Üpris – Oma Või Laen?

Author(s): Vilja Oja / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 05/2017

The article discusses the etymology of üpris, which is a common word in standard Estonian. There are different hypotheses about its origin, but still no consensus. In the 17th-19th-century Estonian writings the word usually means either ’very’ or ’great; wonderfully’, in the 19th century also ’rather’, like today. Reports of its dialectal use are rare. Most probably we have here a loanword expressing superlatively. Phonetically and semantically, as well as according to dialect material the source word could have been ypperst (dial. also ypp(e)rster etc) ’the most wonderful; most wonderfully’ originating in Old Modern Swedish. However, the donor language can also be seen in Low German, where upperst(e) (cf. the Baltic German üpperste) means ’the most noble/important; the highest, main etc’.

Lühikroonika

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 1-2/2019

Chronicle of events.

Функционална субституция на неафрикатен с африкатен обструент в устната практика на френския и българския език

Author(s): Veska Kirilova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2020

The present study examines some cases of functional substitution of non-affricate with affricate obstruents in the oral practice of the French language, some of its diatopic and diastratic variations, as well as the manifestation of this process in the Bulgarian language. The study finds that the affrication concerns only the plosive obstruents ([t], [d], [k], [g]) in the French language, while the affrication in the Bulgarian language is observed both with plosive ([t], [d]) and fricative obstruents ([c], [з], [ш], [ж]). The terms ‚direct‘ and ‚indirect affrication‘ are introduced. The study analyzes the phonetic causes of the substitution process under consideration.

BUCHBESPRECHUNG: BARDHYL DEMIRAJ (HG.) (2020). ALTALBANISCHE SCHRIFTKULTUR – AUS DER PERSPEKTIVE DER HISTORISCHEN LEXIKOGRAPHIE UND DER PHILOLOGIE DER GEGENWART – AKTEN DER 6. DEUTSCH-ALBANISCHEN KULTURWISSENSCHAFTLICHEN TAGUNG (27. SEPTEMBER 2019. B

Author(s): Helmut Wilhelm Schaller / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2021

Review of latest

LUIGI BONELLI’NİN TRABZON AĞZI DERLEMESİ ÜZERİNE

Author(s): Resul Kaya / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 74/2022

The interest of Italians in Turkish culture dates back to the 13th century or even earlier. Until the 19th century, Italians produced works on Turkish culture in many fields, especially the Turkish language. In the 19th century it is seen that the studies on the Turkish language and culture were conducted in the modern sense. Today it can be said that the true foundations of Italian Turcology were laid in the nineteenth century. Undoubtedly, Luigi Bonelli is one of the people who laid the scientific foundations of Italian Turkology in this century. The late Italian Turkologist Luigi Bonelli had written extensively about Turkish language and culture – especially spoken Turkish (Turko vulgare) – during his time in Istanbul, Turkey between 1890 and 1891. It is understood that Bonelli, who frequently uses the expression Turkish vulgar (popular Turkish, vulgar Turkish) in his works, attributes particular importance to popular Turkish. Rossi, claimed that his talent for languages developed at birth, and that he had mastered Istanbul Turkish to a degree that left Turks blown away. He also was fascinated by regional dialects as well – most notably the Turkish of Trabzon. This study will explore Bonelli’s observations about the dialect, including its phonetics, morphology and lexicography.

‘Najmanj utemeljeno je paligovo mnenje…’. Once again on the origin of slavic *sъto

Author(s): Sorin Paliga / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2012

The paper resumes the paper dedicate to Slavic sъto (Paliga 1988), bringing forth various arguments against the label of Marko Snoj that explaining sъto as a loanword from a north Thracian dialect is ‘najmanj utemeljeno’ (least founded). New data may now prove, without little doubt, that the only satem idiom, which may be the source of borrowing, is a north Thracian dialect. Some other forms in the semantic sphere ‘fire’ and ‘to burn, to heat’ support the initial analysis and show that we have, in fact, two series of phonetic evolutions from PIE to Slavic and Thracian in a larger Indo-European context.

