CEEOL - Browse Subjects Result

We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.

Islam as Method

Author(s): Emin Poljarević / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

This essay presents “Islam as Method” as a multi-dimensional approach that serves as an academic framework, a process of engagement, and an activist strategy. It argues that Islam, in the “Islam as Method” thesis, is an ontological category rooted in a commitment to divine unity and ethical principles such as justice (‘adl), dignity (karama) and excellence (ihsan). These commitments enable Muslim activists to assert intellectual and cultural autonomy beyond Euro-American academic, political, and ideological constraints. Drawing on examples from Islamicate contexts, this multi-dimensional approach recognizes the diversity within Islamic traditions while identifying common ethical threads that guide collective action. By emphasizing shared principles and the dynamic reinterpretation of Islamic ethics, “Islam as Method” challenges the dominance of secular and (neo)liberal perspectives and fosters the development of autonomous, cross-cultural dialogue. Informed by the works of contemporary scholars like the late Shabbir Akhtar, Taha Abdurrahmane and Khaled Aboul El Fadl, this method suggests that an intense epistemological shift is underway, allowing committed Muslims to reclaim their agency and produce coherent, ethical knowledge aligned with their values and historical experiences.

More...

Islamic Philosophy and Modern Social Science: The Need to Re-examine the Methods of Forming Social Theories in the Sphere of Religious Culture

Author(s): Seid Halilović / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

Social theories are logically associated with a series of terms that represent their principles and consequences. When they are realized in society, they actualize the entire network of their conceptual additions in a logical order. One part of this network primarily attracts the attention of the scientific community, while the other one remains hidden and takes the form of marginal knowledge. Modern social science theories move from the margins to the center of society once their philosophical principles are actualized even in the sphere of general culture. In the context of Islamic culture, these theories appeared in the shadow of the credibility of the political and economic domination of Western societies, and their philosophical principles remained hidden on the margins of domestic knowledge. In the domestic cultural atmosphere, based on significantly different knowledge, modern social theories have caused cultural and historical disturbances, because they have not been reconstructed in accordance with the needs of the cognitive heritage of Islam. Logical principles of modern science have gradually left the marginal sphere and dominantly influenced their new and weakened cultural environment, which is facing identity challenges and crises on its way to complete transformation.

More...

Çağrı (1976) Filminde Hristiyan ve Yahudiler: İnşa Edilen Anlamlar ve Dinler Arası Diyaloğun İzleri

Author(s): Mustafa Sarmış,Ali Kuşcalı / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2023

In this article, the way Christians and Jews are handled in The Message (1976), directed by Mustafa Akkad, is analyzed by making a detailed comparison with Islamic historical sources. In line with this purpose, interrogations are made in the article through the historical film criticism method. In this context, the topics are explored in a triple order in the article: First, it is revealed in general how Muslim-Christian and Muslim-Jewish relations are mentioned on in the sources of Islamic history. Secondly, how Christians and Jews are portrayed in the film is described by making a content analysis. Then, comparisons between these two situations are made and the harmony between the historical sources and the film is analyzed. Finally, the differences between historical realities and the film are determined and these differences are evaluated through discourse analysis and semiotic methods. Thus, it is tried to examine what kind of meanings are constructed in the film. As a result of the issues questioned in this context, it is seen that Christians and Jews are presented in the film The Message with a content that is incompatible with Islamic historical sources. When examined carefully, it is understood that these differences are presented to the audience with a content that supports the interfaith dialogue approach. It seems possible to attribute the reason for such an approach to the Hollywood film industry, which is dominated by the Jewish lobby and the Christian environment, and to the reactions of Western audiences who will watch the film.

More...

