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БОГ, БІБЛІЯ Й УКРАЇНА У ТВОРЧОСТІ ВЕЛИКОГО КОБЗАРЯ

Author(s): Alla Tkach,Ivanna Yaremchuk / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 1/2017

Taras Shevchenko - the pride of the Ukrainian people, torch of the Ukrainian and foreign culture. His creative word was devastated to protect the national dignity and pushed society to recovery and self-assertion to Ukrainians as a nation. But Shevchenko's essence, in our opinion, is the brightest and most powerful found themselves in search of truth, unity of man and the ways of eternal life. The social enslavement and corruption of nation were turn him to works that have intertwined national historic era of spiritual and moral values of Christian ethical Ukrainian canons. Peculiar interpretation, philosophical understanding and interpretation T. Shevchenko Biblical truths studied by many scientists (I. Ohiyenko, B. Lepkyj, Y. Sverstyuk, D. Stepovyk, I. Dziuba, M. Zhulynsky i O. Zabuzhko and others). Shevchenko`s phenomenon is devoted to the exploration of B. Barca, E. Sverstyuk, D. Stepovyk, I. Dziuba, V. Pakharenko, D. Dmytrenko, L. Tretiak. But the problem of Shevchenko religious was as his life and work will remain relevant, especially in nowadays. Ukraine as "prophetic word" for Shevchenko had an impotent meaning and irresistible force, awakens the desire to be a real nation, and promotes spiritual and conscious development. Poet use to say to God all his global ideas, his excitement. And thiswas not a profanity, not a blasphemy. That was the sincerity and enthusiasm of the biblical heralds. Taras Shevchenko said patiently, defiantly, frankly, with bitterness and insult the Savior, then asked, then demanded with such words: "In anger he becomes a prophet, in humility transforms into as an apostle; it just goes to prayer, his humility holds in a feat of love and forgiveness, every feeling he brings to the religious fervor and in his every word. Let it be for the great national poet, priest and victim of its people", - wrote K. Chukovski .

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ХИМНОГРАФСКАТА ДЕЙНОСТ В ПЛИСКА

Author(s): Regina Koycheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 17/2017

The article adds three more chants to all that is known so far in science about the scope of the hymnographic activity in the first Bulgarian capital of Pliska. Copies of these chants are found in the recently discovered by Iskra Hristova-Shomova festal menaion-triodion miscellany from late XI – early XII century, which occupies part of the lower (palimpsest) layer of manuscript № 880 from “St. Cyril and St. Methodius” National Library in Sofia and was named by its discoverer Dragota’s Menaion. The three works, composed probably in or around Pliska, are the two services to St. Blaise and for Annunciation, as well as the Ascension canon, which most likely is original (not translated). The argumentation of this thesis comprises liturgical, philological, textological, archaeological and anthropological data. The text of the office to St. Blaise is related in the article to the epigraphically documented construction of a temple in honour of the saint in 6 km north of Pliska most likely at the end of the IX century.

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The ‘Edicts of Tolerance’ in the Early 4th Century: Debates and Possible Solutions

Author(s): Dimitar Yordanov Dimitrov / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

