The Glagolitic inscription was found in secondary use built in the church of Little Mary in the village Dunave near the fortress Soko in Konavli. The forms of the letters show strong influence of the contemporary Cyrillic alphabet, and some orthographic characteristics, like vocalization of the semiphonema, and words like denar indicate XIII century as the period when the inscription has been incised. In his rusty done, but emotionally motivated inscription the author declares himself as church servant (eklisiarhos), not blind but although barefoot and nude, opulent with plenty of money in his sole. His service was probably in the old orthodox church in the village Dunave, destructed to the ground and its ruins were used for the church of Little Mary. The Glagolitic inscription from Konavli belongs to the special form of Glagolitic alphabet which existed parallel with Cyrillic alphabet in the XIII century in the Serbian ethnical and political environment in today Croatia.
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In the Purpura manuscript (approximately the middle of the nineteenth century), written in the North Lowland (Žemaičiai) dialect, all Polish vowel letters are used to denote monophthongs (except for Ó ó, so-called <o> kreskowane The graphemes A a, E e only occasionally express the long vowels [a∙], [e∙]: most often they are replaced by ai, ei or aj, ej type digraphs; hypercorrect forms are frequent in definite forms of adjectives: [a∙], [e∙] → aj, ej and so forth. The characters Ą ą, Ę ę mark both long nasal mid vowels, that originate from *, * (← *an, *en), and optional nasal allophones of /ọ/, /ẹ/ phonemes: denasalization of phonemes is a rather late alteration. I i that mark the high vowel [i] in flexion were well differentiated from Y y which denote the mid vowel [ẹ] according to the tradition. In absolute word initial position, however, the letters I i are written instead of expected Y y (with certain rare exceptions): apparently graphic neutralization of <y> ↔ <i> → <i> / #— takes place; the lack of Y y in word initial position in Polish orthography explains this. The letter y [ẹ] happens to be written also in unaccentable word medial position and in unaccented endings in cases where Žyvatas (Ziwatas, 1759) very consistently had e [e]. The phonetic value of the polyfunctional letter U u of Žyvatas and of many other North Lowland dialect texts was successfully divided into two: U u and O o. The attribution of new additional phonetic value to the graphemes O o (along with the main value O o [uo]) enabled separation of the mid vowels [ọ], [ọ.] from the high vowels [u], [u.], that were marked by the traditional symbols U u.
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Linguistic analysis of Antanas Baranauskas' (1835-1902) Diary (1853-1856) proves that the author recorded it in a Polish dialect that was spoken in the region of Kaunas (Lithuania) at that time. His Diary reveals some phonetic, grammatical, and lexical features typical for that northern borderland variety of the Polish language. There are numerous examples of phonetic features that are not different from the contemporary Polish usage, but hardly any of them were present in the standard Polish of the nineteenth century. Baranauskas used many phonetic features that were characteristic for the northern borderland Polish dialect, e.g., different from the standard Polish distribution of <o> and <ó>; pronunciation of unstressed [e] and [o] as [a]; reduction of unstressed vowels; secondary palatalization and dispalatalization, especially dispalatalization of [n'] and palatalization of [s], [z], [c], [dz] in the position before [k']. The two latter cases can be explained by the interference from the Lithuanian language. There is assimilation (and simplification) of sequences (units) of palatalized consonants and fluctuation of alveolar and dental consonants, which are characteristic to Lithuanian (not Polish). There are also some cases of hypercorrection.
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The present paper deals with some particularities of affricates in Middle Mongol (13th – 16th centuries) as related to the problem of reconstructing the (Pre)-Proto-Mongolic consonant system. Three particularities of Middle Mongol affricates are especially highlighted: (1) č ~ ǰ alternation; (2) alliteration of the type č – ǰ or ǰ – č; (3) underdifferentiation of the medial č and ǰ in Uighur-Mongol script. Examples of the non-distinctive use of affricates in the Modern Mongolic languages as e.g. those spoken in Qinghai and Gansu provinces (Eastern Yugur and Shirongol) and the central Mongolic group (Khalkha, Buryat, Kalmyk) are given as well. The author comes to the conclusion that in Proto-Mongolic the distinction between *č and *ǰ may have been a phonemic one, while at the Pre-Proto-Mongolic stage *č and *ǰ were presumably free-variant allophones of the same consonant phoneme **C. Our reconstruction seems to be confirmed by the evidence from Khitan where alternation of the segments <c> and <dz> occurred, probably dating back to the Pre-Proto Mongolic stage.
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This paper deals with the transcriptions of Chinese velar initials in the Kitan Small Script. We carried out a phonological analysis of the Kitan language as reflected in the transcriptions by comparing the transcriptions of Chinese words in the Kitan Small Script with those in the Mongolian/Uyghur script. This analysis demonstrates that Kitan has two velar consonants and one uvular consonant, and the transcriptions of the Chinese velar initials found in the Kitan Small Script reflect the distinction between velar and uvular consonants as seen in the Mongolian/Uyghur script.