Emevî Dönemi Su‘lûk Şairlerinden Kattâl el-Kilâbî’nin Şiirlerinde Hapis Teması

Author(s): Yusuf Buhan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2023

The role of poems in comprehending and transmitting the elements of Arabic literature and culture is unquestionable. The poems composed by Su'luk poets, which arose as a response to the societal inequities and injustices experienced, similarly fulfill this objective. These poems, distinct from classical Arabic poetry due to their utilization of concise lines and departure from the al-aṭlāl tradition, illuminate the political, social, and cultural landscape of the era. This study delves into the su'luk movement and the fundamental characteristics of su'luk poets within the contextual boundaries of the Jahiliyyah, Sadru'l-Islam, and Umayyad epochs. According to this, it can be stated that during the early stages of the su'luk movement, a quest for justice and weath redistribution from the afuent to the underprivileged was evident. However, particularly in the Umayyad era, being a su'luk evolved into a profession and had a political meaning. Furthermore, in this study, the life and personality of al-Qattāl al-Kilābī, who is known for the number of murders he committed during the Umayyad period, and some of the poems that he wrote in his imprisonment were mentioned. While the phenomenon of imprisonment had precedent in earlier epochs, it can be posited that its prevalence became more pronounced during the Umayyad period. In this context, akin to other poets who cherished their liberty, al-Qattâl conveyed his experiences of imprisonment, the spiritual conflicts he underwent, his interactions with authorities, and related themes in his poetic compositions. Circumstances such as exile from his tribe, pursuit by the state, and imprisonment compelled al-Qattâl to adopt a nomadic lifestyle, resulting in feelings of isolation, helplessness, and pessimism. Through al-Qattâl's prison-themed poems, not only can insight be gained into the prevailing prison culture of that era, but also the names of regions, cities, and locales come to light. Given that the diwan of most Su'luk poets have not endured, al-Qattâl's poems play a crucial role in filling a significant void within this field.

More...

İslâm Öncesi Câhiliye Şiirinde Din Olgusu

Author(s): Sedat Tuna / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2024

In the Arabian Peninsula (Jazīrat al-Arab), before Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was commissioned with the mission of preaching Islam and conveying the message of worshipping only one God, the Arabs believed in various religions during the Jāhiliyya period. Therefore, they did not have a single understanding of religion. In the pre-Islamic period, beliefs such as ancestor cult, fetish cult, totem cult, etc. were common among the Arabs. In addition to these beliefs, they also had beliefs in a secret realm (jinn, ghul and devil). There has naturally been mutual communication and interaction between these religious groups. One of the most important reasons for the coexistence of groups with so many different beliefs is that the islanders were in constant communication with the people living around them. Communication with them was mostly through trade and tribal migrations. They believed in the spirits of various people and objects until the end of the fourth century AD. The fact that they had these beliefs can also be determined through their poems. In this context, most of the poems we include in our study are praise-type poems. In addition, poems of praise and satire are also included. Based on these poems, it is seen that idolatry constituted the dominant religious phenomenon in the region before Islam. The dominant beliefs in the region before Islam were basically idolatry. The religious phenomenon of the period was also shaped by the cults that developed on the axis of idolatry. It is expected that our study will contribute to the field and guide new studies in this field.

More...

Türkçülerin İslamcılara Karşı Eleştirisel Yaklaşımları

Author(s): Goomaral Damdinsuren / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 33/2024

Although the Turkism movement is defined as one of the elements that could save the state during the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the historical and political roots of the concept should be seen as the process of a nation holding on to itself. Turkism, which has been criticized for being worldly and discriminatory against Islamism, has been the subject of these criticisms for a long time, and has often not had the opportunity to express itself clearly among these discussions. In this study, the critical approaches of Turkists against Islamists have been tried to be explained as a whole, through a literature review, through Ahmet Ağaoğlu, Ziya Gökalp and Nihal Atsız. During the phase of the study, a literature review was conducted and opposing views were examined with a comparative method.

More...