The article is dedicated to the religious policy of the Roman emperors inthe early 4th century and the legal texts issued in that connection. My main task, running outof any excessive ambition, is to reconsider again the events and texts in order to demonstratehow they fully fi t to the logic of the contemporary politics and to the mentality of the age, distancing them from any legends, created in later centuries. The legal texts, known as theEdict of Galerius and Edict of Milan, are presented in their full and discussed. Accordingly, theproblems of the religious identity are involved, making some mandatory elucidation of howreligion was accepted and what was to be Christian at that time. Concerning the much debated ‘Edict of Milan’, what we have as a text, at least in the version of Lactantius, is a, quite probably,mandatum of Licinius promulgated in June 313 in Nicomedia and directed openly against the restoration of persecutions by Maximinus Daia. The other text, translated from Latin into Greekand given to us by Eusebius, is a variant of that text with the role of Constantine stressed, but without any other clues to confi rm an overall legal text edited in Milan in the early 313. Finally, the role of Constantine was observed, including the ‘white’ and ‘black’ legends created later. The article is dedicated to the religious policy of the Roman emperors in the early 4th century and the legal texts issued in that connection. My main task, running out of any excessive ambition, is to reconsider again the events and texts in order to demonstrate how they fully fi t to the logic of the contemporary politics and to the mentality of the age, distancing them from any legends, created in later centuries. The legal texts, known as theEdict of Galerius and Edict of Milan, are presented in their full and discussed. Accordingly, theproblems of the religious identity are involved, making some mandatory elucidation of howreligion was accepted and what was to be Christian at that time. Concerning the much debated ‘Edict of Milan’, what we have as a text, at least in the version of Lactantius, is a, quite probably, mandatum of Licinius promulgated in June 313 in Nicomedia and directed openly against the restoration of persecutions by Maximinus Daia. The other text, translated from Latin into Greek and given to us by Eusebius, is a variant of that text with the role of Constantine stressed, but without any other clues to confirm an overall legal text edited in Milan in the early 313. Finally, the role of Constantine was observed, including the ‘white’ and ‘black’ legends created later.The article is dedicated to the religious policy of the Roman emperors in the early 4th century and the legal texts issued in that connection. My main task, running out of any excessive ambition, is to reconsider again the events and texts in order to demonstrate how they fully fi t to the logic of the contemporary politics and to the mentality of the age, distancing them from any legends, created in later centuries. The legal texts, known as the Edict of Galerius and Edict of Milan, are presented in their full and discussed. Accordingly, the problems of the religious identity are involved, making some mandatory elucidation of how religion was accepted and what was to be Christian at that time. Concerning the much debated ‘Edict of Milan’, what we have as a text, at least in the version of Lactantius, is a, quite probably, mandatum of Licinius promulgated in June 313 in Nicomedia and directed openly against the restoration of persecutions by Maximinus Daia. The other text, translated from Latin into Greek and given to us by Eusebius, is a variant of that text with the role of Constantine stressed, but without any other clues to confirm an overall legal text edited in Milan in the early 313. Finally, the role of Constantine was observed, including the ‘white’ and ‘black’ legends created later.

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On the date and the interpretation of the complex at the Southwestern gate of Augusta Traiana/Beroe

Author(s): Vanja Popova / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

The present paper deals with the bath gymnasion (probably the known from inscriptions Severan gymnasion) with theatron in front of it, a piazza and an equestrian statue, all located near the Southwestern gate of Augusta Traiana-Beroe. Since long time the function and the date of every part of the complex has become the subject of discussion. The piazza was identified by its researchers as the forum of the city. But in the opinion of the author,it should be rather the agora, not the forum, located most probably not here, but almost in the Northern centre of the city, because it was Greek-speaking and organized similarly to the other Greek cities in the Balkans and Asia Minor. The first building period with three phases of the thermen-gymnasion is related to the time of the Severan dynasty. This theatre-like place was functioning simultaneously to the still not found theatre (or theatre-amphitheatre) of Augusta Traiana. The complex at the Southwestern Gate has several main functions: as a place of training in sports and for humanitarian and artistic education; as thermen for hygienic and recreational purposes; and finally as a place for demonstrations of the skills of the young men,probably in connection with the veneration of the imperial and other local cults. The visitors of the thermen and the city elite as spectators were watching from the auditorium the athletic games, the theatre-like performances and possibly other competitions. In the second period, beginning after the recovering from the Goths’ devastations in the middle of the 3rd century and ending in 351, the piazza has changed its function and has become the arena of gladiatorial combats, some venationes and bestiaria, with a special railing, separating the decumanus and the traffic from the combats. In the third period, removing of the railing and erecting of an equestrian statue, probably of Constantius II, this put to an end the gladiatorial games in the piazza and generally of paganism in the city. The piazza with the statue has become one of the several centers of the imperial cult in Beroe in Late Antiquity. The whole area was Christianized, including thetransformation of the bath’s vestibule into an Early Christian basilica and bishop residence.

