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Religious policies of Anna Ivanovna

Religious policies of Anna Ivanovna

Author(s): Adam Drozdek / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2018

Anna Ivanovna was an empress of Russia in 1730-1740. The process of dismantling the authority of the church that started under Peter in 1700 was continued during Anna’s reign. The clergy were treated as civil servants serving the interest of the state through their spiritual service, as governmental clerks whose highest obligation was to the empress. The ecclesiastical life was disrupted, its spiritual role diminished, and the clergy was whipped to submission by harsh means. Orthodoxy was a mandatory religion. Conversion to other faiths was punishable. Peter’s discriminatory policies against Old Believers were continued. Anna herself was devoted to entertainment and everything else took the second place including her involvement in the affairs of the state as well as her personal spiritual life.

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Ksiądz protoprezbiter płk Bazyli Martysz (1874-1945) – naczelny kapelan wyznania prawosławnego w Wojsku Polskim

Ksiądz protoprezbiter płk Bazyli Martysz (1874-1945) – naczelny kapelan wyznania prawosławnego w Wojsku Polskim

Author(s): Jerzy Grzybowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2018

The article deals with the fate of Fr. Protopriest Colonel Bazyli Martysz, who was a chaplain in the armed forces of the Second Republic. Based on the archival sources, the Author discusses the successive stages of his pastoral ministry in the army. His life’s path as a soldier and priest is presented against the background of the political events that took place in the country at that time.

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Церковно-приходское обучение на территории православного прихода Вознесения Господня в Клейниках

Церковно-приходское обучение на территории православного прихода Вознесения Господня в Клейниках

Author(s): Adrian Kuprianowicz / Language(s): Russian Issue: 20/2018

The Orthodox-parochial education system in the Klejniki parish had a rich history. At those times, the educational system was above all for the benefit of the poor community. The Orthodox-parochial education in Klejniki was not on a particularly high level. In October 1884, 8 grammar schools were established within the parish of Klejniki. Towards the end of the 19th century, the parish had already 11 schools teaching 240 children. In the year 1893/1894, 6 boys from the Klejniki parish finished their education in the Orthodox teacher training college in Trześcianka-Stawek. A significant role in the organisation of the intellectual life and the development of Orthodox education in the countryside was played by the priest Jan Chlebcewicz. He was the founder of the Florenti Pawlenkow library and reading room. The financial burden, problems of accommodation for the teachers, an insufficient number of well qualified teachers, the poverty of the parents of the children attending the schools had a negative impact on the general state of the education in the Klejniki parish. The Orthodox education and school system contributed substantially to the eradication of illiteracy among the rural population. The First World War and the mass exodus into Russia were the immediate causes for the collapse of the library and reading room as well as all the schools in the parish of Klejniki.

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Starcy Pustelni Optyńskiej i rosyjska inteligencja XIX wieku

Starcy Pustelni Optyńskiej i rosyjska inteligencja XIX wieku

Author(s): Tomasz Kuprjanowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2018

This article provides an explanation of the meaning of the word “elder” (starets) used in reference to the monks of the Optina Monastery on the basis of the Tradition of the Orthodox Church as a word understood not in the sense of physical age, but in the sense of perfect spiritual and moral growth. The article also shows the worldview of the Russian Intelligence of the 19th century and the benevolent influence the Elders of the Optina Monastery had on it.

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Polska terminologia prawosławna – analiza stanu obecnego

Polska terminologia prawosławna – analiza stanu obecnego

Author(s): Marek Ławreszuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2018

The article is a contribution to the efforts to establish the structure of the dictionary of polish terminology of the Orthodox Church. The preparation of the micro and macro structure of the dictionary must take into account the current state of the vocabulary based on the analysis of the current “partial” dictionaries in Polish, with particular emphasis on terminological problems. The analysis will determine the sphere for further work on the Orthodox terminology, pointing to the past silences and language difficulties, thereby setting the direction for further research.