Polysémia v právnickej francúzštine

Author(s): Peter Kopecký / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2012

Le vocabulaire du français modifia depuis le XVe siècle sa structure et son contenu. Les changements phonétiques se produisirent en même temps, en renforàant de nouvelles tendances sémantiques. A noter que l´ordre de mots latin n´influença pas le français. D´autre part, le latin imposa au français ses qualités (poly)sémantiques, étymologiques et morphologiques. Le français concourut à sa mère (langue latine) pour la repusser de la Cour et des bureaux vers les cloîtres. Le droit et le langage juridique conservèrent cependant l´esprit de droit romain ce qui reflète le mieux le Code civil de Napoléon Ier et même le droit moderne.

БАНАТСКА ЦРНА ГОРА. ИСТОРИЈА. ГОВОР. ОНОМАСТИКА

Author(s): Živa Đ. Milin / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2016

Аутор рада је себи поставио за циљ да сажето прикаже историју, говор и ономастику Банатске Црне Горе. У првом делу рада су подаци о писаним поменима њених данашњих насеља, о времену досељавања Срба на њене просторе и о њиховом пореклу, о српском становништву и о његовом световном и верском животу итд. Други део је посвећен „банатско-црногорском говору“, који је, у ствари, српски архаични, периферијски говор, са незамењеним старим јатом, са бројним фонетичким и морфолошким особинама, са архаичном лексиком и позајмицама у њој из страних језика. Његов трећи део је кратак осврт на „банатско-црногорску ономастику“, која је углавном српска, али има у њој и елемената немачког, мађарског и румунског порекла.

Л. Станков. Албански език. Gjuha shqipe. Фонетика, морфология, синтаксис, лексикология

Author(s): Rusana Bayleri / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2010

Review of: L. Stankov. Albanian language. Shqipe language. Phonetics, morphology, syntax, lexicology. Phonetics, morfologgia, syntaxa, lexicologloggia. Sofia, University Publishing House "St. Kliment Ohridski", 2009. 530 p.

Относно генеративните методи и славянската историческа фонология

Author(s): Gábor Balázs / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2010

The application of generative phonology in Slavic research is still a deplorably rare phenomenon. Attempts have definitely been made to change the situation both by Slavic and non-Slavic scholars (Jakobson, Zhuravlev, Andersen etc.), the most remarkable of which is without doubt B. Velcheva’s pioneering monograph Proto-Slavic and Old Bulgarian Sound Changes. In her book the Bulgarian specialist convincingly proves the applicability of generative phonological methods for diachronic problems, and it cannot be denied that the monograph is a methodological milestone in the history of Slavic diachronic studies.

Character and typology of sonant phonetic processes in Slavonic languages and dialects

Author(s): Rumen Srebranov / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2008

АРХАИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ СВЯЗКИ БЫТЬ В ПОЭТИЧЕСКОЙ РЕЧИ XVIII СТОЛЕТИЯ: ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЕ И СТИЛИСТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ

Author(s): Nataliya Victorovna Patroeva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 7/2022

The paper uses M. I. Pigin’s linguistic works to investigate the intermediate position of the syncretic constructions with the verb to be in the eighteenth-century poetic texts. The author analyzes the gradual loss of abstract copulas and existential verbs in different genres. The obtained data are compared with the materials of the eighteenth-century grammatical treatises and the twentieth-century works on the history of Russian syntax. Based on the texts from the Russian National Corpus, the archaic forms есмь (esm’), еси (esi) and есте (este) are studied and the frequency of their corresponding forms in poetic texts is analyzed. The analysis of the Baroque and Classicism poetic contexts, as well as the data of the The Syntactic Dictionary of Russian Poetry of the XVIII Century confirms the tendencies associated with the reduced usage of these forms. The author points to the actualization of linking verbs in the present tense in so-called “high” genres, the use of copulas for the purpose of folklore stylization, and a general tendency to reduce the number of the archaic connective forms in the Pushkin era.