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Early monasticism in Thrace: an issue of archaeology

Author(s): Alexander Manev / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

The identification of monastic structures in Thrace is closely related to their presumed coenobitic character. The main issue in recognizing a monastery within the archaeological process is generated by the lack of a clear spatial scheme of the Early Christian cloisters. This is why some structural elements of the large eastern complexes are being translated into standard landmarks of the monastery core, namely: the enclosed character of the monastic space; the chain disposition of the cell-dwellings and the binding presence of a katholikon. A particularly important role in the series of buildings take the ones for communal activities, i.e. a kitchen or refectory. Archaeological research has not encountered such spatial program within the diocese of Thrace. The lack of explicit coenobitic complexes predetermines the uncertainties related to the identification of the early monastic sites. Not all the sites can be chronologically specified correctly, and yet the lack of evidence for monastic organization in Thrace before the middle of fifth century is quite notable. This could be due to the imperfection of the archaeological method, but possibly must be related to the full institutionalization of monasticism by the Church after the Fourth ecumenical council of 451. We should point out that all sites in Thrace which can be assigned monastic emerge after this date. All examined sites bring us to the conclusion that the main challenge for the identification of an Early Christian monastery is presented by their unclear archaeological context. A structural character of the Early Christian monastery cannot be laid down and the lack of wide-range of archaeological results can bring incorrect conclusions.

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КУЛТУРОТВОРНАТА СИЛА НА ХРИСТИЯНСТВОТО В ПЪРВОТО БЪЛГАРСКО ЦАРСТВО

Author(s): Rumyana Malcheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 15/2015

The acceptance of Christianity as official religion in Bulgaria has huge progressive impact. This is the power that helps for the development of the Slaviano-Bulgarian society. The Christianity leads to the beginning of the Bulgarian Church which is the first slaviano`s church in the World and one of the autonomous churches in the World as general. In cooperation with the country back then and with the talented Kirilo and Metodiev`s students the church helps for the development of the whole Bulgarian culture. During this time were created the first schools in Europe in which everybody was speaking and writing spoken slaviano-bulgarian language.

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ОТ СЛОВО КЪМ ОБРАЗ: КОЯ Е ПЪРВАТА ИСИХАСТКА МАНДОРЛА?

Author(s): Rostislava G. Todorova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 15/2015

Based on the complex interrelations between word and image, present paper aims to elucidate penetrating correlation of the theological thought of the time with the art of a specific epoch. Accent is putted on the Hesychasm and its influence over Byzantine iconography in the fourteenth century AD, especially what concerns the formation of a new, unusual form of mandorla, called “hesychastic”. In order to explain its rise and further development in Byzantine and Post Byzantine iconography, we will discuss the earliest few patterns of “hesychastic mandorla” from the very beginning of the century and will compare them with several subsequent examples. Central point of our research will be to find out which one is the earliest known “hesychastic mandorla”, and where this type of mandorla has emerged. Generally shared view claims that the new form has been produced firstly in Thessaloniki, in the partially survived Transfiguration mosaic of the Holy Apostles Church. Here we will proceed from the assumption that the prime model originates from Constantinople, caused by the theological and artistic milieu in the metropolis and probably found its place first in the wall paintings of the Chora Church. In order to support this hypothesis we will pay special attention to the relationships between the first and the second city in the Empire, we will discuss intervisuality between the iconographic models in both churches and will try to propound a new interpretation of the timing of the wall decorations in the Holy Apostles Church.

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ЛЕГЕНДАТА ЗА АВГАР И ПРЕСЛАВСКАТА КЕРАМИЧНА ИКОНА

Author(s): Totyu Totev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 14/2014

The legend of Avgar had provoked an extreme interest for centuries in Syrian medieval literature and a number of Syrian and Greek authors focused on it from IVth until XII-XIVth century. At the end of IXth century – the beginning of Xth century Bulgaria turned into a crucial center in Christian culture and one of the numerous translated Greek texts into Slavonic is the legend of Avgar. The first ceramic icon in the capital city of Veliki Preslav during the reign of Tsar Simeon appeared in a miraculous way from a received image of Avgar - the holy Mandylion. This image could also be put down to the images which were not handmade and gained broad recognition. Two basic conclusions could be derived from the legend of Avgar: 1. the initial “sacredness” of the ceramic iconography could be explained and 2. the Tsar Simeon’s ruling ambitions became explicit, that “new Avgar”, during which reign the legend was translated into Bulgarian in the capital city of Preslav.

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ЗАКОН ЗА ЦЪРКВАТА НА ЦАР СИМЕОН В АРХИВСКИЯ НОМОКАНОН (ЦИАИ 1160)

Author(s): Ancho Kaloyanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 12/2012

The article "On the kings and those under their power" (sheets 37a-41b) in the Archival Nomokanon represents Church Law. We give proof that it was written by tsar Simeon (913-927). The historic references in the text allow us to date its creation to 913, the year when Bulgarian church was proclaimed autocephalous in Veliki Preslav.

