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Hiciv Kavramı Açısından Ahmet Midhat Efendi’nin “Felatun Bey ile Rakım Efendi” Romanında Yanlış Batılılaşma

Author(s): İbrahim Biricik / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 03/2015

The increasing modernization of the Tanzimat period modelled on Western civilization created an alla Francia (alafranga, exemplifying modernist ideas and trends) people alienated to the values of their own society and wobbled between two civilizations due to a misconception of westernization. However, the novel, mirror of the society, is seen as an instrument that will develop a path to modernization by edifying the society with Tanzimat. A prominent figure in promoting the role of the novel as an instrument of modernization, Ahmed Midhat Efendi with the appellation of “Hâce-i Evvel” brings in such people in order to contribute to the modernization of the society. In pursuit of a correct interpretation and comprehension of westernization, Ahmed Midhat Efendi humiliates the people who misconceive Westernizing by satirizing them in the novel “Felatun Bey ve Rakım Efendi”. The aim of satire, a method of social criticism, is to give a message of truth to the society via subtle associations. Another important feature of the satire is that it is derisive, insulting and even somehow profane. Satire features a critical-analysis identity as it reveals faults and bad intentions. In this context, the first novel to satirize the misconception of Westernizing via thorough examination and with a pervasive satirical undertone is “Felatun Bey ve Rakım Efendi”. The novel also assumes a social feature in that it essentially consists of all the sociological colors of the Tanzimat society. In the novel, various styles and tones of the satire including mockery by caricaturizing, irony, and overstatement were used, with a view to teaching the society a lesson through the satirical components by displaying not only the bad but also the good as a role model. Thus, the novel has become a sociological criticism.

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Distopik Romanlarin Gençlik Edebiyatindaki Yeri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Author(s): Hakan Iskender / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 01/2017

Today there are different approaches toward and discussions on the definition and characteristics of young adult literature. Although efforts to produce different definitions have continued until today, one of the most notable changes in young adult literature has begun to emerge from 21st century onward. Dystopian novels with dark themes and strong protagonists have intensely appealed to young readers all over the world. The study presents an evaluation of the position of dystopian novels in young adult literature as they have recently attracted a gradually increasing readership. The study also examines the dystopian elements of two novels chosen from the Turkish young adult literature. The first part of the study deals with the basic characteristics of young adult literature. There is an attempt to develop a definition of the young adult literature that incorporates the scope and nature of the concept. The study later provides a brief overview of the history of young adult literature and reviews the development process of Turkish young adult literature. It also focuses on the main themes of dystopian novels and their value for young readers. The study finally examines the dystopian elements in two novels, namely Işın Çağı Çocukları and Kapiland’ın Kobayları.

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The Land, Community, and Storytelling: Collective Memory and Social Identity in Louise Erdrich’s Tracks

Author(s): Aslı Değirmenci / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2018

Native American writer Louise Erdrich’s novel Tracks (1988) focuses on the history of a Native American tribe at the beginning of the twentieth century as many people in the community are about to lose their tribal lands due to the laws of the federal government. Since the land is what ties these people to their past, community, and culture, it becomes significant to tell the story of how these lands were lost in hope of preserving the past, and surviving culturally as well as physically. The novel is narrated alternately by two first person narrators: the tribal elder Nanapush who is attached to the old Indian ways and a mixed-heritage young woman Pauline, who is on the way of denying her Native identity and complying with the dominant white culture. In order to show how Louise Erdrich creates a collective memory and social identity for Native Americans through this novel, this article firstly examines the theories of collective memory and illustrates the exclusion of Native American point of view from the official history and thus their need to preserve their own sense of past and history. Secondly, through examples from the novel, it is explained how three elements brought together in the novel -the land, community, and storytelling- are vital to gaining a collective memory and social identity for Native Americans.

