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Towarzyszenie duchowe małżonkom i osobom w sytuacjach nieregularnych w świetle adhortacji Amoris laetitia

Author(s): Barbara Kmiecik / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 7/2017

In the paper, a source analysis of the spiritual counseling of accompaniment to sacramental spouses and people in irregular situations has been taken up on the basis of post-synodal Apostolic Exhortation, Amoris laetitia by Pope Francis. The concept of accompaniment is a leading term in subsequent chapters of the document. The meaning of the concept of accompaniment and the character of counsel presented by the Pope are introduced. Then, subsequent contexts of the counsel taken up in the exhortation were characterized. The issue of the accompaniment is discussed in relation to spouses and it involves subsequent stages of the development of love and situations requiring special attention. The key to caring for children and integrating with the Church community also includes the issue of accompanying and discerning those who are in non-sacramental relationships, defined as irregular situations and in complex situations as well. The relation of the accompanying counsel to the moral evaluation of the conducted people was also defined. Discussing the forms of pastoral practice, the purpose, scope, competence and means of providing community and individual assistance that are adapted to needs and life-sustaining problems, were identified.

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Future anxiety as a predictor of the fear of childbirth

Author(s): Przemysław Marcin Zdybek,Monika Haimann / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 7/2017

The fear of childbirth is an emotional phenomenon, the mild symptoms of which are felt by most women, independently of their condition and stage of their pregnancy. The fear of childbirth is a variable which according to most research results has a negative influence on procreation decisions, the course of pregnancy and the childbirth. A group of Polish women (N = 350) was examined. Woman participants were invited for research by gynaecological clinics. They filled in the questionnaire which includes Fear of Childbirth (Putyński, 1997), Future anxiety (Zaleski, 1996) Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (Zimbardo & Boyd, 1999), obstetric and sociodemographic questions. The regression analysis has been made testing to what extent the obstetric, sociodemographic and psychological factors explain the occurrence of the fear of childbirth. The obtained data make it possible to differentiate the temporal orientation, future anxiety, as psychological variables having the biggest influence on the fear of childbirth.

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Obraz rodzeństwa chorego psychicznie a dobrostan rodzeństwa zdrowego

Author(s): Stanisława Steuden,Paweł Brudek,Agnieszka Warda / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 7/2017

This article is concerned with issues related to mental well-being by healthy individuals with siblings who have been diagnosed with schizophrenia or depression. The purpose of the research project was to find a link between the sibling’s personality and cognitive assessment of their illness and the psychological well-being of siblings. The study involved 30 individuals whose siblings were mentally ill. Measurement of mental well-being of healthy people was done by The Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWB) by C. D. Ryff and C. L. Keyes. The perception of a real and perfect picture of the sibling’s personality was characterized by H. Gough and A. B. Heilburn’s The Adjective Check List (ACL), and the evaluation of the disease was made using S. Steuden, K. Janowski and A. Warda’s The Scale of Evaluation of Sibling’s Mental Illness (SOCOB). The results of the research revealed, among other things, that healthy siblings have a negative image of their mentally ill brothers and sisters. The generalized sense of well-being of a healthy sibling is higher when it shows more positively the image of the sibling’s personality. The assumption that the divergence between a real and ideal personality image will result in lower well-being by healthy siblings has not been confirmed by the study.

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Diaspora żydowska w Egipcie w czasach biblijnych