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МАНАСТИРЪТ ВЕЛЮСА (ИСТОРИЯ, АРХИТЕКТУРА, ИЗКУСТВО)

Author(s): Pavel, Archimandrite Stefanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 12/2012

This medieval monastery combines Bulgarian, Byzantine and Georgian Orthodox church traditions. It is one of main landmarks of the Stroumitsa region in modern Macedonia. It is devoted to the Virgin Mary Eleusa icon reconsidered by the local populace as "Veliusa". The cloister was founded in 1080 by the monk Manuel who came from St. Auxentius monastery in Bithynia (Asia Minor) and later became Bishop of Tiberioupolis (Strumitsa). Veliusa possessed large land properties confirmed by four chrysobulls of the Emperors Alexius, John and Manel Comnen. The church has four apses and an octagonal dome with a chapel added to the south. In the second half of the 14th century an exonarthex and a shed were built to the south as well. Another shed was later made at the north wall. The church contains partially preserved brilliant frescoes from two periods. The first ones date from the 11th-12th century and belong to the Comnen art school. Later murals from the 12th century are found in ! the exonarthex and the southern shed. Other gems of the church are the original marble iconstand and the floor mosaic of the 11th century. The Veliusa monastery was dependent on the Iber monastery on Mount Athos. It was burnt down during WW1 but is now thriving. The 10 nuns who inhabit it are engaged in lively economic and publishing activities.

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Lead plate with the name of Bishop Theodore found in Serdica

Author(s): Dochka Vladimirova-Aladzhova / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2018

The work presents an interesting artefact discovered during of archaeological excavations in the central part of ancient Serdica. It is a lead plate with an irregular rectangular shape with dimensions: maximum length of 23, 11 mm; maximum width of 18, 35 mm; 3 mm thick and weight of 9.56 g. There is a reason to assume that the present shape of the plate was obtained after a secondary treatment, which is evident from its surface. A block-type monogram is placed in a circular field on both sides of the plate.Obverse: Block monogram. δ - ε - θ - ο - ρ - υ – ω(Θεοδώρου) Reverse: Block monogramε - ι - κ - ο - π - σ – υ(ἐπισκόπου) Translation: Θεοδώρου ἐπισκόπου - (Seal of) Theodore bishop The importance of the published artefact is enhanced by the fact that in 1936 during the excavations in Caričin Grad (Justiniana Prima) a seal was found which has the same monograms and inscription style like the ones of the plate found in Serdica. The newly found lead plate in Serdica with the name of Bishop Theodore is an important discovery for the late antique history and sigillography of the Balkans from the period of 6th beginning of 7th century.

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ИДЕЙНА ПЛАНИРОВКА В КУЛТОВАТА АРХИТЕКТУРА НА РАННОТО ХРИСТИЯНСТВО

Author(s): Stela Doncheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 18/2018

The proportions are the basis of each harmonic established architectural composition realized with a specific purpose and subject to a certain idea. To create a plan, is to define the concept. In early Christian architecture the idea is to create space to materialize the invisible divine atmosphere to Christian converts. As the architecture operates and mathematics standards, but is also the plastic figurativeness forms and ideas - most fully able to meet the requirements and demands of the new spiritual atmosphere over time after the official recognition of Christianity in the IVth century. In the present work are made metric analyzes of twenty buildings from the Early Middle Ages. The aim is to cover almost all the major centers, where they erected such monuments. Comparative performance of planning schemes and geometric dimensioning on them show similarities and some differences that are due more to the practical application of the elements of the plan on the ground than in the basic principles of design. Emphasis is placed on the basilica buildings, which are the most numerous facilities, built after the adoption of Christianity as the official religion of the empire. From a brief overview on the dimensioning principles in the construction of some characteristic monuments of the early Middle Ages in the major areas of the Byzantine Empire, it is clear that the main stages in the architectural development during this period in all regions are the same, although expressed in different forms. Raised in Bulgaria monuments of this time is no exception. The system of aspect ratio which is found in the early Christian structures based on squares and its "derivatives" and is called "system of diagonals". One of these derivatives is the proportion of the golden section, which underlies the design and construction of the temples of this period. Practically all breaks down into separate building units on the basis of a single module. First establish basic arithmetic dependencies and their connection with geometric constructions as a starting value is a number. Through trigonometric functions or proportional multiplier is calculated another dimension (length or height), which always coincides with the actual values measured by the plan of the building. For all theorists who are builders and practitioners starting position is construction on the plane of the main schemes as listed in each other squares. The sides of these squares and their diagonals serve as modules under construction and orthogonal elements are removed from the plan. The height of the elements to express whole multiples of the module. The irrational values dominate in determining the width of the resulting structure which is obtained, the height of which is derived from the plan. The breakdown of the plan is implemented as a graphical and arithmetic system. For geometric manner a rope with a length equal to the whole, and the arithmetic means based on the pre-set amount, by means of which is determined a numerical width of the future structure. Proportional ratios derived from the linear expression of compositional elements (length or height), i.e. side of the rectangle in which it is an element of the composition. Lean and irrational system is perceived in early Christian temple construction. There symbolic meaning is derived from the Christian philosophy and the character of liturgical practice.