Protection of the Environment during War in Islamic Law Literature

Author(s): Veysel Nargül / Language(s): English Issue: 33/2024

Human-centered environmental issues are a phenomena as old as human history. In the earlier periods, it was not regarded as a common problem because environmental damage was not at a level that would negatively affect the ecosystem and living beings. In the modern period, especially after the industrial revolution, some solutions have been developed at national and international levels after taking into consideration the damage of environmental problems to living beings and the ecosystem on a global scale. Although some countries that were experiencing these problems on a national scale made some progress individually, the 1972 Stockholm Declaration was the first time environmental issues were placed at the forefront of international concerns, and marked the start of a dialogue at the international level to protect the environment. The Qur'an does not approve any illegitimate war against a state or a community. There is no recorded war by Prophet Muhammad against a community without a legitimate reason. Islamic law proposes maximum legality and morality during a legitimate war. It is also seen that this Islamic perspective is grasped in terms of protecting the environment. When analyzing the opinion of jurists of Islamic Law, it is seen that unnecessary destruction of the environmental values such as houses, trees and green spaces is prohibited, as a basic principle. Therefore, Islamic jurists' perspectives on provisions concerning the destruction of environmental elements like trees, buildings, and green spaces are constrained by military necessity only. Consequently, environmental damage during warfare is deemed permissible solely for defensive purposes. However, this legitimacy is contingent upon avoiding unnecessary demolition.

More...

Sözü Güzelleştiren Sanatlardan Mukabele Sanatının İncelenmesi: Kur’ân-ı Kerim Örneği

Author(s): Halil İbrahim Kocabiyik,Sebahat Çakir / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 34/2024

Mukabele is one of the figures of speech that beautify the meaning, which is also mentioned as equivalent in the science of bedi'. The source of beauty in the metaphor, which is defined as bringing two or more meanings together and then mentioning the opposite or related meanings of each one respectively, is the syntax harmony between the opposing or compatible meanings. Although it is an independent art of painting, it is seen that it is not discussed under a separate title in rhetoric books. In this study, the definition of mukabele, its classification, and the difference between it and tıbâk/contrast will be discussed and evaluations will be made by giving some examples from the verses of the Holy Quran and the poems of important poets of Turkish literature. We will examine the art of mukabele in terms of the arrangement of words, in the form of compound mukabela and non-composed mukabele, and division based on numbers (two with two, three with three, four with four, five with five, six with six). Our aim is to contribute to a clearer understanding of the nature of response.

More...

Mecelle’nin Külli Kaidelerinde Yapılan Söz Sanatları ve Bunların Yeni Külli Kaide Yazımındaki Örnekliği

Author(s): Hatice Keskin,Sead Ibrić / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 35/2024

The Majallah is of great importance not only because it is the first legal text about Islamic law but also because it is a product of historical significance for Turkish literature. Particularly, the 99 general principles at the beginning of the Majallah are an abstract representation of many issues in Islamic law, expressed through various rhetorical devices. Although the Majallah, one of the rare texts where the relationship between law and literature can be evaluated, has been expressed by different authors to have employed various rhetorical devices in its general principles, no study analyzing them has been encountered. This study aims to identify the rhetorical devices used in the general principles, thereby creating a perspective on which rhetorical devices can be applied in the writing of general principles that will be easily memorized like proverbs, and become part of the vernacular. For this purpose, data was collected using the document review method, and the content analysis method from qualitative research methods was applied. The 99 general principles and the rhetorical devices in Turkish literature were examined together, matching the principles with the relevant rhetorical devices and categorizing them. As a result of the research, 9 different rhetorical devices found in the general principles were identified. Suggestions have been made on which types of legal principles these arts were used in the production and which arts could be utilized in which legal situations in the writing of general principles hereafter.

More...

Emergence of the discourse on the imitability of the Qur’an

Author(s): Meysun Gharaibeh Simonović / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

Numerous disciplines emerged for interpreting and assessing the Qur’an, establishing the dogma of its incomparable text. Over time, an interpretative community coalesced around this axiom, shaping and expanding the discourse on the Qur’an’s inimitability. In parallel, a counter-discourse, termed in this paper as “the imitability of the Qur’an,” evolved, illustrating its genesis and the methods of its interpretative community. This discourse encompasses two manifestations: linguistic and stylistic imitation of the Qur’an and a critical approach viewing the Qur’an as a text that imitates others, raising uncertainties about its motives, authorship, originality, and authenticity.

More...

