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Saliamonas Ibn Gabirolis: Fons Vitae Versmé

Author(s): Juozas Žilionis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 58/2009

The article discusses the theological and philosophical dialog Fons vitae (Fountain of Life) by famaous 11th century Jewish thinker Solomon Ibn Gabirol, a child of three cultures: Arab, Greek and Jewish, who succeeded in philosophy, theology, grammar and poetry. The Fons vitae is a philosophical dialog between master and disciple, originally written in Arabic and translated into Latin in the year 1150. Its title is derived from philosophical as well as from religious sources: from Psalms “For with thee is the fountain of life...” (Ps 36,9) and the fact that it regards matter and form as the basis of existence and the source of life in every created thing. Although Plato is the only philosopher directly mentioned in the dialog, the significant influence of Plotinus thoughts is noticeable. The dialogue consists of five tractates: the first treats matter and form in general and in physical substances; the second considers the substance which underlies the corporeality of the world; the third proves the existence of simple substances; the fourth proves that these substances are likewise constituted of matter and form; and the fifth considers universal matter and universal form. Gabirol claims that God”s will, which is situated below His infinity, comprehends the essence of the Creator and His creation. That essence is twofold, for it encompasses matter and form. Gabirol employs Philonian theosophical terms and concepts for the synthesis of Greek and Jewish mentality.

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Die Semiotik des Raumes in Dovid Bergelsons Opgang

Author(s): BEÁTA NINK / Language(s): German Issue: 3-4/2006

This paper presents a novel analysis of the work entitled Opgang by the Soviet Yiddish writer Dovid Bergelson from the point of view of the semiotics of space. Born as the reflection by a linguistic and cultural minority to the social changes around the 1917 revolution, the novel has a non-linear structure, and hence, the semiotic interpretation of the recurring central motifs might bring closer to a deeper understanding. The paper aims at answering two main questions. First, do the motifs known from mythology—in this case, the semiotic spaces, such as forest, village and house—change their meaning, and if yes, how does this happen? Second, following Lotman’s semiotic analyses, what is the connection between the spaces and the central characters of the work? The semiotic analysis has issued two main results. First, the meanings of the semiotic spaces have been surprisingly reversed compared to their traditional meaning in mythological and later Russian literary sources, thereby creating a unique mythology within the work itself. Second, using Lotman’s methodology shows also for the case of Bergelson’s novel that the interpretation of the spaces and of the characters cannot be separated from each other. The two protagonists form together a peculiar “двойник character”, one of which is shown by the analysis as an unusual Jewish Christ crucified by the old traditions and their alteration in the changing world of the early Soviet era. All these observations allow for associations with parallel phenomena in arts, such as paintings of Marc Chagall.

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Nahumas Lipovskis (1874–1928). Žydų teatras ir kinas

Author(s): Juozapas Blažiūnas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 2/2018

A significant part of the 20th century film and theatre posters preserved and stored in the Lithuanian archives of literature and art are related to the Nahum Lipowski Jewish Folk Rheatre. The research focuses on the analysis of Lipowski and his works. It indicates that little attention has been devoted to the influence of Lipowski as a director and scriptwriter on silent film industry. The data yielded by this study prove convincing evidence that the beginning of silent film in Lithuania, film making tendencies and the history of Jewish theatre are related. The works of Nahum Lipowski and his biographical facts are a great illustrative example of the cultural life in the late 19th and early 20th century. This study can also clarify some aspects and fill the knowledge gap of the Jewish enlightenment movement followers.

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Nachman Krochmal and the Argument from Design

Author(s): Robert Elliott Allinson / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2017

For the nineteenth century Jewish Galician philosopher, Nachman Krochmal (1785- 1840), the argument from design is the most powerful argument in Jewish literature. This paper is separated into seven parts, each of which aims to give the reader a better understanding of the argument from design. In each part, the argument is compared and contrasted with other arguments for and against the existence of G-d from classical Western philosophers up until current writers. Historical and contemporary objections to the argument from design are shown to be based upon philosophical misunderstandings. The thesis of this article is that the argument from design remains the most powerful argument for the existence of G-d. In addition, in contrast to other arguments for the existence of G-d, such as the ontological arguments, it is the metaphysical argument that is closest to the nature of the G-d of worship of the Jewish religion.