TEKST KAO MJESTO SUSRETA UČENJAKA: PRAGMALINGVISTIČKA ANALIZA IDŽAZETNAMA IZ OSMANSKOG PERIODA

Author(s): Amra Mulović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 71/2022

This paper deals with a pragmalinguistic analysis of five ʼiğāza manuscripts written in Arabic during the Ottoman period in the 18th century and one written at the beginning of the 20th century which were issued mostly to Bosnian scholars. ʼIğāza is a specific type of document and textual form common in the Islamic world. It confers upon a recipient the right to transmit a text, a specific knowledge he acquired, or to teach. This article investigates the performance of the speech acts in the corpus from the perspective of historical pragmatics within the framework of the speech act theory and the politeness theory. Since ʼiğāzas are extremely conventionalized texts, different types of speech acts, expressives, directives and declarations, the explicit and implicit form of their realization, as well as the principles of politeness, are viewed with regard to socio-historical contextual factors.

Lühikroonika

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 11/2017

Chronicle of events.

Kaitstud doktoritööd

Author(s): Not Specified Author / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 10/2019

Defended doctoral theses.

Gramatičke i leksičke odlike govora Travnika s kraja XIX stoljeća

Author(s): Elmedina Alić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2022

Data related to the Travnik area speech at the end of the 19th century are scarce. Most data are provided by nine questionnaires from the survey Pitanja o govoru prostoga naroda from 1897 kept at the National Museum in Sarajevo. The data from those questionnaires, though invaluable for the dialectology of the central Bosnian area, has not been comprehensively presented or processed so far. The purpose of comparing the speech data of Travnik and its surroundings at the end of the 19th and data from late 20th century is to gain an insight into the changes that occurred in this Central Bosnian sub-dialect of the Ikavian-New-Štokavian (western) dialect. Data from 1897, as well as from the end of the 20th century (Govor u slivu Lašve, Valjevac 2002: 3–290) confirm that the Travnik speech is Ikavian, Šćakavian, New-Štokavian, with a stable four-accent system. In the span of one hundred years, the retreat of certain dialectological lines is noticed, that is, the withdrawal of a more archaic spoken type over standard-language forms, has been observed. These changes are evident at the phoneticphonological, morphological and syntactic, as well as the lexical level. A detailed description of the features of Travnik speech at the end of the nineteenth century at the phonetic-phonological level is presented in a paper titled Govor Travnika krajem XIX stoljeća: Fonetsko-fonološke osobenosti (Alić 2001: 147–151). The purpose of this paper is to present the characteristics of the Travnik speech towards the end of 19th century on a morphological, syntactic and lexical level, and then compare the Travnik speech from the end of the 19th century with today’s speech of Travnik and its surroundings. In this way, the data of the nine questionnaires from the survey Pitanja o govoru prostoga naroda will be fully processed and presented to the scientific audience. Without data from the Pitanja o govoru prostoga naroda, it would be impossible to see the changes that took place in the Ikavian-Šćakavian speech of Travnik and its surroundings in the last one hundred and twenty years.

Govori kladanjskog i olovskog kraja u XIX vijeku

Author(s): Senahid Halilović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2022

In 1897, the National Museum in Sarajevo conducted a survey seeking to gain an insight into the speech of the common people. This was the very first dialectological questionnaire in the South Slavic region. In the Kladanj area, which then included today’s Olovo municipality, five questionnaires were completed. The answers from these questionnaires, as well as the notes, enable the reconstruction of the dialectal image of Kladanj and its surroundings at the end of the 19th century. This paper emphasizes the most important phonetic-phonological, morphological, syntactic, and lexical features of these dialects and their stratification with respect to the confessional affiliation of the speaker.