METROPOLİTAN MÜZESİ'NDEKİ İSLAMİ DÖNEME AİT BAZI YAZILI ESERLER

Author(s): Kamran SOKHANPARDAZ,Necla Dursun / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 47/2024

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, located in New York City, United States, stands as one of the largest museums in the world. Established in 1872, the museum's collection encompasses a wide array of art from various regions, including Asia, the Ancient Near East, Egypt, Greece and Rome, the Middle Ages, Islamic art, European paintings, and modern art. This article examines 11 previously untranscribed artefacts from the Islamic period, housed within the collection of the Metropolitan Museum. These artefacts, dating between the 8th and 14th centuries, originate from different regions and consist of two embellished stone architectural elements, two wooden panels, one token or glass weight, and six pages of the Qur'an inscribed in Kufic script. The objective of this study is to provide a transcription of these artefacts, elucidate their general characteristics, and analyse the intricacies of their motifs and ornamentation. While many pieces in the museum's section have been thoroughly documented in the list of museum artefacts, the transcriptions and detailed examinations of the examined artefacts have been largely overlooked. In fact, the museum's inventory lacks comprehensive information and readings of these artefacts. Conducting a detailed analysis of these artefacts will serve as a guiding resource for those conducting research in this field. This article employs a qualitative research method, relying on descriptive analysis and observation based on a selected sample.

More...

John Toland’s Argument for Religious Toleration in Nazarenus

Author(s): Diego Lucci / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2024

In Nazarenus: Or, Jewish, Gentile, and Mahometan Christianity, written in 1709–10 but pub-lished in 1718, the Irish-born freethinker and republican John Toland (1670–1722) provided a novel, heterodox account of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, which he described as the three phases or manifestations of the same monotheistic tradition. Toland wrote Nazarenus after exam-ining, in Amsterdam, an Italian manuscript that was believed to be a translation of a “Gospel of the Mahometans.” Identifying this text with the apocryphal Gospel of Barnabas, Toland argued that this gospel contained the beliefs of the Ebionites or Nazarenes, whom he regarded as the first Christians. Drawing on this manuscript and on several canonical and noncanonical sources, as well as the works of modern Hebraists, Orientalists, and biblical scholars, Toland described Mo-saic Judaism, primitive Christianity, and early Islam as grounded in the law of nature. According-ly, he maintained that the core of these three religions, and of “true religion” in general, was natural morality, which he considered to be universal, eternal, accessible to natural reason, and restored by Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad. Thus, he added that the ancient Israelites, the first Christians, and the early Muslims practiced toleration of all those who respected the Noachic precepts, which he deemed consistent with the law of nature. Toland’s argument for religious toleration in Nazarenus has been defined as a “historical argument.” Toland indeed buttressed his stance on toleration with his reinterpretation of canonical material and Judeo-Christian and Islam-ic apocryphal sources, which he appropriated to his philosophical and political agenda. However, Toland’s argument for toleration in Nazarenus is essentially a deistic argument, because it is based on a deistic view of “true religion” as natural religion, which is fundamentally a moral religion and which, according to Toland, is at the origin and core of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

More...

Religious elements of media reporting on migrants - a comparison of journalist and reader perspectives

Author(s): Ivana S. Stamenković / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 3/2024

Given that media narratives about migrants are permeated with political, economic, and religious factors, the aim of this analysis is to identify and compare patterns in reporting on the migrant crisis with patterns in readers’ comments. This is to determine whether there are differences between these narratives in terms of how migrants are described and referred to, with a particular focus on the presence of religious elements. The sample used to analyze media reporting patterns in relation to the migrant crisis consists of journalistic articles from the online editions of the daily newspapers Politika and Kurir. Additionally, the sample includes the readers’ comments accompanying these articles about the migrant crisis and migrants, which were published during 2015 and 2017. The research has found that there is a statistically significant difference between the reporting patterns of journalists and the commenting patterns of readers concerning several reference dimensions (Stamenković, 2021). Among these, the category of Otherness, with emphasized religious elements, stands out particularly, as well as the negative characterization of migrants as an aggressive, militant, and conquering group.

More...

The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate and the Religious Minorities in Jerusalem in Different Historic Periods since AD 33

Author(s): Charalampos Stamelos / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

In AD 33 the Christian Church of Jerusalem was born, fifty days after the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. This was the starting point of a long history of religious minorities in Jerusalem: Christians, Jews, and Muslims were majorities or rulers or minorities in different time periods. Armenians were always a religious minority in the city. In this paper we highlight the main turning points of the history of the religious minorities in Jerusalem and the unique advancement of the Jerusalem Greek Orthodox Patriarchate. Today, Christians of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate are under the Custodianship of the Hashemite King of Jordan. A Muslim King guarantees the religious rights of Muslims and Christians in Jerusalem Holy Site since 1917.