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Tautinės ir religinės pasaulėjautos atspindžiai Antano Kmieliausko tapyboje ir skulptūroje

Author(s): Antanas Andrijauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 100/2019

The article analyses the works of Antanas Kmieliauskas (1932–2019), one of the most universal representatives of contemporary Lithuanian religious art. At the beginning it briefly discusses the origins of artist’s creativity, the circle of his closest friends (including poet Justinas Mikutis) through which new tendencies of modernization and return to national ideals emerged in Lithuanian art. The article mainly focuses on the artist’s monumental murals and sculptures; discusses in details their compositional peculiarities, the solutions of plastic and other formalistic problems; regards Kmieliauskas as one of the most versatile Lithuanian artist of the second part of 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, whose creativity evolved within the frameworks of neoclassical secular and religious aesthetics.

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„Taptybė tarsi sala“: Anglijos lietuvių akademinio jaunimo atvejis

Author(s): Rasa Račiūnaitė-Paužuolienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 100/2019

This article examines the cultural and religious identity expressed by the Lithuanian academic youth in the prestigious universities of England. Drawing on the theoretical background of the anthropologists E. Gellner and T. H. Eriksen, particular attention is given to the concept of identity. The analysis of cultural and religious identity is based on the ethnographic fieldwork of the author in England and Lithuania in 2017. The study reveals that the identity of Lithuania academic youth in England is like an „island“ hanging between several continents, where they “feel at home everywhere, but at the same time anywhere“. The analysis of the cultural identities of Lithuanian students and graduates in England emphasis a mixture of identities of several strata – city dweler, ethnographic representative, national, European, international citizen. The importance of religious idendity among academic Lithuanian youth in England was made by an empirical survey. In the three groups of prestigious university students and graduates, the vast majority were atheists, Roman Catholics, and agnostics. Some of the answers revealed undefined religious identities.

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Religinių motyvų interpretacija šiuolaikinėje dailininko knygoje

Author(s): Rasa Janulevičiūtė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 39/2004

The topic of the article is the contemporary artist’s book. The artist’s book in Lithuania is a significant field of art. It started to develop rapidly in the last decade of the 20th century. Interest in the artist’s book is constantly growing. The article focuses on international triennial exhibitions that have been organised in Lithuania. In the items shown the artists interpreted various religious inspirations. The author is trying to find out the source of inspiration, the intentions that are reflected in the artist’s works.

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Meilės teologija ir idealas. Abelaro ir Eloizos laiškai

Author(s): Dalia Marija Stančienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 35/2003

The letters of Heloïse and Abélard comprise the most famous medieval document on the complexity of man-woman relations. Heloïse’s letters confirm that in the 12th century educated people had no respect for matrimony. According to her, matrimony is incompatible with morality, for it is founded not on love but on convenience. She was confident that a sexual life outside the sacrament of marriage is not a sin, provided it springs from pure altruistic love. In accordance with this idea, Abélard confirms that sensual pleasures themselves are neither good nor evil but can be made good or evil by intentions.

