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Mitologji shqiptare

Author(s): Arshi Pipa / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 17/2019

The Albanian mythology, a very tempting subject for foreigners, became part of the French mythological dictionary in 198. Arshi Pipa had specifically prepared for this publication a concise study of Albanian mythology, which he first called “mythology of pagan and ballkanian type”, which is distinguished from others because “this mythology has no gods”. The deities are secondhand and do not have proper names. The editor of this publication is the great French poet Yves Bonnefoy, and the study of Arshi Pipa was published in the first volume on pages 5-7.

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İlahiyat Fakültelerinde Arapça Öğretiminde Karşılaşılan Sorunlar: Bir Meta-Sentez Çalışması

Author(s): Muhammed Esat Altintaş / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 52/2024

Teaching Arabic holds a pivotal role within Faculties of Theology. Numerous studies on Arabic instruction in these faculties assert that students perceive this education as inadequate, with the desired level of success remaining elusive for years and, in some cases, regressing in a negative direction. Instead of attributing the challenges solely to issues related to students, teachers, or the system, a more meaningful approach involves a holistic examination of the problem's background. Based on this need, this study aims to identify the problems encountered in Arabic language teaching in the Faculties of Theology in Turkey and to determine the dimensions of these problems. In addition, the concluding section includes various suggestions for solutions to these problems. This study, which is important in addressing and solving the problems related to Arabic language teaching in Faculties of Theology from a holistic perspective, utilized the “meta-synthesis method”. Through this method, the studies’ findings on the relevant subject were brought together, analyzed, and synthesized from a broader and higher perspective. The unique aspect of this research is that it brings together the studies on the researched topic, analyzes and evaluates the common themes in these studies, and provides in-depth information that a single study cannot provide. In this study, 151 studies were reached by conducting a wide literature review on research conducted between 1996 and 2024 in various databases using keywords. These studies were analyzed in terms of multiple aspects such as research questions, data collection techniques, and reported findings, and the studies to be included in the research were determined. The main criterion for including the studies was that they were field studies on the problems experienced in Arabic language teaching in the Faculties of Theology. In addition, for the studies to be qualified and the data to be analyzed in depth, the sample size criteria recommended in the literature were also followed. Fifteen qualified studies that met these criteria were identified and included in the sample of this study. The study applied the “thematic analysis” technique recommended in meta-synthesis studies to identify themes and categories. Three main categories and 18 sub-themes emerged from this analysis. Within the category of “problems arising from the instructors,” the study highlights issues such as the implementation of lessons using a grammar-oriented lecture method, deficiencies in developing students’ Arabic speaking and self-expression skills, and a lack of support for the teaching process with tools and materials beyond the textbook. Meanwhile, the “problems arising from the students” category illuminates themes of students' negative attitudes toward the Arabic language, often perceiving it as difficult, and their lack of motivation. In the category titled “problems arising from the educational institution,” the study reveals noteworthy challenges, including overcrowded classrooms and the discontinuation of Arabic lessons after the preparatory class. By shedding light on these issues, the study aims to contribute valuable insights to improve the teaching of Arabic within the Faculties of Theology, fostering a more effective and engaging learning environment.

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Philosophy in technology: A research program

Author(s): Paweł Polak / Language(s): English Issue: 75/2023

Philosophy in technology is a research program that studies the philosophical roots of engineering and technology. Technologists, by virtue of their education, believe that the limits, goals, possibilities, and effects of technology on society and humankind are exclusively technological problems, hence their solutions must lie exclusively in technology. In contrast, philosophy in technology asserts that the resolutions to these problems need to be rooted in an understanding of their philosophical origins. This program paper defines the objectives of philosophy in technology, the kinds of questions it explores, the methods it uses, and how it differs from the philosophy of technology.

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Theology of science: Its collocation and critical role for understanding of limits of theological and scientific investigations

Author(s): Tadeusz Sierotowicz / Language(s): English Issue: 75/2023

The paper presents a brief outline of Michał Heller’s programme of theology of science, with specific attention to its collocation and critical role with respect to both theology and science. The former consideration is based on a third domain of truths (Hans Urs von Balthasar), while the latter is inspired by Józef Tischner’s presentation of religious thinking. Theology of science as such will be described with reference to Larry Laudan’s approach, considered here as a very useful and pragmatic tool for the description of basic concepts of this theology.