More...

Harnessing the Power of the Stock Market for Social Good: Establishing an Islamic Social Stock Exchange in Malaysia

Author(s): Aishath Muneeza,Sharifah Nur Asilah Jasmine Binti Syed Mohamed Noor Azmi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

This research investigates the feasibility and implications of introducing an Islamic Social Stock Exchange (SSE) in Malaysia by drawing insights from global SSE frameworks. The objectives of the research are to: analyze the concept and framework of SSEs in the United Kingdom, Spain, Singapore, and Canada; identify the benefits and impact of SSEs on social and economic development; study the possible challenges in introducing an Islamic SSE in Malaysia; and explore the public's appetite and motives to invest in such an exchange. Employing qualitative research methods, such as literature reviews, surveys, and interviews, the study unveils a spectrum of SSE frameworks, highlighting their diverse positive impacts on social and economic development. Simultaneously, challenges emerge in the realms of Shariah compliance, listing fees, and public awareness. The findings not only underscore the practical significance of these insights but also emphasize their pivotal role in shaping the potential development of an Islamic SSE in Malaysia. This research contributes to enriching shared understanding of global SSE practices, fostering progress in Malaysia's social, economic, and environmental spheres.

More...

The Application of Service Ijarah in Islamic Finance

Author(s): Ismail Mohamed,An Junyuan,Mariyam Fasaaha / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

This research aims to explore the current application of Service Ijarah in Islamic Finance across three major sectors of Islamic commercial finance: Islamic banking, Islamic Insurance, and Islamic capital market. Furthermore, this study identifies potential challenges and risks associated with the use of Service Ijarah by comparing it with alternative Shariah contracts. This research employs a qualitative desk review research method to delineate the practical application of the Service Ijarah. The data was primarily collected from the official websites, product disclosure sheets, and annual reports of Islamic finance and banking institutions in different jurisdictions. Additionally, other secondary sources were used, including Shariah Standards, policy documents, journal articles, and other forms of reports. At least 15 Islamic banks globally have used the contract for financing services such as education, marriage, travel, home renovation, green technology, professional services, and Hajj & Umrah in countries including Oman, UAE, Malaysia, Maldives, Bangladesh, Bahrain, Tanzania, and Nigeria. The contract has yet to be practically applied within the Islamic capital market and Islamic insurance (Takaful). However, there is potential for the structuring of service-based Ijarah Sukuk and the development of Takaful products to cover service-ijarah-based financings. The absence of guidelines on Service Ijarah and the difficulty of finding reliable service providers for custom jobs may present challenges for the banks. This research is expected to be beneficial for industry practitioners seeking to explore a contract that remains relatively underutilised in the Islamic finance field and Shariah and regulatory authorities. It also examines the potential for service-based Ijarah Sukuk and AAOIFI's role in facilitating the development of Service Ijarah-based products.

More...

Leveraging Islamic Social Finance for Fair and Sustainable Tertiary Education Funding for Orphans in Malaysia: Insights from Sri Lanka

Author(s): Abdul Muiz bin Mustafa,Aishath Muneeza,Rassem Nouri / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The primary objective of this paper is to draw lessons from Sri Lanka's experience with OrphanCare utilizing Islamic social finance, while also identifying avenues through which Malaysia could establish a sustainable model for achieving a similar purpose. This study uses a qualitative, exploratory approach to investigate the operational framework of OrphanCare in Sri Lanka and its potential lessons for Malaysia. Due to limited secondary sources, an unstructured interview with OrphanCare representatives was conducted to gather in-depth insights. The research unfolds in two phases: first, data collection from both primary (interviews) and secondary (reports, literature) sources to identify gaps and challenges; and second, the analysis of this data using content analysis. The OrphanCare interview from Sri Lanka offers crucial insights for Malaysia's mission in enabling orphan access to higher education. Challenges, like financial constraints and limited support networks, align with Malaysia's inequality reduction goals. Tertiary education benefits, including employability and personal growth, are highlighted. Islamic social finance lessons stress its transformative potential, while collaboration and long-term commitment are its strengths. Recommendations include education funds, support networks, career guidance, awareness campaigns, and sustainable collaborations. A regulatory framework featuring the Orphans Education Fund with a 2% annual contribution from listed companies, managed by National Higher Education Fund Corporation (PTPTN), is proposed. This paper demonstrates originality by uniquely proposing the utilization of Islamic Social Finance to enhance orphan access to tertiary education. It draws insights from Sri Lanka's OrphanCare model and presents innovative strategies for Malaysia to tackle inequalities through collaborative efforts and a robust regulatory framework.