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Krytyka piotrowych rozwiązań synodalnych w łonie Rosyjskiej Cerkwi Prawosławnej w początkach XX wieku

Krytyka piotrowych rozwiązań synodalnych w łonie Rosyjskiej Cerkwi Prawosławnej w początkach XX wieku

Author(s): Kamila Pawełczyk-Dura / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2018

The synodal system, established on Russia by the tsar of Peter the Great, in beginnings of the 20th century was in the deep ideological crisis and the organizational impasse. Social and political tensions, characteristic of the being on the decline autocracy state, were felt also by the Orthodox intelligence, which - carried with the slogans of freedom and self-determination – began to openly criticize the solutions of Peter and demanded the restitution of conciliarity of the Russian Orthodox Church.

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Государи Руси-России и Троице-Сергиева Лавра

Государи Руси-России и Троице-Сергиева Лавра

Author(s): Rostislav Ârema / Language(s): Russian Issue: 20/2018

The article analyzes the attitude of the sovereigns of Ancient Rus-Russia to The Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius through the prism of the tradition of visiting the monastery by reigning individuals, grand dukes and members of their families. It shows a historical retrospective of the existing tradition, and the level of its significance for understanding the role of the Trinity Monastery of St. Sergius in the state’s spiritual and political life. The Trinity road (the Tsar’s road) is seen not only as a path to purification, a way of approaching God, but also as the highest need of reigning individuals in blessing before the most significant events in their personal life and in the state’s life, which was largely determined by representatives of the royal house.

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Studium Teologii Prawosławnej Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego i jego „teologiczni spadkobiercy”

Studium Teologii Prawosławnej Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego i jego „teologiczni spadkobiercy”

Author(s): Andrzej Baczyński,Doroteusz Sawicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2018

In 1918, after the 120 years of occupation by three neighbouring powers, Austria, Prussia and Russia, Poland obtained its desired independence and returned on the map of Europe. Warsaw became the capital of the Republic once again. One of the authorities’ first moves was to resume the activities of the University of Warsaw that were disrupted by the war. We needed qualified staff who would rebuild the country. This concerned politics, administration, culture…, and the religious life of our homeland. For this purpose, the Faculty of Catholic Theology was established (1918), Faculty of Lutheran Theology (1922), and in 1925, the Faculty of Orthodox Studies was also opened. Throughout the 14 years of its existence up to the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, the Faculty of Orthodox Studies faithfully fulfilled its mission of serving the Church, education and the homeland. It educated priests and theologians dedicated to the church and citizens committed to their homeland. Unfortunately, the process of building today’s well organized and extensive structure of higher (and secondary) Orthodox theological schooling in Poland was neither simple nor short lived. After the war, when the University of Warsaw refused the Faculty of Orthodox Studies the right to further operate, it turned into the Faculty of Orthodox Theology at the Christian Theological Academy to continue serving God, the Church and education. The Orthodox Theological Seminary in Warsaw experienced many changes and processes after the war in order to obtain its current shape and level. The Department of Orthodox Theology at the University of Białystok was established in 1999. It is a continuation and expansion of the theological education at the University of Warsaw. The Faculty of Orthodox Studies at the University of Warsaw, the Christian Theological Academy, the Orthodox Theological Seminary and the Department of Orthodox Theology at the University of Białystok, along with post-secondary studies in iconography and hymnography, as related academic and didactic units, have performed and still performs their tasks in serving education and the Orthodox Church. By mutually taking advantage of this experience (it should rather be said that taking advantage of the Faculty of Orthodox Studies at the University of Warsaw after the war), they fulfilled their expectations despite difficult times and unfavourable politics. They form a constantly developing spiritual and cultural common heritage of the Republic.