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This paper aims at analysing Elma Mitchell’s poem Thoughts after Ruskin from the perspective of stylistic analysis. The paper focuses on verbs and their phonological, morphological and semantic features. The analysis will show that these verb properties contribute significantly to the meaning and interpretation of the poem. The analysis will thus illustrate the potential of phonology and morphology and their power in poetic and literary expression. The analysis will also have to address the semantic aspects of different morphological forms.
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Languageisa ”living body” into a continuous movement by means of words and structures that we borrow from different languages. We try to bring into light the manner in which borrowings that have English Etymon are going to influence our Romanian lexis. In this way, we choose different examples from sporting newspapers in order to reveal the phonetical adaptation, the morphological and the semantic evolution or involution of English words into our lexis. We know that sporting domain is into a continuous enrichment of words that have different origins, especially: English one. Our purpose is to reveal the manner in which English words from sporting language are going to influence Romanian vocabulary and to bring into light the consequences of the English influence upon Romanian lexis. We select, from different sporting contexts, words that have unique and multiple etymology and analyse them into Romanian from different linguistic viewpoints: phonetic, morphologic, semantic and stylistic.
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The dynamics of slang is closely related to that of the vocabulary, in general, leaving room any time for new analyses: phonetic, lexical, semantic, morphosyntactic, pragmatic, stylistic. The communication we are about to propose is trying to grasp those slang words and phrases including numerals in various hypostases of manifestation. Due to its heterogeneity manifested by its multiple values (noun, pronoun, adjective and adverb), the numeral manages to add extra freshness and creativity to the familiar and argotic register. At the same time, the lexical-grammatical class of the numeral is able to reflect the power of significance of the Romanian language, respectively the mentalities of the community of speakers turning to its three hypostases: symbolical value, quantitative representation and qualitative representation.
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This contribution discusses the transformations of the Romanian language (in parallel with the modernization of the Romanian public institutions) inspired or triggered by the "French model". After some conceptual and terminological considerations (re-latinization, re-romanization, Latin-Roman occidentalization, re-occidentalization, modernity in the dynamics of the language), the author evokes the circumstances (historical, political, economic, cultural, social) that favored the franchizing of the Romanian language and details this process from a chronological perspective (the Hungarian and German branches, the Greek branch, the Russian branch). With the help of relevant examples, the most significant changes brought to Romanian by French influence (phonetic, lexical, semantic, morphosyntactic changes) are presented. The article insists on some complementary vectors in the process of franchising the Romanian language: the Phanariot princes, the preceptors and secretaries of the aristocratic families, the French consuls in the Romanian Principalities, the young people who had studied abroad and the emancipated women, the literature, the press, and the Francophone education.
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Orthographic, grammatical and lexical norms at the beginning of the 20th century in Croatia were codified by normative works largely in line with the concepts of the Croatian Vukovians, grounding their linguistic views on the works of Vuk Stefanović Karadžić. The language practice, however, still retained certain older distinctive linguistic features typical of the Zagreb School of Philology. The paper analyses Croatian Tales of Long Ago from that perspective, as a document of the state of the language and orthography at the time. The starting point of the research is the third edition dated 1926, the last one published during the author's life, also authorised. Having in mind opposite language conceptions, certain linguistic peculiarities of this edition are pinpointed, focusing primarily on the changes caused by language policy and introduced in relation to the previous manuscripts, typed versions and two printed versions (the critical edition of 2011 lists all the differences between them), but also including other relevant features. Linguistic analysis includes orthographic, phonological, morpho(no)logical, syntactic and lexical levels.
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The CORILGA (Corpus Oral Informatizado de la Lengua Gallega) is a corpus of recordings aligned with their transcription and annotated at different levels (spelling, phonetic, morphological, syntactic...). A complete and thorough recordings and participants data allows, through an online open search engine, to get very accurate search results. This information could be used in language variation and change studies and to create materials for teaching or developing speech technology.
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The nominal word formation in the text of the Kazan Gospel of the 14th century relating to the lectionaries of the Mstislav type has been analyzed. The study aims to clarify the available data on this issue, to add to the description of the lexical and semantic features of the manuscript, and to identify it’s the specificity of word-formation patterns. The research is focused on the forms of nominal word formation as the main text-forming units. The analysis has been performed using a combination of synchronic description of the intra-lexical content and comparison with other texts of a similar genre and stylistic affiliation and chronology. As a result of the study, the representativeness of word-formative types of the noun has been established. The conclusions have been made about the genre and stylistic features of the text on the basis of the word-formative pattern representing it, in general, as well as the specifics in the sphere of word formation of this particular manuscript. The major findings can be summarized as follows: firstly, the derivational field of the manuscript determines the genre and stylistic nature of the Old Slavic gospel text; secondly, it underwent the common for that period Russification, resulting in the quantitative representation of the derivational types and their phonomorphemical implementation; thirdly, the word-formative paradigm contributes to the restriction of word-formative meanings and fixing them for a certain word-formative type, which is important for the semantic relations in the language as a whole. The functioning of the forms of nominal word-formation in the text proves the primacy of its content over the formal side.