Author(s): Jerzy Bosowski / Language(s): English,Polish Issue: 19/2015

Deportations of Jews into the Babylonian captivity began a period of diaspora, because a part of the inhabitants of Judea took shelter in Egypt. In the fifth century BC, on the island of Elephantine – an island in the Nile, near the First Cataract – a colony of Jewish soldiers, who served in the army of Pharaoh, was created. Moreover, a temple following the temple in Jerusalem was built there.After the conquest of Egypt, made by Alexander the Great, the Jewish Diaspora intensively developed. Jews were invited to settle in the newly built port city – Alexandria, which became the capital of the whole Egypt, as well as the scientific and artistic centre. The Judaic literature in Greek language, which was used every day, developed mainly in this city. The establishment of the Septuagint, the Greek Bible translated from Hebrew, was the most significant result of this development. Successive waves of emigration of Jews in the second century BC resulted in creation of the Jewish settlements in Leontopolis, where the temple of the Highest God was also built. During the reign of the Ptolemies, there were also the situations of the persecution of Jews. One such event was successfully completed, and it is called a “miracle of the hippodrome”.Since the conquest of Egypt by the Romans (30 BC), the situation of the Jewish Diaspora was gradually getting worse. In 38 AD, the first defeat of the Alexandrian Jews took place, and the next one occurred. The Jews, dissatisfied with their position, both in Egypt and the surrounding lands, started an armed rebellion, which was brutally suppressed by Romans in the 115–117 AD. It was the end of the Jewish Diaspora in Egypt, the history of which lasted over VII centuries.

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Влашко и българските земи през ХVII век: контакти и културни взаимодействия

Author(s): Margarita Kujumdjieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2017

This paper seeks to outline the mechanisms behind the contacts between Wallachia and the Bulgarian lands in the ХVІІ century, using information about social groups who had more mobility in the period under consideration such as the Wallachian voevodes, members of the higher clergy, merchants, men of letters and icon-painters. The sources show that Ottoman authorities treated the Wallachian rulers as responsible for the Christians living south of the Danube in order to integrate Wallachia into the Ottoman imperial system. They enjoyed extensive rights in the lands south of the Danube, being able to support the locals. The most significant expression of this support was their donations to monasteries, to construction and painting of churches. The sources have it that when resuming a lord’s patronage of a sacred place, earlier records were mentioned in the newly issued chrysobulls. Many Wallachian voevodes were patrons of monasteries within the Bulgarian lands, yet funding was provided more often than not on a request by the ecclesiastical authorities, mostly by the hegumens, south of the Danube. A possibility that donations were initiated by the metropolitans is indicated, giving examples of relations between metropolitans of Tarnovo and Wallachian voevodes and their courts of the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries. The practice to dedicate Wallachian churches and monasteries to certain monasteries south of the Danube as their metochia is also dealt with. The metochia in Wallachia had to transfer part of their annual surpluses to the places they were associated with. Such was the Monastery of SS Peter and Paul in Bucharest (the Târnovului, i.e. the Tarnovan Monastery), which probably was a metochion of the Monastery of the Holy Trinity in the vicinities of Tarnovo or of the Metropolitan Church of SS Peter and Paul in Tarnovo. The story of the Church of the Assumption (Biserica Scaune), which was constructed by the Guild of the Butchers in the late ХVІІ century to be refurbished as early as the turn of the ХVІІІ century, is given in a nutshell. The funds were provided by Thanasie from Tarnovo and his nephew Stavro. In Bulgarian literature, until lately, the church and the portraits of the donors in it were groundlessly dated to 1633. The study devotes special attention to the relations between the village of Arbanassi and Wallachia, to the presence of members of the Wallachian branch of the Kantakouzenos (Cantacuzènes) family. The issue is broached of the participation of icon-painters from Wallachia in the painting of Arbanassian churches at the turn of the ХVІІІ century. This information has been recorded as late as the mid-ХVІІІ century. The similarities between the church painting ensembles in Wallachia and Arbanassi of the previous decades are due mainly to the fact that the commissioners on both sides of the Danube have hired teams of painters of the same extraction and place of training related to the workshops in North Greece and especially to Linotopea. Members of those teams were, as a rule, Greek masters, but they would work with local icon-painters executing commissions by wealthy church donors from a vast Balkan area in the ХVІІ and the early ХVІІІ centuries.