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R. Wormsi Eleázár személyes élményeinek szerepe halákhikus műveiben, két kéziratkiadás kapcsán

Author(s): Emese Kozma / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2012

In connection with the manuscript editions of two Halakhic works of R. Eleazar of Worms (1160/65—1238) – Ma’aseh Rokeach (Ms. ‘Sinai’, Berlin, Jüdisches Museum VII.5.262) and Shaareh schitah utrefot (Ms. New York, JTS 1923) –, the study tries to present those halakhic rulings and customs which were witnessed by the author in his youth, and which were rendered by outstanding rabbinic authorities of the Jewish communities of the Rhinish cities, Mainz, Worms and Speyer: by his father, by his relatives, by his teachers, and by himself. These examples are unique sources for the history of Halakhah and customs, and they also give insight into the way in which Halakhic problems were solved at that time. The first chapter deals with the customs of Pesach; the second one with customs, laws and responsa connected with avodha zarah (prohibitions because of idolatry) and yayin nesekh (idolatrous – prohibited – wine); the third one with the case of a fallen animal that was declared forbidden to eat. Apart from the fact that these examples are important sources for the history of Halakhah and customs, they also have great value due to the description itself, which by authenticity and vividness represents the genre of personal account within the frame of a Halakhic oeuvre. Therefore, the fourth part connects these examples with two descriptions by R. Eleazar of Worms taken from other sources concerning two attacks of the crusaders which he, his family, and his community suffered. The main suggestion of the study is that the motivation for writing both the personal experiences described in these early Halakhic works of R. Eleazar as well as his chronicle-like notes about tragic events witnessed by himself in his own life, is the same: to minutely record certain real events which were part of his personal experience, and which were important to him.

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Място и роля на еврейската общност в българските земи (VІІ – ХІV в.)

Author(s): Petya Nedeleva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2013

In this article the place and role of the Jewish community in Bulgaria in VII - XIV century are considered. The Jewish population is considered to be well accepted in the Bulgarian state territories during VII - XIV centuries. Gradually it has settled permanently in Bulgaria and at the same time Jewish communities have kept their specific free customs, religion, observances and common law. Some preconditions for the formation of their internal organization and management have been developed. Depending on various historical events, the numbers of such settlements have changed in time. In some areas they have disappeared, while in others such settlements have been newly established. Traditionally non-profit organizations, Jewish schools and the general fund have been operated by the municipalities.

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Allegories of Life, Death and Immortality in the Book of Ecclesiastes

Author(s): Igor Tantlevskij / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

Analyzing the famous passage Eccl. 12:5b–7, the author of the article comes to the conclusion that the expression "the almond tree blossomed" (12:5bα) contains the allegory of man’s birth and his young years; the phrase "the locust/locust tree became loaded" (12:5bβ) can be interpreted as an indication of the mature, productive/fruitful years of human life activity; the allegory of the caper, falling to winter ("and the caper bush fell"; 12:5bγ), correlates with the metaphorical description of old age and the approach of death in Eccl. 12:1b–2. So, one can assume that the passage Eccl. 12:5bα–γ includes the allegories of man's earthly birth, making up of his personality, maturity and old age in the form of natural phenomena that take place in Judea throughout the year — approximately from the second half of January to December. The allegory of the breaking "silver cord" (Eccl. 12:6aα), symbolizing the earthly demise, can be understood as a break in the connection between the spirit and the flesh of man (cf.: Eccl. 12:7). In 12:6аβ–b, Ecclesiastes adduces the allegories of death, expressed through the broken vessels ("golden bowl", "jar", a certain "vessel"), symbolizing the human body. The context also suggests that an allusion to the human spirit implicitly present in these allegories as well, which is symbolized by olive oil (in the "golden bowl") and water (in the "jar" and in the "vessel"), — not directly called, but contextually implied — returning to their eternal Fountain (cf.: Jer. 2:13, 17:13, also: Ps. 36:10) when their temporary receptacles are broken. The "spring" and the "well" (Eccl. 12:6b) are veritable symbols of life, and in the light of Eccl. 12:7b — perhaps symbols of eternal life in the Book of Ecclesiastes. As for the allegory of "the golden bowl", it clearly goes back to Zech. 4:2–3. In the light of the allegorical picture attested in Zech., chap. 4, and the text of Eccl. 12:7b, the allegory of Eccl. 12:6aβ — "the golden bowl will crack" — can presuppose implicitly not only the death of the body/"the golden bowl", but also that its contents — "oil", symbolizing the spirit abided in the body — will merge with the "oil" of the Divine Luminary, scil., with the Spirit of God.