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Menas versus religija: romantinė sąmonės struktūra ir religiškumo anihiliacija

Author(s): Rita Šerpytytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 35/2003

Studies in romanticism disclose the equivocal character of the term: on the one hand, it could be treated as a historical phenomenon (Romanticism); on the other hand, it is a universal “spiritual category” (romanticism). The article displays an effort to reveal the structure of romantic consciousness in order to distinguish the place of religiousness in this structure and its relation with aestheticism. The description of the phenomenon of Romanticism could be carried out only by taking into consideration the features of Romanticism as a historical phenomenon. Thus, the description of the structure of romantic consciousness is accomplished through the analysis of the concrete context of the art of the romantic epoch. The author exposes Novalis’ and Solger’s aesthetic attitudes, as well as interpreting Hoffman’s, Goethe’s and C.D. Friedrich’s works. The conclusion is drawn that the annihilating act of romantic consciousness involves clearing out the religiousness from this consciousness. The romantic consciousness becomes basically aesthetic consciousness.

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Фигуры Кирилла и Мефодия и культурное самоопределение карпатских русинов (середина ХІХ – нач. ХХ вв.)

Author(s): Margarita Zhivova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 59-60/2019

This article focuses on the question how the figures of Cyril and Methodius are inscribed into Carpatho-Russian cultural and confessional self-determination during the second half of the 19th and the first quarter of the 20th centuries. The material is drawn from the almanac called „Месяцеслов для русинов краины угорской“ which is addressed to Rusyns of the Greek-Catholic confession. The purpose of the almanac, and especially of its articles with educational, cultural, historical or religious content, was to enhance Carpatho-Russian national identity. These texts offered Rusyns a model for self-affirmation, including a vision for the antiquity of their own history, religion and writing, supported by historical as well as completely legendary sources. The Slavic Apostles proved the most suitable figures for such a model. After all, Cyril and Methodius link the Eastern and Western Christian worlds and could help Carpatho-Russians negotiate their place among Byzantium, Rome, Russia, and the Western Slavs.

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Икони с изображения на св. Кирил и св. Методий от Странджа (втората половина на XIX – началото на ХХ в.)

Author(s): Angel Nikolov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 59-60/2019

During the Bulgarian struggles for emancipation from the Patriarchate of Constantinople in the middle of the 19th century, the cult of the apostles SS. Cyril and Methodius spread widely across the northern slopes of the Strandzha Mountain, where the population was almost entirely Bulgarian. This circumstance explains why icons of the two saints had already appeared in the region around Sredets and Malko Turnovo before the War of Independence (1877-78). Those icons were the work of the Greek iconographer from Sozopol, Sokrates Georgiou, who skillfully adapted his style to the patriotic sentiments of the local Bulgarian church communities. In the region of Malko Turnovo, which remained under Turkish control until 1912, a similar strategy was adopted by another Greek iconographer, the less gifted Stavros from Lozengrad. On the northern side of the Bulgarian-Turkish border, in the region of Sredets and the villages around Sozopol and Primorsko, several iconographers from Triavna—Dimitur Minev and his son Khriso among them—worked tirelessly during the first decades after 1878, decorating local churches with icons of the saints painted in the best tradition of the Triavna School. In some Strandzha villages, icons of Cyril and Methodius began to be placed on the Bishop’s throne, as a sign of special respect toward the saints. This curious practice, evident across the Bulgarian territory, was an innovation that stemmed from a characteristic conviction of the time: that the legacy of the two brothers constituted the spiritual and cultural foundation for the autocephaly of the Bulgarian Church, restored on May 11, 1872.

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Sadijeva socijalna država

Author(s): Ekrem Tucaković / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 16/2019

Sa‘di Shirazi is among those poets who believed that literature has an important didactic role in society, especially in promoting morals and good practices in governing and ruling. His peculiar poetic talent is focused on education and advice, and his literary work is filled with numerous instructive narratives, proverbs, examples form the lives of great statemen from the vast region in which he lived and worked, the sedimented experiences of various classes of society, and personal experiences and witnessing. Sa‘di’s Bustan, which is in the focus of this paper, is characterized with particular advice to the ruler and the state administration. The concept of state and rule which Sa‘di promotes makes him an advocate of the contemporary model of welfare state and justice in its key aspect: care for the poor and powerless members of society and consistent exercising of justice in state. This places him among the predecessors of the model of welfare state. This paper discusses the idea and aspects of welfare state in Sa‘di’s Bustan.

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