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Mnemonic Agency of Water in the Anthropocene: Material and Discursive Entanglements in Emmi Itäranta’s Dystopian Cli-Fi Novel Memory of Water

Author(s): Fatma Aykanat / Language(s): English Issue: Special/2018

Under the contemporary ecological threats and human-induced environmental transformations observed in the Anthropocene, water has turned into an irreplaceable natural resource and a valuable asset for human survival. More alarmingly, scarcity of water has been expected to be more severe in the near future, and cause global scale water wars over the possession of it involving many countries. Within a New Materialist theoretical framework, this study, which is based on the ecocritical analysis of Emmi Itäranta’s Cli-Fi novel Memory of Water (2014), treats water as an agential nonhuman element with the capacity to change the morphology of its surroundings as well as having a consciousness enabling water to store “in its memory everything that’s ever happened in this world” (Itäranta 90), both literally and metaphorically. Literally, absorbing the toxic chemicals released by various human activities nearby, water gets contaminated by humans. Its unnaturally changed colour reveals the responsibility of the humans in this contamination. In a similar way, metaphorically, water remembers what has been “done” to it by humans. In this respect, this study argues that water has a mnemonic narrative agency combining human memory and environmental memory. Although water is a vital natural resource for human beings, it is also an independent environmental force that will never yield to man-made chains, as Emmi Itäranta highlights in Memory of Water (2014). Water can never be possessed by humans; it belongs to everyone and to no one. In Memory of Water (2014), Itäranta envisions a dystopic future –The Twilight Century- challenged by global warming, melting ice-caps, shortage of fresh water, and dominated by water criminals, strict water quotas, illegal water pipes, water guards, black markets, toxic plastic graves, water-related illnesses, and military and political power holders trying to monopolise the remaining fresh water reserves through fear and violence. Although it is not customary for the tea masters to accept women as apprentices, the seventeen-year-old female protagonist of the novel, Noria, is unconventionally trained by her father Master Kaitio to be a tea master; the watcher of water as well as its servant. In such an apocalyptic future, when scarcity of water reconfigures all prevailing discursive formations, Noria tries to survive, to make crucial decisions, and most importantly, to tell herstory as a female voice raised against the history written by the suppressive patriarchal forces. At that point, the memory of water as a versatile, unyielding nonhuman element, and the human memory of a tea master, the watcher of water, are entangled.

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Perception of Nature and the Language of Imperialism in Rudyard Kipling’s the Jungle Book

Author(s): Mahinur Akşehir Uygur / Language(s): English Issue: Special/2018

Published in 1894, The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling has become a great success in England. Telling the story of Mowgli who is raised by the animals in the Jungle, the book portrays Mowgli and animals as symbolizing the reunification of human beings and nature. The story is generally perceived as a Bildungsroman with undertones of imperialist discourse or Mowgli is perceived as a romantic hero who represents the noble savage that embraces and reunites with nature. However a closer look reveals the fact that the depictions of nature sanctified, function as discursive reproduction of its materialization and reinforcement of the modern hierarchy between man and nature and culture and nature. Thus, the aim of this article is to propose a fresh look at Kipling’s text through the frame of human-animal studies.

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Stalno prisustvo oca u njegovoj kosi

Author(s): Jacob Emery / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 66.12/2002

The review of: -Miroslav Krleža „Povratak Filipa Latinovicza“ -James George Frazer „Zlatna grana“

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Bir‘kum Saati Zamaninda’ Yaşamak: Büyülü Dağ

Author(s): Mevlüt Özben / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 91/2017

Cities are in the very center of modern life, in which the life of people is divided into short periods of time, e.g., working hours, transportation schedules. Modern life is an artificial path built by humankind that constantly promises to improve, or, in other words, to go forward. Further, this human-made path is believed to reach to an earthly paradise as well as following the motto of modern time. The time is not conceptualized as a unique single linear line anymore. In fact, the Postmodern Era seeks to be placed at this very moment, neither at the past nor in the future. Earthly heaven is only a nostalgic utopia for the most contemporary time in our Daily lives. In this article, The Magic Mountain by Thomas Mann, a novel, is discussed in terms of traditional, modern, and post-modern time perceptions. Moreover, the place that the story takes place in the novel, “Uphill”, is considered to construct a different time perception, according to the term “sandglass’ time”.