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THE YIDDISH SELF OF THE NORTH AMERICAN POET RICHARD FEIN

Author(s): Fazıla Derya Agış / Language(s): English Issue: 14/2019

In this study, I aim to analyze two poems by the North American poet Richard Fein that he collected in his book entitled “At the Turkish bath.” In my analyses, I intend to follow a cognitive poetic point of view, as the theory of “Cognitive Poetics” (1992) of the Israeli linguist and cognitive scientist Reuven Tsur, is based on cognitive processes, through which one solves the semantic ambiguities, such as metaphors, and the cognitive obligations, which lead to the correct interpretation of the poetry. Concisely, I am going to talk about the North American Jewish culture, discovering the poet’s Yiddish and North American identities via the cognitive poetic analyses of the two poems, entitled “My World of Yiddish” and “The Yiddish Poet Yankev Glatshteyn Visits Me in the Coffee Shop.”

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Uloga hebrejskog načina razmišljanja u stvaranju povijesnoga mišljenja

Author(s): Božo Lujić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: I/2019

This article starts from the fact of today’s generally accepted cognition that in the past only two nations the Greeks and the Hebrews had a conception of history. But their conception of history was fundamentally different. The Greeks understood history cyclically, based on the natural rhythm of time as the repetition of the same, while the Hebrews developed linear perceptions of history thanks to God’s experience in historical events which were interconnected in the whole. This process of creating historical opinion was long and arduous. The process of creating historical thinking began by emphasizing the meaning of genealogy in life. In the Hebrew language, called toledot, first began in the family, then in the clan and later in wider communities.

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POEZIA VISULUI REAL

Author(s): Iulia Maria Deaconu (Ticărău) / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 1/2019

This article aims to review the anthology One Hundred and One Poems that includes a collection of poems and critical quotes selected by Alina Bako, who not only provides an overview of the lyrical universe created by Leonid Dimov, but also the critical tools needed for the specialized or non-specialized reader in order to step into the essence of Dimov’s creation. Thereby, the researcher contributes to the revival of the work of a poet who is still actual and valuable.

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O HVALU, HVALJENJU I HVALJENOM

Author(s): Rusmir Mahmutćehajić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 87-88/2019

Sloboda je bivanje svojim. Takvo bivanje u punome značenju pripada samo onome biću koje ničim nije uvjetovano, Jednom Koji nije rodio niti je rođen, Koji nikome i ničemu nije jednak. Takav ne bi bio ako bi ostao nepoznat. Njegove mogućnosti su neograničene i neograničljive u pokazanju bivanja svojim. Takvo pokazanje je Njegova slika. Ali, nijedna slika nije isto što i On, pa je pokazanje neograničeni i neograničljivi tok nastajanja i nestajanja slika Njega. Svaka od tih slika je dvojina uvjetovana Njegovom jednošću neuvjetovanom Njegovom jestošću. Da bi taj nestišljivi i neograničljivi tok nastajanja i nestajanja dvojina bio Njegovo potpuno obznanjenje, sabran je u ljudskosti koja – i pored uvjetnosti, što znači ograničenosti – ima i slobodnu volju. Jedino ga ta slobodna volja čini i sabranošću sveg postojanja i višom od njeg.

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Ciało tekstu, tekst ciała. O cielesności i Księdze w powieści Amira Gutfreunda "Agadat Bruno we-Adela"

Author(s): Hana Nela Palková / Language(s): Polish,Hebrew Issue: 15/2020

In the article, the author analyzes the communication between body and text in the latestnovel published by the Israeli writer Amir Gutfreund, Agadat Bruno ve Adela, in whichthe body and the text stand in its center, thus related to the texts of Schulz’s short storiesfrom the Sanatorium under the Sign of the Hourglass. The paper refers to the essayisticconsiderations of Daniela Hodrová who approaches the text as a fabric and a tissue, anopen work with germinal places and an ability to attract other texts. The author graduallyexamines the context of a murder series committed in contemporary Israel, whose victimsare linked with one another not only by the rare killing weapon originating from thetime of the British Palestinian Mandate, but also by graffiti from The Sanatorium underthe Sign of the Hourglass and old secrets. The writing of text is defined as weaving anddeep dreaming, while the behind-text, inter-text, and over-text are examined to weavethe thread of the story into a meaningful pattern of fabric.