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Reformacja a geneza demokracji szlacheckiej w Polsce

Reformacja a geneza demokracji szlacheckiej w Polsce

Author(s): Wojciech Kriegseisen / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2018

The article discusses the state of research and research needs in the field of relations between the Protestant Reformation and the genesis of nobility democracy in Poland in the 16th century. Th e development of the idea of the right to resistance in the approach of Martin Luther and his collaborators is discussed. Then, the views on John Calvin and his followers – the Protestant Monarchomachs – are presented. Finally, the state of research on the reception of the Protestant concept of the right to resistance in central eastern Europe in the second half of the 16th century is discussed with its significance for building and defending the foundations of the regime of noble democracy until the early 17th century. Finally, the views of Andrzej Wolan and Bartłomiej Keckermann as they refer to the doctrine of Calvinism, are characterized.

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Polnische Reformation in Masuren

Polnische Reformation in Masuren

Author(s): Janusz Małłek / Language(s): German Issue: 3/2018

In its first section, the article “Polish Reformation in Masuria” presents the origin of the people of that region, at the same time showing the significance of the Polish language for the introduction of the Reformation. In the second section, it describes the circumstances of the introduction of reformative changes by Albrecht Hohenzollern from the Reformation mandate of 1525, through the “National Ordinance” and the “Church Ordinance”, to the parish visits repeated throughout the 16th century. Part three focuses on pastors - advocates of the Reformation who came to Masuria in the 16th century. Th e final part presents Polish-language publishing activities in East Prussia in the 16th century.

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Polska Reformacja na Mazurach

Polska Reformacja na Mazurach

Author(s): Janusz Małłek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2018

In its first section, the article “Polish Reformation in Masuria” presents the origin of the people of that region, at the same time showing the significance of the Polish language for the introduction of the Reformation. In the second section, it describes the circumstances of the introduction of reformative changes by Albrecht Hohenzollern from the Reformation mandate of 1525, through the “National Ordinance” and the “Church Ordinance”, to the parish visits repeated throughout the 16th century. Part three focuses on pastors - advocates of the Reformation who came to Masuria in the 16th century. The final part presents Polish-language publishing activities in East Prussia in the 16th century.

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Różne modele protestu i wizja kultury w Reformacji

Różne modele protestu i wizja kultury w Reformacji

Author(s): Jarosław Płuciennik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2018

The article is an in-depth analysis of the forms of protests related to the Reformation. In three parts, the author first discusses the three primary models of protests associated with Martin Luther, focused around the metaphorical representations of Luther as a philosopher with a hammer, Luther strengthening his position on the battlefield, and Luther proclaiming the freedom of the Christian. All these metaphorical representations reveal the break of ties with tradition and the present and stress those values associated with Protestantism, such as individualism, freedom of conscience, freedom of speech, autonomy and independence of the subject. Next, the article describes radical forms of protest in the broadly understood Reformation related to the act of burning documents and books and demonising the opponent in satirical exaggerations in figures and pictures. In the second part of the article, the author discusses the vision that is present in the Reformation project, summarised metaphorically in the call: “closer to man” and tries to show this vision by pointing to an outline of the theory of language and translation presented in Luther’s “Letter on Translation” from 1530. Th is vision is revealed by the expressive empathetic inclination towards the ordinary language user. In the third part of the article, the reader will find an outline of the concept of Reformation as revealing the basics of design thinking related to empathy, care and nurturing. Th e revelation, together with the Reformation’s activism revealed earlier, allows the author to combine the Reformation’s vision with a vision of culture at large, etymologically derived from cultivation, care and nurturing. Th e central thesis of the article is that the Reformation is a culture and that the forms of protest result from the necessity to break ties with tradition and the present, and are not the core of its operation.