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Heidegger’s Figure of the Last God and Path to Being Itself

Author(s): Jacek Surzyn / Language(s): English Issue: 49/2023

In the present article I explain the role of the figure of “the last god” in Heidegger’s thought after the so-called Heideggerian “turn.” Drawing on Heidegger’s Contributions to Philosophy (From Enowning), it is argued that the figure of “the last god” demonstrates Heidegger’s path to “being itself,” which I distinguish from the path to being presented by him in his earlier thought, mainly laid out in Being and Time. The figure of the last god is not to be understood as a god in a religious framework, but rather as an explication of metaphysical radical thinking, rendered as Heidegger’s view of “divinity of the other beginning.” The notion of the last god is presented against the background of several of Heidegger’s ideas (as specifications) discussed in Contributions namely: disclosure of being itself, the renewal of metaphysics, the understanding of nothing/nothingness in relation to being, the problem of the “sign” (Wink) or the ontic and ontological differences. In a metaphorical form, Heidegger leads us – by means of the specifications given – towards the experience of the “last god,” whose “passage” is for Dasein the experience of being itself, is the event of being. In the text presented here, I will “lead” the reader along such “path.” At the same time, I will engage Heidegger’s language without neglecting its semantic “depth,” showing how Heidegger extracts hidden meanings from words.

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Ocjene i prikazi

Author(s): Iva Beljan Kovačić,Vili Radman,Ljubica Nedić,Marko Karamatić,Jasna Ivić,Marko Vučetić / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian Issue: 60/2024

Reviews of: Rudolf Barišić, Od Pečuha do Fojnice: korespondencija fra Bone Perišića, Hrvatski institut za povijest – Franjevački samostan Duha Svetoga, Zagreb – Fojnica, 2023, 413 str.; Janko Ćuro, Kraljevstvo za osmijeh, FMC Svjetlo riječi, Sarajevo 2023, 176 str.; Ljerka Mikić, U korijenima. Zbirka sonetnih vijenaca, Centar za kulturu Orašje, Orašje 2023, 159 str; Ivan Anđelić, Klis – Neretvica. Župe Obri, Podhum/Žitače i Solakova Kula, Zaklada za mudrost i plemenitost, Konjic 2023, 719 str; Mato Nedić, Svjedok Svjetlosti - monografija o fra Iliji Starčeviću, osnivaču prve pučke škole u BiH, Zaklada „Terra Tolis“, Tolisa, 2023, 160. Str; Nikola Šimić Tonin: Samoća riječi, HKD Ogranak Zadar, Biblioteka Donat, Zadar, listopad 2023.; Dafne Vidanec, Narativi moderniteta: moralno-etička gledanja društvene zbilje, EDIT, Zagreb 2024, 256 str; Fra Martin Nedić, Prigodnice i počasnice, priredio Mato Nedić, Matica hrvatska, Orašje, 2023, 272 str.

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Crisis in the Life of Professionals in Pastoral Ministry

Author(s): Jana Jičínská / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

This article presents the topic of crisis in the context of prevention in pastoral workers. It points to the possibility of coping with crisis and thus offers a theological view of overcoming it. It is based on the theoretical points of view and practical experience of pastoral workers. Selected aspects, types, preventions and therapies of crisis at the psychotherapeutic or spiritual-theological level are presented in this paper.

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Issues of Minority Within Minority in a Multicultural Framework: a Plight of Shia Minority vis-à-vis Sunni Majority in India

Author(s): Rachana Kaushal / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Multiculturalism is a philosophy that looks upon an individual with specific reference to his cultural, religious, ethnic, and other such identities. It challenges the inequalities, discriminations, and atrocities faced by an individual due to his different identities on account of religion, culture, ethnicity, gender, etc, which is non-dominant (numerically or in terms of powerlessness). Multiculturalism seeks to ensure equal rights as well as equal powersharing of all stakeholders.However, multiculturalism is often criticized for ignoring the rights of groups/minorities within the minorities, i.e., the others' of “other”. Multiculturalism recognizes and values the diversities within the society but fails to acknowledge the stratifications within the group. It often leads to the denial of egalitarian treatment to minorities within a minority. It acknowledges the “other” but ignores the “others within the other“. The claims of minorities against the majority for protection against discrimination become a dilemma when a minority claims the same within the minority. This study first describes and understands the nature and concept of multiculturalism, followed by a critical appraisal of the context of marginalized groups within minorities. The second part of this study will explore the claims of Shias as a religious minority within muslim minority in India.