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Paul Celan, Eugen Ehrlich și Cernăuțiul lor

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Paul Celan, Eugen Ehrlich și Cernăuțiul lor

Author(s): Eugen Dranca / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3 (19)/2018

Paul Celan and Eugen Ehrlich are two outstanding personalities in the history of Chernivtsi, as well as in the history of Romania. Nevertheless, to date, their work is insufficiently read and known in Romania, when compared to countries such as France, Germany and Austria. This paper points out the importance of the city of Chernivtsi, implicitly of the interwar period, upon the work and personality of both Paul Celan and Eugen Ehrlich. The two never met, because Ehrlich died two years after Paul Celan was born, but they are present in Chernivtsi (now part of Ukraine), not only due to the books they published, but also to the statues, commemorative plaques, streets and the places that are named after them. In Romania, there was no such initiative. On the contrary, given the current revival of anti-Semitism in Eastern Europe, Romania witnesses a trend meant to rehabilitate people who contributed to the deportation and extermination of the Jewish population, implicitly to rehabilitate people who contributed to the Holocaust. Indeed, Paul Celan’s parents were victims of the anti-Semitic and xenophobic policy of the Antonescu regime (1941-1944): they died in a Transnistrian camp, in 1942. This tragedy, which is both personal and collective, deeply influenced Paul Celan’s work and made literary critics dub him the “poet of the Holocaust”. In his work, Ehrlich preceded and anticipated the development of constitutional law and sociology of law, implicitly the works of Max Weber and Hans Kelsen. His work, fully written in German, is studied and appreciated in the German-speaking academic environment; Instead, in Romania, he is mentioned only very shortly – in the textbooks of General Theory of Law and the Analysis of Legal Doctrines, respectively.

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COMUNITATEA EVREILOR DIN CARANSEBEȘ

Author(s): Simina Pîrvu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2020

Religion, culture, traditions, language are part of the history of a community, they represent its values, which, if not known by future generations, are lost. The Jewish community in Caransebeș represents a landmark in the history of the city and, for this reason, in this paper we set out to present some of the defining aspects of Jews, regarding origin, culture, gastronomy, especially because many of them are no longer in their lives today. The Jews of Banat, especially those from Caransebeș, are fewer and fewer and we consider it important from a historical point of view (and not only) to know the past of a community that is part of the city.We tried to reveal certain aspects of the life of the Jews of Caransebes, starting from the idea that, by making them known, they will remain in the collective memory, because less and less customs have been preserved, and, in terms of lexicon, young Jews, the current generations, do not speak Yiddish, as their grandparents did, or know only a few words.

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Miért akarta megölni Isten Mózest?

Author(s): Csaba Balogh / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2020

The strange pericope of Exodus 4:24–26 is discussed in numerous articles, mainly from the perspective of religious history or rhetorical criticism. Building on the results of previous research, this study confirms earlier suggestions that this passage cannot be connected well with its current context, specifically with the larger call narrative of Ex 3:1–4:18, or with the smaller preceding unit in vv. 20–23. It is unlikely though that Ex 4:24–26 would be an entirely independent text. The earliest narrative segment within the current pericope, reconstructed here as consisting of vv. 19.24–26, was the original follow-up of the Moses-story in Ex 2, specifically 2:23a. The rhetorical claim of our pericope differs from the better-known call narrative in Ex 3:1–4:18, while its terminology is deeply rooted in Ex 2, providing the ultimate reason for the theological problems evoked by the passage. The observations regarding rhetorical and logical problems within Ex 4 seem to be corroborated by independent text-historical arguments, derived mainly from the Old Greek.

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Az egy Isten az istenek között

Author(s): Szabolcs Ferenc Kató / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2020

In the Old Testament one may come across seemingly polytheistic passages. In Ps 82:1, for example, “God takes a stand in the divine council, gives judgment in the midst of the gods.” Who are these gods, and what is their relation to YHWH? After elucidating the North-West Semitic Iron Age concept of deity used with a wide variety of meanings (angels, spirits of the dead), the present study discusses religious historical theories concerning the development of polytheism in Israel and the alleged original character of YHWH. While in the past the God of Israel was considered a special type of deity in the region, more recent studies categorise YHWH as an El-type king-god, as a Baal-like storm-god, or as a hypostasis of the Edomite Qos. This article briefly surveys the issue in recent scholarship and weighs up the arguments.