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(до ювілею КОМІСАРОВА Олега Вадимовича, професора Національного педагогічного університету імені М.П. Драгоманова,члена-кореспондента Української технологічної академії, заслуженого діяча мистецтв України) / The creative work of the outstanding scientist and artist (to the anniversary of Komisarov Olegh Vadymovych, Professor of the Drahomanov National Pedagogical University, Corresponding Member of the Ukrainian Academy of Technology, Honored Artist of Ukraine)
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This paper deals with the use of reflex of Proto-Slavic compounds *ъ̯ r̥, *ь̯ r̥, *ъ̯ l̥, *ь̯ l̥ in the first edition of the old Russian poem The Tale of Igor’s Campaign. Graphically, the reflexes were groups that consisted of combinations of letters for denoting semivowels (ъ, ь) or/and vowels o and e with liquid sonants (r and l). The primary attempt was to reconstruct, as much as possible, how these groups were written in the protograph of the poem, to which the overview of the manner of their writing on old Russian monuments contributed. However, the paper is based on the systematisation, classification and statistic processing of all words containing the aforementioned groups in the literary work researched. They were written in accordance with the principles of etymology, phonetics, or the borrowed, South-Slavic principle. Additionally, morphological and etymological analysis clarified the cases of non-etymological usage of these graphical groups, as well as the cases when the graphical form of the word did not point to the etymological presence of the reflexes processed.
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In this paper we observe the accent shift to proclitic in the village of Batkuša, whose speech belongs to the northeastern region of the Herzegovina-Krajina dialect. This research included accent shift to proclitic of all types of words which participate in this process, and it has been observed by the types of words and the types of shift. The aim of this paper is to show how much the accent shift to proclitic in speech of the village of Batkuša is living phenomenon, in which categories it appears and to what extent, whether there is a tendency to abandon this occurrence, which linguistic and extra-linguistic factors affects its consistency, and how does it relate to situations in neighboring speeches and distant Serbian speeches. The analysis shows that the situation in Batkuša’s speech, when it comes to the intensity of the accent shift to proclitic and the categories in which it occurs, is very close to the condition familiar to most of the speeches of the Herzegovina-Krajina dialect.
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Language contacts can be studied in three directions: language acquisition; b) language borrowing; c) translation. In this paper all three directions are investigated. The process of language borrowing is analysed on four levels: the phonological, the morphological, the semantic and the syntactic levels. The adaptation of a model (a foreign word) shows two kinds of changes: primary and secondary changes which take place on all four levels. The adaptation on the quoted levels is carried out according to the three types of transphonemization (zero, compromise and free), three types of transmorphemization (zero, compromise and complete) and according to the degree of the change of meaning on the semantic level.
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Cette contribution aborde les caractéristiques linguistiques et stylistiques de l’ouvrage Fala od sveti aliti govorenja od svetkovina zabiliženi priko godišta (Eloges des saints ou bien discours de fête notés au long de l’année) de Stipan Margitić, franciscain de Jajce, publié à Venise en 1708. L’accent est mis surtout sur les aspects syntaxiques et lexicaux de cet ouvrage, entre autre aussi parce que ses caractéristiques graphiques, phonologiques et morphologiques ont déjà été bien abordées par Slavko Vukomanović dans sa monographie Jezik Stipana Markovca Margitića (La langue de Stipan Markovac Margitić, Belgrade 1971). Là se trouvent analysées aussi les caractéristiques qui correspondent aux traits linguistiques et stylistiques des autres ouvrages des écrivains de Bosnie-Herzégovine du XVIIe et du XVIIIe siècles, en particulier celles qui proviennent des finesses du parler de la région natale de Margitić, à savoir de Jajce, de même que les caractéristiques qui mettent en relief la beauté exceptionnelle de l’expression littéraire de Margitić et qui lui réservent une place distinguée parmi les meilleurs écrivains franciscains de Bosnie du XVIIIe siècle.
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Only a small part of the vocabulary of Göktürk and Uyghur languages is reflected in old written Turkish monuments, especially in the Göktürk inscription. There are many ideas with the idea that the Göktürk writings are very small in the dictionary and are too small for this. The texts of the Göktürk writings contain about 4,000 words and it is said that the texts of the old Uighur inscriptions are large according to the volume and even the most comprehensive works of art are included. For this reason, it is true that the old Uighur literary language has been well preserved until today. The vocabulary of ancient Turkish writing is so rich that it can be mentioned as an auxiliary material to study the dictionary structure of modern Turkish languages, as well as an independent language dictionary. Folk words and expressions form the basis of the vocabulary of old Turkish inscriptions. Most of the words used in old Turkish languages are preserved and used in modern Turkish. In some of the old Turkish words, the phonetic content remains the same, but is semantically expressed. In some, both its meaning and phonetic structure remained the same, while some words were used in ancient inscriptions, they were archaic for contemporary Turkish languages. In other words, there are words that do not leave marks in modern Turkish languages.
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