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Should Scientists Sit on the Fence regarding their Metaphysical Understanding of Reality?

Author(s): Tina Lindhard / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

As a child, I lived in an interrelated world where I could communicate with plants, trees, and animals. However, I, influenced by others' perceptions of reality, eventually rejected my experiential reality. Later, I also initially cast aside my belief in a soul as I did not find it reflected while studying psychology. To understand more about the repudiation of my own experiences, I explore the mechanisms we use to influence the reality of others when children are young and later in the academic environment. I also refer to research that backs up or reflects some of my experiences. As society is seen here as a "collection of minds", this author contends it is impossible to understand unconscious psychological biases without considering the biases in the prevailing group or subgroup of society that reflect the collective thought of its members. Psychology and its various branches constitute a subgroup where the prevailing understandings of psychology and its branches change depending on the unconscious metaphysical biases and preferences in vogue among their members. To understand these biases, I share some metaphysical understandings of reality according to the three principal schools of Indian Spirituality (Advaita, Dvaita and Vishishadvaita), Theravada Buddhism and the three Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam). To overcome these biases, educators should be aware of and openly declare their metaphysical position so others can assess their teachings according to the shared framework. It is also recommended that the metaphysical positions, including those not mentioned here, be taught in Psychology and Transpersonal Psychology. Through accepting differences, we can show respect for each other's understanding, yet at the same time, we can be true to our position, as it affects all we think, say and do. However, in the end, only knowledge based on our lived experiences can finally put a stop to our questions.

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Conducting an Interreligious Ecological Civilization of Love without Discrimination

Author(s): Aloys Budi Purnomo / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

It is important to conduct a civilization of ecological love between religions in a society characterized by religious and societal diversity which, along with this reality, contains the danger of discrimination, bias, and repudiation. This study focuses on building an interreligious ecological civilization of love without discrimination by analyzing the Master Plan of the Archdiocese of Semarang (RIKAS). Following the theoretical propositions regarding interreligious ecotheological leadership, the RIKAS provides a strategy to overcome discrimination to realize an ecological civilization of love. Through this article, I examine RIKAS which aspires to build an ecological civilization of love between interreligious communities. Using the content analysis method, I processed the ideals of RIKAS from a non-discrimination perspective and an inclusive paradigm. This research aims to explore transformative strategic formulations that encourage inclusiveness to prevent and overcome discrimination to realize an interreligious ecological civilization of love according to RIKAS. The result is the finding of various non-discrimination formulations that encourage the interreligious ecological strategy as a form of implementing a civilization of love in the diversity of society, not only in Semarang but also in the Indonesian nation. This study can inspire globally that the Catholic Church is present without discrimination in diverse communities everywhere.

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Basic Benchmarks of Rasism in the Old Testament

Author(s): Adrian Vasile / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Throughout history, racism and anti-Semitism have killed people around the world. In recent years, they are still being expressed in public spaces, near places of worship, on social networks, in discussion forums and in all spheres of human activity. Discrimination based on origin affects human dignity at work, in access to decent housing, in health and at school, and fractures society. Such human rights abuses take the form of insults, intimidation, violence and unequal treatment and rights. These cowardly, serious and degrading attitudes cause lasting damage to the victims and their families. However, we will never resign ourselves either to trivialising evil or to becoming disillusioned about the responsibility of public action

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Modeling Religious Coexistence: The Turkish and Tatar Muslim Communities in Romania’s Dobruja

Author(s): Raymond Horchos / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