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Zalmoxis and Kronos
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Zalmoxis and Kronos

Author(s): Milen Ivanov / Language(s): English Issue: 23-24/2017

The paper analyses the information in some sources as the ancient author Hesychius and the Suidas Lexicon on the similitude between Zalmoxis – the ancient king, priest, healer and deity attested in the lands of the Getae – and the ancient Greek god Kronos. On the one hand, the teaching of Zalmoxis about immortality promises eternal happy life, which is reminiscent of the Golden Age of bliss described by Hesiod, during which Kronos reigned. On the other hand, the ancient Greek god ruled also over the generation of heroеs inhabiting the islands of the blessed. These specificities could serve as a basis for bringing the images of Zalmoxis and Kronos closer to one another. The image-idea of Kronos apparently designated the teaching about immortality and about the happy life after death preached by Zalmoxis. These ideas are in total harmony with the information provided by the ancient authors about the faith of the Thracians in immortality and with the archaeological evidence. The entire range of religious and philosophical notions connected with Zalmoxis is at the basis of the later cult of the Thracian Heros. In view of these links between the image of Zalmoxis and the teaching personified by him, on the one hand, and the heroic cult on the other, it seems logical for Zalmoxis to be likened to Kronos by the Greek authors. The syncretism between Zalmoxis and Kronos-Saturn can also be assumed from the Vitae of the Early Christian Saint Dasius of Durostorum. Following this line of thought, there is a possibility that the cult and image of Kronos could be perceived as a starting point for the understanding of Thracian culture, just as, e.g., Dionysos, Ares, Artemis, Hermes, the Thracian Heros and other deities.

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Mnich z duchowym wyposażeniem artysty. Sztuka Thomasa Mertona

Mnich z duchowym wyposażeniem artysty. Sztuka Thomasa Mertona

Author(s): Paul, M. Pearson / Language(s): Polish Issue: 31/2018

Born in a family of artists, Thomas Merton was destined to become an artist himself. As a young man, he tried his hand at drawing; he drew the faces of women and saints. Later, distancing himself from representational art, he took to calligraphy and was attracted to abstract art (especially the minimalism of his Columbia friend, painter Ad Reinhardt) which fascinated Merton as an analogue of the apophatic tradition. Towards the end of his life, the monk was attracted to the camera as a tool of contemplation, enabling him to look at the world as it is rather than through the prism of his imagination. This article demonstrates that Merton’s artistic development parallels his evolving spirituality, both of which started with youthful dogmatism and ended with a mature relationship with God, the world, and himself.

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Słowa, wojna i milczenie. Thomas Merton na XXI wiek

Słowa, wojna i milczenie. Thomas Merton na XXI wiek

Author(s): Rowan Williams / Language(s): Polish Issue: 31/2018

Throughout his writing life Thomas Merton was preoccupied with the dangers of language. He was attentive to what was being done to language in the climate of militarism, rivalry, and international anxiety. On the one hand, there was the incoherence of language that could not be trusted, on the other – the coherence of weapons that were infallible. In this environment the whole notion of reason and sanity was shaken. When we treat ourselves, and ourselves alone, as reasonable, we say of the other that there is no meaning there. This article examines Merton’s thinking about the crisis of language and suggests vital connections between the world in the 1960s and the world today: a world of self-reflexive culture, of polarized politics, of reductive, banal and trivial accounts of human nature, a thinning and a shrinking of language and what it can say and do, and a one-sided view of reason.

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Próba uruchomienia studium generalnego dominikanów we Wrocławiu na początku XV wieku

Próba uruchomienia studium generalnego dominikanów we Wrocławiu na początku XV wieku

Author(s): Jakub Turek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 84/2018

The author argues that in 1407 the Dominicans of Wrocław made an attempt at forming the studium generale in their monastery. It was to be moved from Cracow, where its functioning was endangered by lack of faculty members. The idea was initially supported by the provincial of the order and the decision was to be made at the meeting of the general chapter in Wrocław. However, as the brethren of Cracow opposed the project, the plan was not realised.