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Miszna o konsekwencjach pomyłek Sanhedrynu, arcykapłana lub rządzących

Author(s): Roman Marcinkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 46/2020

Pomyłki Sanhedrynu, arcykapłana lub króla stały się przedmiotem rozważań twórców Miszny, a ich opinie na ten temat zebrano w traktacie Horajot (Pouczenia), który omawia szczegółowo to zagadnienie wskazując odpowiedzialność zbiorową lub indywidualną w konkretnych sytuacjach, kiedy to nie sąd, a indywidualni ustawodawcy prawa są zobowiązani do złożenia ofiar przebłagalnych za grzech. Wyjaśnia się tu także sprawy dotyczące arcykapłana i króla, którzy z różnych powodów złamali prawo, podaje podstawy prawne postępowania w przypadku stwierdzenia pomyłki Sanhedrynu lub arcykapłana oraz wskazuje ofiary, jakie należy wtedy złożyć.Artykuł opiera się na treści traktatu Miszny Horajot, który w pierwszym rozdziale wyjaśnia zagadnienia prawne związane z przypadkami, gdy sąd wydał decyzję przeciwną jednemu z przykazań Tory. Rozdział drugi podaje pouczenia w przypadku namaszczonego kapłana, który podjął decyzję nieświadomie. Rozdział trzeci rozważa sankcje prawne w przypadku namaszczonego arcykapłana, który zgrzeszył.Traktat Horajot zamyka czwarty dział Miszny Nezikin (Szkody), co według Majmonidesa ma swoje uzasadnienie: po przedstawieniu bardzo etycznych zachowań w przedostatnim w tym porządku traktacie Pirke Awot (Sentencje Ojców) przyszedł czas na wskazanie ludzkich błędów i ułomności.

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Књига о Јестири – Књига о Естери – лингвистичке особености и текстуални критицизам масоретског текста, са преводом на српски језик –

Author(s): Nebojša Tumara / Language(s): Serbian,Hebrew Issue: 1/2014

Својом текстуалном и лингвистичком комплексношћу Књига о Јестири представља идеалан модел на основу којег ћемо покушати да изградимо својеврсну методологију превода библијских књига. Током превода, у погледу језика, настојали смо да посебну пажњу посветимо дијахроном развоју библијског јеврејског језика, док смо у погледу текста настојали да применимо најсавременија достигнућа науке која се бави текстуалним критицизмом библијског текста. Користимо минималистички приступ у погледу реконструкције места текста, за која (тренутно) не постоје текстуални сведоци који реконструкцију оправдавају.

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О проблему супротстављености јеванђелских Пасхи

Author(s): Nikola Z. Popović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2013

Old Testament Passover has always been the most important thing in Jewish service and spiritual and religious life. This holiday represents celebration and remembrance of Jewish people crossing the Red Sea, escaping from the slavery and death of Egypt, to a life of freedom in the desert. Christ’s death and resurrection was around / on Passover fulfilling its essence of being a holiday of crossing, this time from death to eternal life. Gospels are testimonies of this happening, but they give us different information about the date when Christ celebrated Passover. This article has a goal to draw attention to certain facts to help solve Passover’s problem. First, these are some general facts about the holiday of Passover, with particular reference to the problem of sloughing paschal lamb and start of the time counting. This may supplement details of Passover from Gospel, as well as trying to determine the sufferings and resurrection of the Lord Jesus Christ, and all the while emphasizing the historical character of the calendar and Passover.

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Текстолошки аспекти у егзегези прве главе Песме над песмама

Author(s): Ivan Nedić / Language(s): Greek, Ancient (to 1453),Serbian,Hebrew Issue: 3/2013

The article discusses basic terms and principles of the textological analysis, the practical application of which is then shown in the example of first chapter of Masoretical and Septuagintal texts of the Song of Songs, giving the author’s own translation of the text. The article is a shortened version of the master thesis defended in October 2011 at Faculty of Orthodox Theology, University of Belgrade, under the guidance of professor Rodoljub Kubat.

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