The peaceful coexistence of different religions is crucial today, especially with the ongoing conflicts in Ukraine and the Levant and the arrival of new refugees and immigrants with diverse faith traditions. In Romania, while immigrants may face challenges integrating into the predominantly Romanian Orthodox religious majority, the Dobrogean Model of Religious Pluralism is a pattern of inter-religious coexistence with the potential to clarify the critical factors needed to facilitate peaceful pluralism among religious groups. Utilizing Rogers Brubaker’s triadic-nexus configuration of national minorities, nationalizing states, and external national homelands alongside various qualitative methods, this paper will investigate the historical and institutional elements for promoting peaceful coexistence, particularly with an eye toward the Islamic minority in the Dobruja region. The study will also examine the crucial role of state and affiliated institutions in promoting tolerance and coexistence by protecting freedom of religion. Romania's location at the crossroads of the East and West and the Dobruja region's reputation as a model of religious pluralism makes it an excellent case study for identifying critical factors for the peaceful coexistence of religions in contemporary societies.

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The Challenges of Migration: Xenophobia and Discrimination from the Perspective of Orthodox Christian Theology

Author(s): Nicușor Morlova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2024

Although our country has so far been bypassed by an aggressive phenomenon of migration, as has been happening for several decades in the West, nevertheless, in recent years, more and more emigrants from various countries with severe economic problems (Sri Lanka, Pakistan, India, Syria, Afghanistan, etc.) emigrated or were brought under employment contracts, to work in different fields of activity: construction, delivery, sanitation and others. The lack of local labour force, the majority of which emigrated, in turn, to the countries of the European Union, contributed significantly. This phenomenon comes with a series of challenges related to xenophobia, discrimination, racism, exploitation, abuse or even violence, generated by differences in mentality, culture, national identity or religion. From the perspective of the Orthodox Christian faith, we must address these challenges, referring to the landmarks we find in the Holy Scriptures and in patristic literature, trying to find those bridges of communication that could solve these problems.

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Sfântul Macarie din Patmos (1688-1737) și primele lucrări de teologie polemică ale obștii paisiene

Author(s): Oana-Mădălina Popescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-3/2023

The aim of the present study is to emphasize the importance of a special type of works translated and copied during the revival of the Hesychasm in the monastic community of Saint Paisios Velicikovsky, namely the apologetic/polemic writings, which defend the Orthodox faith against various ideas, beliefs or philosophies, in order to protect Christians from soul- damaging dangers. Our approach was motivated, on the one hand, by the fact that this type of works had been less highlighted by the historiography and, on the other hand, because the apologetic writings were and still are true and valuable theological treaties, many of them unpublished in Romanian so far. We focused our research on two manuscripts, kept at the Library of the Romanian Academy in Bucharest (756 and 426). They contain the homilies of Saint Macarios, the founder of the Theological School in Patmos and fragments of the works of famous Greek theologians of the 18th century: Evghenios Vulgaris, Evstratios Arghenti and Nikiforos Theotoke, combating – with strong arguments – the dogmatic and liturgical innovations, promoted by Catholics (such as: Filioque, the ecclesiastical supremacy of the Pope of Rome over all christianity, the purgatory, the practice of the Christian baptism by sprinkling).

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Ehl-i Sünnet ile Şîa Fıkhındaki Küllî Kaidelerin Kavramsal Çerçevelerinin Karşılaştırılması

Author(s): Ünal Şahin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 53/2024

This study, which examines the conceptual framework of the universal rules in Ahl al-Sunnah and Shīʿa fiqh, is the first review on the subject. This article aims to outline the differences between the principles that are considered as universal principles in both schools of thought. However, it is even possible to study each principle independently. In this context, it has been tried to show to what extent the characteristics of the universal principles determined by Ahl al-Sunnah are taken into consideration in Shīʿa jurisprudence. In addition, an effort has been made to determine in general terms what are the prominent issues in the universal rules in Shīʿa jurisprudence. As a result of the research, it has been determined that there are many differences between Shīʿa and Ahl al-Sunnah jurisprudence in the context of universal principles, which are accepted as logical propositions, as well as in the tradition of belief. The fact that universal rules are a sub-discipline of fiqh and methodological differences can be found in fur ūʿ al-fiqh (substantive fiqh). As a matter of fact, the four Sunni sects have dealt with these principles within their own systematics and ruled accordingly. On the other hand, there are dozens of universal principles on which the four Sunnite sects agree. However, it is understood that Shīʿa interprets the universal principles differently with ideological constructs and exhibits a very different approach from Ahl al-Sunnah. Due to the vastness of the subject, the study is centered on the work of Durūs fi al-qawāʿid al-fiqhiyya, which was compiled by Shi’ite scholars in the recent period. In the context of the aforementioned work, other Shīʿa qawāʿid al-qulliyyah have been frequently referred to. The characteristics of the Shia regarding the universal principles are discussed under six main headings in the article. It is clear that Shīʿa ignores the hadith and fiqh sources of Ahl al-Sunnah regarding universal rules. The theory of innocent imams, which is seen as an integral part of Shīʿa theology, is also extensively used in universal rules. In addition, the attitude towards the companions, which is one of the sharp differences between Ahl al-Sunnah and Shīʿa, is far from being objective in Shīʿa and they exhibit an ideological approach towards the Companions.