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Beş Roman Beş Düşkün Kadin

Author(s): Türkân Yeşilyurt / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 91/2017

This study investigated the debauched women, Kalyopi, Mazlume, Fitnat, Despina ve Cevahirli Esma Hanımsultan as the chief female characters in five novels. Kalyopi in Ahmet Mithat Efendi’s novel, Henüz Onyedi Yaşında (Only Seventeen Years Old) reminds us of the chief character, Marguerite Gautier in the novel, the Lady of the Camellias by Alexander Dumas Fils. Mazlume in Sefile by Halit Ziya is a hysterical woman like her mother. Fitnat in Zâniyeler by Selâhattin Enis has overtones of a Madame Bovary. Despina in Dâmen-âlûde by Mehmet Celâl is a a beautiful, attractive, mysterious, sexy, wicked, tricky woman who usually leads men into danger or causes their destruction, in other words, a “femme fatale”. Esma Hanımsultan in Reşat Ekrem Koçu’s Binbirdirek Batakhanesi Cevahirli Hanımsultan is a kind, fun-and man-addicted prostitute, in other words,a nymphomaniac. When the stories of these women are closely investigated, it can be seen that the following factors forced them to become debauched women; Kalyopi had to support her family; Mazlume became a destitute child as she first lost her father and then her mother; Fitnat’s interests were quite different from her husband’s; Despina as a baby was left at the door of a church; Esmasultan, who married a very old man when she was a child, became anymphomaniac.

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Robinsonade Romanlarında Ütopya, Distopya, Mahşer Metaforları ve “Çocuk Edebiyatı” – Robinson Crusoe, Mercan Adası ve Sineklerin Tanrısı

Author(s): Devrim Çetin Güven / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 95/2018

Robinson Crusoe, first published in 1719, in England, as an epoch-making novel, received an extraordinary interest and became a bestseller. Many writers, inspired by the novel, have produced texts that are derivatives or variations; this was how robinsonades were formed. From the 1850s onwards, Robinson Crusoe came to be read as a work of children’s literature and the robinsonades came to be classified as children’s or adult literature according to the reception of the metaphors used in the source text. In the fields of political economy, pedagogy, anti- and post-colonial cultural studies, theories inspired by the images of the novel were put forward. At the center of this tremendous “Robinson Crusoe discourse” that was constructed in the literary and non-literary fields is the “re-metaphorization” of the metaphors of the source text, especially “island” metaphors. These re-metaphorizations are usually utopian and partly dystopian or apocalyptic. The aim of this article is to examine how utopian and dystopian re-metaphorizations function in the classification of robinsonades as children’s or adult literature. To this end, The Coral Island (1858), Lord of the Flies (1954), and Robinson Crusoe (the source text of the two former texts) were analyzed, from a post-colonial perspective and through the techniques of comparative literature.

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Gogol’ün ‘Palto’sundan ‘Beyaz Mantolu Adam’ı Çıkarabilmek -Nesne’nin Özne Simülakra’sı-

Author(s): Kadir Can Dilber / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 95/2018

Attempts of the object to take over the subject consist of giving the answers it desires, pretending to believe it, and dragging it to its own side. The subject becomes a victim of the object that it cannot escape. This situation is more clearly observed when viewed in today’s social networks. The most obvious feature of simulation is that it consists of models that replace reality, including even the most insignificant phenomena. Dostoevsky, who provides a way out to the subject in the simulation world with his characters, tries to stop “coat” being an object and replace it by Cosmos, by saying “we all came out of Gogol’s coat” in the production-consumption Paradox. In Gogol’s coat, the object attempts to capture the subject and continues without cutting off its will and dynamism, and eventually replaces Cosmos. Gogol’s “Coat”, is not only a self-contained universe but also a monad that he left to the simulators world generate “The Man in a White Coat”. This work is an attempt to realize the subject (The Man in a White Coat) simulacra of the object (Coat) as an attempt of Gogol’s Coat to take out from Oguz Atay’s The Man in a White Coat and to discover the cosmos in the Subject-Object partnership (Peter Schlemihl).

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Toplumcu Gerçekçi Yazar Kemal Bilbaşar’ın Cemo Adlı Eserinden Yansıyan Anadolu

Author(s): Elif Kaya / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 95/2018

Socialist realism is the reflection of the Marxist ideology on the author and his work. Socialist realistic criticism is a theory which deals with literature in the social conditions in which it is written, and examines it in the ideology of society and which aims to form an aesthetic platform. The fact that it grounds on human, its relation with Marxism brings the political/ideological feature of this theory into the forefront. The current, which was officially recognized in 1934 at the First Congress of Soviet Writers and which was active in Soviet Russia in the same years, brought a breath of fresh air to the Turkish literature. Kemal Bilbaşar is an author who turns this current into a lifestyle and produces work. In the first part of this study, ‘Socialist realism’ has been examined with its general features, in the second part the ‘Cemo’ novel of Kemal Bilbaşar has been examined in terms of socialist realism, a region of Anatolia has been given on a realistic platform from a socialist realism perspective and it has been focused on how the author’s socialist realistic tendencies are reflected in his novel.