Karakteristike jezika sandžačkih Bošnjaka u Istanbulu

Author(s): Christoph Giesel / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 91-92/2023

Between 1878 and 1970, a large number of Bosniacs from the territories of today’s Bosnia, Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo and (Northern-)Macedonia emigrated in several waves to the Ottoman Empire and Turkey. Estimates regarding the number of Turkish citizens of Bosniac heritage range between 3 and 9 million, but the number of Shtokavian resp. Bosnian or “Bosniac” speakers only ranges from several ten thousand to a maximum of several hundred thousand. The vast majority of Turkish Bosniacs living in Istanbul originate from the Serbian and Montenegrin Sandžak which their families left in the 1950s and 1960s due to various reasons. Despite the rigid assimilation policies pursued by the Turkish state in the 20th century, they succeeded in retaining certain forms of their “Yugoslav-Muslim” or Bosniac ethnicity within the context of their social and linguistic embeddedness in Turkey where they are subject to a mixture of Turkish assimilation and ethnic revival processes. This is why this community displays numerous and multi-faceted aspects of identity, social, linguistic and ethnic attitudes as well as collective memories. Furthermore, their South Slavic Shtokavian ethno-language which is threatened by extinction is characterised by specific influences and idiosyncrasies which in their combination are unique to Turkey’s Bosniac community. It is composed of the following important features: i) dialects from the region of origin, ii) specific features of the Serbo-Croat or Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin standard languages which are mixed with each other, iii) influences of the Ottoman and the modern Turkish standard languages, iv) lexical, syntactic and morphological changes and loss or errors in regards to case, gender, tense and other verb forms which are due to the general loss of language knowledge and v) a way of speaking which is inspired by lexical and grammatical deficits and which is often based on paraphrasing and improvisation. In the previous issue of Almanah (no. 89-90), an essay by the author on the Turkey-Bosniacs already thematized the aspects of time periods and reasons of migration, distribution, number, ethnonyms, language names and other special features, ethnic identities, assimilation and ethnic revival processes, socio-linguistic attitudes and characteristics as well as other historical, political and social issues. The concluding section of the paper presented assessments, theses and discussion aspects about the significance and preservation of the historical, cultural, ethnic, social and linguistic characteristics of the Slavic population in Turkey on the one hand and the meaning of the language type and the socio-linguistic attitudes of the Bosniacs in Istanbul within the context of the language science paradigms and politics of language nationalism in several states of the former Yugoslavia on the other hand. These presentations form the basis for the second essay in this present issue, which deals, from a purely linguistic perspective, with reflections and analyses of selected dialectal and contact-linguistic features of the spoken South Slavic / Shtokavian (Turkish-influenced) language of the Bosniacs from Istanbul. Here, the article focuses on the following aspects: general language characteristics, specific language and dialect features of Southwest Slavic, Shtokavian origin, Turkish language features and influences (lexis, phonetics, syntax, features of written language use), foreign language influences and Slavic/Bosniac influences in spoken Turkish. Finally, the linguistic-political discussion aspects and arguments already addressed in the previous article will be revisited and supplemented by incorporating the results of the linguistic analyses of this essay.

The Effectiveness of Peer-Tutoring in Improving Pronunciation and Fluency of Tourism Students

Author(s): Cristina Galullo / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The present paper is aimed at exploring the effectiveness of a cross-year individual peer-tutoring program in improving pronunciation and fluency of ten students from a Technical Degree Program (TSU) in Specialized Tourism Services who attended a series of language tutoring sessions provided by a sophomore of Modern Languages majoring in English teaching. Data come from different sources (audio files, observation, questionnaire, written reflection) and involve all the participants (researcher, tutor, tutees) for triangulation. The research findings showed benefits to all parties involved. The students improved their oral sub-skills, the student-teacher’s instruction was effective and also helped the tutees to become aware of their learning process, feel more self-confident and less anxious at the moment of speaking. Such evidence also denotes that the tutor enhanced her teaching skills by acting as advisor as well, confirming the assumptions the author of the present study made when reviewing the literature.

Отражението на северните тракийски говори върху географските имена в Елховско

Author(s): Zahari Mishev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020