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İslam Hukukunda Kadınlara Tanınan Muafiyetler: Namaz ve Oruç Örnekleri

Author(s): İsa Atcı / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 53/2024

God created man in a special form and gave him reason and will. God, who created humans in two different genders, male and female, declared that superiority is not based on gender, but rather based on taqwa (piety). Accordingly, being a man is not a source of pride, nor is being a woman a degrading quality. While God has endowed man with many rights, especially the right to life, it also imposes some responsibilities. Although God considered men and women equal in creation, faith and servitude, established some different provisions regarding responsibility. One of these areas is worship. Islam does not hold women responsible for some practices related to worship. Essentially, this attitude of Islam towards women is not a devaluation or restriction, but rather a valuing and providing positive privileges over men. When we examine prayer and fasting practices closely, we see that women are not only on menstrual and puerperal days, but also on days when they have different obligations such as pregnancy and breastfeeding. Likewise, they were not obliged to perform Friday and Eid prayers by their obligations such as childcare etc. They were also excused from performing regular prayers in congregation in the mosque. It should be noted that Islam's approach to the issue is based on opportunity, need and necessity, not gender. In this context, discourses that Islam and Muslims exclude women and see them as second-class beings damage the image of Islam and Muslims. However, these accusations are baseless allegations based on distortions of the relevant provisions of Islamic law; These are baseless allegations. Our study is important in that it demonstrates that these accusations are unjustified by focusing on the positive privileges granted to women, whereas they are not granted to men. To reveal these privileges, only prayer and fasting practices have been examined within the limitation of these study and the relevant issues have been tried to be processed with evidence by making use of the basic sources of the sects. The content of the subject has been enriched within the framework of sectarian views, and current studies on the subject have been tried to be analysed. References have been to the views of the High Board of Religious Affairs. This study has refuted the unfair accusations of anti-Islamic discourses and contemporary feminist thoughts, which accuse Islam of not respecting women's rights and restricting women in the field of worship, as in many areas. Contrary to these claims, this study revealed that Islam gives women duties in accordance with their nature and exempts them from duties that would be burdensome for them.

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Siyer Edebiyatı Bağlamında Hâce Muhammed Lutfî’nin Mevlid ve Mi’râciye’si

Author(s): Tuba Nur Saraçoğlu / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 53/2024

Over the years, the writing of sīrat, which dates back to the earliest times of Islamic history, has made an enormous and varied body of literature available. This literature developed through commentary-hashiyas, critique, and transmission, and even continued with the addition of thematic sub-genres. The works written in prose form, have influenced sīrat writing throughout history. During the Ottoman era, poetry gained prominence, with poetic sīrat texts being widely utilized. The sources and the method of text generation, which had a certain continuity until the modernization era, underwent a significant in this period. This rupture affected the sīrat texts of the Republic of Turkey period. A new age has been brought about by the criticism of the sīrat literature that is currently in existence using new preferences for the utilization of sources. Texts produced in a literary manner are found in this new era when many aspects of traditional sīrat writing have been abandoned. We are studying these texts authored by Alvarlı Hāja Muhammad Lutfī, who underwent classical education procedures and represented a tradition with a Sufi component. This study discusses two sections of Hāja Muhammad Lutfī’s Hulāsat al-ḥaqāyīq, which is regarded as one of the literary texts of sīrat writing: Mīrāj al-Nabī and Mawlid al-Nabī. The study begins with a brief history of the use of poetry as a writing form and source in sīrat writing, then, it emphasizes the forms of text construction, and finally, it discusses the main themes, sources, preferences, and mi’rājiya and mawlid sections of Hāja Muhammad Lutfī’s work in sīrat writing. In this way, it aimed to discuss the history of using poetry in sīrat literature, to open the poetic texts in the sīrat genre to the discussion, and for this purpose, the texts subject to the research were evaluated in terms of content, use of sources and style. As a result of the research, it has been seen that poetry, which has existed since the emergence of sīrat literature, has turned into a unique form of text construction in time and fed this literature, and that the mawlid and mi’rājiyya of Hāja Muhammad Lutfī are texts that continue the classical literature in the Republican period in terms of their sources and style.