More...

PORODICA I BRAK U RADOVIMA ŠABANA HODŽIĆA

Author(s): Ahmed Hatunić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 8/2022

Ovaj rad bavit će se radovima Šaban-ef. Hodžića koji se bave porodičnim i bračnim odnosima. Radi se o značajnom muslimanskom autoru i učenjaku u Bosni i Hercegovini koji je živio i djelovao od 1903. do 1980. godine dajući u svome pisanom djelu veliki doprinos obradi i tumačenju islamskih tema iz područja islamske etike, dogmatike, kulture i civilizacije, povijesti islama i šerijatskoga prava. Ovaj rad prikazat će jedan segmet šerijatskopravnog opusa njegovoga djela koji se bavi porodicom kao osnovnom ćelijom društva koja je u njegovom, ali i kasnijim vremenima bila osnovno polazište za kvalitet i reformu jednoga društva. Rad će zahvatiti njegove napise na ovu temu koji će uz općeniti prikaz važnosti braka i porodice rasvijetliti islamski stav po pitanju dvije važne teme koje su tada, ali ništa manje ni danas, „tačke kritike“ i predmet polemike na Istoku i Zapadu. To su teme razvoda braka i poligamije u šerijatskom pravu koje Hodžić u svojim radovima objašnjava i daje odgovore na brojne zapitanosti, nejasnoće i dileme...

More...

USVOJENJE DJECE U ŠERIJATSKOM I UPOREDNOM PRAVU

Author(s): Halil Mehanović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 5/2019

Autor u radu tematizira pitanje usvajanja djece u šerijatskom pravu. Poseban akcent stavljen je na pitanje usvajanja djece kod Arapa, koje je bilo prisutno i u predislamkom periodu. U radu je predstavljena institucija usvajanja djece u zakonodavstvima starog Egipta, Sparte, Atine i Rima, te usvajanje u savremenom pravu, kojim se zasniva roditeljski odnos. U historiji su bila prisutna dva modela usvajanja: patrijarhalni i demokratski. Islam je dokinuo praksu usvojenja djece, a sva pitanja koja se odnose na djecu bez roditeljskog staranja treba rješavati putem institucije starateljstva. U radu su predstavljeni usvojenje i njegove vrste u pozitivnom pravu i zakonodavstvu Bosne i Hercegovine.

More...

ULOGA NASTAVNIKA VJERONAUKE U SAVREMENOJ ŠKOLI

Author(s): Mirzet Ibrić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 3-4/2017

Autor rada analizira ulogu nastavnika islamske vjeronauke u savremenoj školi, osnovne dimenzije njegove osposobljenosti, te poteškoće u radu nastavnika, kao i o kreativnoj nastavi i kreativnom vjeroučitelju. Dobro osposobljen nastavnik treba da poznaje savremena teorijska i praktična znanja, jer samo na takav način može probuditi i pobuditi radoznalost, poticati intelektualnost i stvarati uslove za uspjeh u formalnom i trajnom obrazovanju koje će biti prilagođeno stvarnim potrebama ljudske prirode. S obzirom da je zadatak savremene škole da obrazovanje transformira u samoobrazovanje a odgoj u samoodgoj, to zahtijeva duži proces edukacije i radikalne promjene u radu nastavnika. Poseban akcent autor stavlja na kreativnu nastavu koja će kod učenika doprinijeti razvoju kritičkog mišljenja.

More...