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Farba a farebnosť ako ikonicko-symbolický princíp modelovania sveta v prozaických textoch

Author(s): Michaela Čurlíková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 21-22/2015

The paper deals with the occurrence of chromatic denomination in literary works of Jozef Cíger Hronský. Within the lexical research of given literary writings I established possible distribution of four groups of chromatic designations: 1. motivated; 2. unmotivated – neutral; 3. unmotivated – metaphorical and 4. metaphoric-symbolic colouring denomination. The aesthetic features of colours’ denotations point out to the basic symbolic antithesis between black and white colour, the sacral and the profane, and to the colour reflection of some archetypal motifs in given novels.

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Parodija ideologije i simulacija u romanu hibridne structure - Povijest pornografije Gorana Tribusona

Author(s): Mirela Berbić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 6/2009

U tekstu koji slijedi pozornost ću usmjeriti na parodiju, tačnije ideologiju, a kako primjećuje Hutcheon, upravo se ideologija nalazi u žiži intertekstualnog parodijskog preispitivanja. Ideologija se svojom prirodom nameće kao izvrstan materijal za parodijsko poigravanje. Pojmu totalitarnog sistema, te funkcionisanju svijeta, stvarnosti u njemu po principu Baudrillardovog simulakruma, onog što će Epsthein nazvati hiperrealnošću, a vođen idejom simulacije i proizvodnjom stvarnosti, izvan koje nema druge, koja zamjenjuje odsutnu realnost, posvetit ću također pažnju pokazujući da u biti paralelni tekst Povijesti pornografi je u Povijesti pornografi je ne samo da se realizira kao još jedan simulakrum, već nam paradoksalno rekonstruira i način njegovog postanka. U skladu s tim postavlja se pitanje: u kojem momentu realnost prelazi u svoje hiper-stanje i prestaje značiti bilo kakav oblik suprotstavljanja ?!

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Stilske funkcije eliptičnih rečenica u romanu Derviš i smrt Meše Selimovića

Author(s): Marijana Nikolić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 4/2007

Sintaksička stilistika obuhvata veoma složeno sintaksičko područje što uslovljava opširan i složen predmet njenoga proučavanja. U Uvodu u stilistiku autor Milosav Ž. Čarkić navodi da je “ …stilistička sintaksa, zapravo, spoj (veza) između stilistike i sintakse, nauka o smislenoj upotrebi sintaksičkih modela i o korišćenju jednoga te istoga sintaksičkog modela za izražavanje različitog sadržaja. Sintaksička stilistika je i nauka o građenju govora s gledišta njegovih stilističkih svojstava. Ona istražuje ekspresivne mogućnosti reda riječi, tipova rečenica, tipova sintaksičkih veza.” Predmet proučavanja sintaksičke stilistike, prije svega, su rečenice kao osnovne jedinice govora, i raznovrsne strukture kojima se mogu ostvariti različite nijanse značenja. Najčešće pojave koje se javljaju predmetom sintaksostilističke analize su različiti poremećaji rečenice među kojima su najčešći: inverzija (poremećaj uobičajenog reda riječi, sintagmi, ili rečenica u okviru složene rečenice), sintaksičke figure, te postupci kojima se postiže određeni stilski učinak (postupak intenziviranja, postupak permutacije, postupak osamostaljivanja).

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Klimat Zagłady (w perspektywie powieści Pawła Huellego, Tadeusza Konwickiego, Andrzeja Kuśniewicza i Piotra Szewca)

Author(s): Marta Tomczok / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2017

This article suggests possibilities of reading novels by Tadeusz Konwicki, Andrzej Kuśniewicz, Piotr Szewc and Paweł Huelle through the prism of environment-oriented studies on the Shoah. Where Polish narratives of the Holocaust are concerned, Tomczok proposes, the years 1986 and 1987 saw not only a breakthrough in terms of politics and worldview, but also a shift in writers’ perception of climate change and the rapid degradation of the environment. Building on studies by Eelco Runia and Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht, Tomczok reads natural disasters as metonymies of the Shoah – metonymies that point to the extermination of the Jews while also reflecting on contemporary threats to the natural environment. Tomczok’s proposition to relate these two perspectives draws on Harald Welzer’s Climate Wars: What People Will Be Killed For in the 21st Century. The article also contextualizes selected novels by the above-mentioned writers with Polish climate research conducted in the 1980s at the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management – National Research Institute.