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Šv. Barboros kulto paplitimas ir ikonografija XVII–XVIII a. Lietuvos sakralinėje dailėje

Author(s): Daiva Vaisnoriene / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 1/2024

The article addresses the spread of the cult of St Barbara in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during the period following the Council of Trent and the diversity of her iconography in sacred art. The image of this saint, which became extremely popular in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, became frequently encountered after the spread of St Barbara’s fraternities; however, so far it has not been analysed in detail from the artistic aspect. The aim of the study is to delve into the spread, change, and iconographic methods of the extensive cult of this saint during the period following the Council of Trent in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set: to find out how the cult emerged and spread and to explore its nature in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania; to review some of the surviving images of the saint in the altars of Lithuanian Catholic churches and in Lithuanian museums, classifying them according to typical and specific iconographic ways of representation. Theoretical-descriptive, empirical, and iconographic-iconological research methods were applied, which allowed to fully investigate, evaluate, and reveal the meaning and importance of the content of sacred art in the Christian community at that time.

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Razumijevanje koncepta sakralne umjetnosti i načela vrednovanja sakralnih umjetničkih djela

Author(s): Muhammed Ali Abadi,Rejhan Parišan / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 32-33/2023

Art has been a mean for material declaration of belief since the beginning of human history. Therefore, the most obvious place for declaration of spirituality and sublime identity of a man that emerges from religion can be looked for in hidden layers of art. The main question here is which art piece can be considered as a substantial place of declaration of spirituality and holiness, as well as a question: in accordance to which foundations these pieces can be valued and one piece can be considered more successful than another. The first part of this work is dedicated to a general analysis of arts that are related to religion, and, taken into consideration the method of documented research of library – on the basis of the common differentia of all definitions – definition of the most valuable sacral art that is related to religion. Influential factors in this art are briefly explained in the continuation of this paper, such as position of an artist as a creator of a piece of art (or a mediator in creation), as well as the process of shaping it. Finally, the role, main objectives and the creative act of sacral art in an intellectual's thinking are analysed. A framework of five tables that represent objectives of sacral art that can be criterion for position and value of sacral art piece in this field has been presented, taking into consideration the fact that value of every thing can be seen on the basis of its significance in terms of achieving its objectives.

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Uvodne naznake o gnostičkim temeljima umjetnosti i ljepote u islamu s osvrtom na Mesneviju

Author(s): Šahram Pazuki / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 32-33/2023

Unlike the manner in which a large number of researchers comprehends beauty and art in Islamic thought, there is also an aspect of thought and knowledge on beauty and art in Islam that is, of course, different than what was known as „aesthetics“ in the West since 18th century. The foundations of art and beauty in Islam are completely gnostic and follow the spiritual perspective of Muslims in relation to reality, existence, man and the world. Therefore, they can only be comprehended by entering the sphere of Islamic gnosis and penetrating into its essence. The most important pillars of these categories are: beauty of God, reflection, level of ihsān, comparison and level of non-existence and non-art. One of the most important gnostic pieces which, both succinctly and in detail, indicates to the all of the above-mentioned categories is Mathnawi. This paper will, referring to Mathnawi, explain the gnostic pillars of beauty and art in Islamic world, and, as an example, review two different types of art – poetry and painting.

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