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The Szeged School of Ethnology: Traditions, Efforts and Challenges. Approaches to Teaching Ethnology in the Bologna Process

The Szeged School of Ethnology: Traditions, Efforts and Challenges. Approaches to Teaching Ethnology in the Bologna Process

Author(s): Gábor Barna / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2008

Before and after the Second World War ethnography, ethnology and folklore were taught in Hungary within largely similar frames. Education and research attached importance to the study of Hungarian peasant culture from a retrospective historical viewpoint. From the 1970s until 1980s, demands led to changes in both research and teaching. The teaching of Hungarian ethnology was re-organised at Szeged University, Pécs University and in Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca, Transylvania, Romania). From the 1970s a paradigm shift occurred in ethnology. The most important indication of this is that, in place of peasant society, ethnology now studies the entire society and all cultural phenomena, including many current social problems. Within the framework of the Bologna Agreement, students at the BA level at Szeged learn specific introductory subjects and general and specific methodology. Studies in only one specialist field begin at this level: studies in folklore and the anthropology of dance. The anthropology of dance continues at the MA level; which is also planned in English, in international co-operation. Studies in ethnology and anthropology of religion also appear at the MA level, as well as studies in cultural heritage. The content of both the BA and MA stages and of doctoral studies is largely determined by the fact that ethnology has come under strong influence of cultural and social anthropology.

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Problem osoby w świetle neuronauk. Czy osoba to jedynie użyteczna metafora?

Problem osoby w świetle neuronauk. Czy osoba to jedynie użyteczna metafora?

Author(s): Józef Bremer / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2018

Starting from John Paul II’s critique of Cartesianism, this article shows the influence of the latter on the emergence of empirical-positivist (Gerhard Roth) and eliminational (Daniel C. Dennett) theories of the person that consider man merely a useful metaphor. The philosopher Peter F. Strawson and the neurologist Roger W. Sperry, who came up with the metaphysical and emergentist theories of the person, respectively, support the idea that the person is not merely illusory and metaphorical. An exclusively metaphorical understanding of the person also contradicts current research on neuroplasticity, as both studies on people with obsessive-compulsive disorder and the treatment of patients after the stroke demonstrate.

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Sztuczna inteligencja – produkt czy podmiot?

Sztuczna inteligencja – produkt czy podmiot?

Author(s): Robert Wawer / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2018

Science and technology have created machines that in many aspects resemble people in action, and even exceed them in the ability to recognize, in the speed of thinking and counting, in the memory capacity. Thus, the development of humanity is at a time when the difference between the abilities of a human person and the artificial creation begins to blur. This article tries to trace how human nature was understood over the millennia and how it must now be re-egzamined in the confrontation with the rapidly growing artificial intelligence over the last decades. How predictable is the further development of artificial intelligence, and how much more will it replace the human person, or even improve human nature? There are here emerging questions: anthropological – concerning the evolution of human nature, philosophical - how much creation can exceed the creator, and ethical – about the human and machine dignity, and responsibility for deeds. Is human nature immutable or subjected to technological evolution? To what extent can we allow machines to manage successive areas of our life and will it not turn against a human? This article follows stages of anthropology in different cultures and at different stages of civilization, and raises questions related to the emergence of a new reality, radically changing human life and touching the very essence of human creation.

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Dekartova teistička metafizika

Dekartova teistička metafizika

Author(s): Vladimir Lasica / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 11/2018

In this paper I defend an idea that the proof for God’s existence in Descartes represents the most important part of his metaphysics, i.e. of his entire philosophy. Ability to prove God is for Descartes the only way to overcome radical scepticism, which is based on the ontological gap between the mind and the world. Descartes confronts scepticism with the idea that all knowledge begins with the self-evident non-provable premises. The starting point is his “cogito, ergo sum.” This is the basic and intuitive undeniable truth that is evident from the thinking subject alone. Still, the remaining problem is how the self-evidence of the subject implies the existence of the world of objects? Descartes’ solution is the foundation of a new theistic metaphysics based on the proof for the existence of God, which is established on the self-evidence of the subject: subject is able to prove God on the basis of his/her self-evidence alone. After the proof is established, God himself becomes the foundation for any conceptual certainty about the world.

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