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Znaczące ciało Gerti – szkic o Pożądaniu Elfriede Jelinek

Author(s): Karol Gromek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2017

Gromek reads Elfriede Jelinek’s novel Lust through Julia Kristeva’s reflections on discourses of love and on the ways in which emotions are revealed and become fixed in language. Gromek’s focus is on the formation of the author, the novel’s protagonist and the researcher – three instances that work to enable the inscription of personal and bodily experience in the literary text. Literary connections help define the subjects’ dependence networks, in which each one can assume a dominant or submissive position. One essential aspect is the discovery of principles according to which semiotic elements upset the symbolic order. Gromek points out such moments in Lust, treating the body as an intellectual and interpretative category.

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Fenomeny czasu fabularnego i przestrzeni we współczesnej literaturze ukraińskiej (na przykładzie prozy Wołodymyra Jaworiwskiego)

Author(s): Elena Dwułyczanska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2017

The article analyses the specifics of spacetime planes of ideological models in contemporary Ukrainian prose based on Volodymyr Yavorivskіy’s novels. Narrative specificities and the characters’ internal retrospective thoughts allow us to immerse ourselves into their existential space and trace their ways of personal development.

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Nadal trwa: trauma i pamięć I wojny światowej

Author(s): Ross J. Wilson / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2018

Wilson describes the basic elements of representations of World War I: the suffering of soldiers, devastated battle grounds and the perspective of the witness. Referring to current research on trauma in the context of World War I he thematizes the stereotypical ways in which the Great War is commonly remembered – ways that exclude communication and maintain a sense of trauma. Wilson evaluates recent novels as well as film and television productions in order to analyse contemporary representations of a traumatic past impacting identity. His analysis focuses on cultural texts produced after the eightieth anniversary of the end of the Great War and cultural representations of the war that perpetuate trauma in Australia, Great Britain and Canada, constituting their citizens’ identities. Wilson treats these phenomena as a product of the capitalist entertainment industry and as an expression of the general longing to maintain traditional ideas about the past.

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Khouribga a sprawa polska. Zwycięstwo życia nad kulturą w pisarstwie Fouada Larouiego

Author(s): Ewa Łukaszyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2018

Beginning with a presentation of Fouad Laroui’s novella Les noces fabuleuses du Polonais, Łukaszyk outlines its potential in Polish post-colonial studies understood as an analysis of Poles’ participation in the Eastern Bloc’s neo-colonial project. She essentially proposes athreefold reading drawing on post-colonial theory, gender and transcultural studies. Juxtaposing the novella with the novel L’insoumise de la Porte de Flandre Łukaszyk is able to describe Laroui’s message in more depth. The writer not only tackles Morocco’s neocolonial experience, characterized by the arrival of Polish ‘contractual’ specialists. Above all he invites readers to destabilize their identity and to liberate themselves from the corset of mental automatisms – a corset acquired whenever culturally transmitted paradigms are treated as an absolute.

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Rzecz w procesie dojrzewania. Zielony namiot Ludmiły Ulickiej

Author(s): Matylda Chrząszcz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2017

The article concerns very typical issues of Ludmila Ulitskaya’s prose, namely childhood and maturity as well as relationship between human and things (objects). In the novel entitled The Big Green Tent the process of moral development is described. It involves, among other things, sudden events of crucial and initiatory character, which have the features of special ritual. During rituals the heroes are submitted to physical and mental resilience tests. There are some objects inherent to heroes’ initiation. In the novel they go beyond the inanimate matter, which is passive and submitted to human will. They are personified, have their own history and what is most important they are the driving force, the initiators of turning points which affect heroes’ future. Those objects are: a camera, skates and a knife. Revealing the objects’ “agency” is one of main aims of the article. Agency of above mentioned objects manifests itself by the way they influence heroes’ behavior, interfere in their future and play significant role in heroes’ development to maturity.

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