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DR. KUN MÁRIA EGYETEMI ELŐADÓTANÁR KÖSZÖNTÉSE 60. SZÜLETÉSNAPJÁN

Author(s): János Molnár / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2018

Kedves Tanárnő, kedves Mária, Hatvanévesnek lenni azt jelenti, hogy az ember a neki adott százhúsz év felénél van, azaz félidős. A mai társadalom, főleg a fiatalabb nem¬zedék azonban egészen másképp gondolkodik és vélekedik erről. Azt mondják, hogy az ember hatvanéve¬sen már idős, benne van a korban, megette élete kenyerének javarészét, már közel áll a nyugdíjhoz és már ideje is, hogy nyugdíjba menjen.

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JÉZUS TÖBBI TANÍTVÁNYA, NŐTANÍTVÁNYAI ÉS SZÁRMAZÁSI HELYÜK

Author(s): Lehel Lészai / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2018

Jesus’ Other Disciples, Women Disciples and their Place of Origin. The election and mission of Jesus was followed by the vocation and election of the disciples. Jesus called and elected his disciples on the basis of his sovereign will. Their call reminds us sometimes of the vocation of the Old Testament prophets. His dis¬ciples did not have to endure a period of probation as the followers of the Teacher of Righteousness in Qumran and they were not elected to study the Torah as the dis¬ciples of the rabbis. The goal of the rabbis was not to bind their disciples to their own person but to teach them devotion to the Torah. Therefore, it was quite common for a disciple to leave his rabbi, and find another one if he thought that the new teacher could provide him better instruction. The goal of the Greek philosophers was the same: not to attach the student to their person but to teach them to search for the truth which was above both of them. Jesus called his disciples – among whom some were from the group of disciples of John the Baptist – not for theoretical teaching but for the continuation of his service. When they were called, they had to abandon their jobs, their homes, their relatives, in one word everything, and they even had to give up their lives. Jesus elected twelve disciples because by this he indicated that he has laid claim to all twelve tribes of Israel, and through his disciples he gathers the old-new people of God for salvation. Some of the disciples were poor and others were rich, and they were people having different livelihood. Among them there were tax collectors, who served the Roman Empire without any reservation previously, and zealots who formerly belonged to the radical Jewish party. Jesus gathered all these men around him and transformed them into new persons. Many people queried the moment of coming into being of the Twelve’s group. Those stated that they were the outcome of the congregation’s faith after Easter, or the outcome of Mark’s fantasy which was placed before Easter. It cannot be denied – despite many suppositions and attractive hypotheses which assert the contrary – that Jesus called and elected the twelve disciples before Easter. Their election was from a larger group of disciples. It was not necessary for everyone to leave everything behind in order to follow him, because he had many disciples who remained at home, and female disciples, who served him from their wealth on the way. The disciples came geographically from Galilee, which is significant with regard to their later mission.

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ÚJ ERKÖLCSI IMPERATÍVUSZ: NE SZÉGYENKEZZ… ÉS SENKIT MEG NE SZÉGYENÍTS!A SZÉGYEN TEOLÓGIAI ÉRTELMEZÉSE ÉS SZOCIÁLETIKAI RELEVANCIÁJA

Author(s): Sándor Fazakas / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2018

A New Moral Imperative: Do Not Be Ashamed… and Do Not Shame Anyone!The Social Relevance of the Theological Interpretation of Shame. To preserve our sovereignty and integrity in the context of our personal and so¬cial relationships is essential for our human dignity. The term “shame” describes the absence of this integrity and the associated feelings of guilt and vulnerability. The standards/principles of behavior of the antique Hellenistic societies and the philosophical dualism of Plato’s thinking, and later the virtues promulgated by christian asceticism simplified the concept of shame and almost exclusively limited it to its sexual aspects. This process of oversimplification led to the distortion and alienation of the original biblical view of shame and restricted the positive theologi¬cal interpretation of the concept. This article will argue that the biblical-theological interpretation of shame also refers to the fundamental determination of the human condition that one lives in relationships: with God, with others, and with himself. In addition to the phenomenological and social psychological interpretation of shame as “moral emotion” and “moral knowledge”, this study seeks not only to reveal its original biblical and theological meanings but also attempts to reveal the positive role that shame can fulfill in preserving human dignity. At the same time, we will not deny that individual and collective shame can lead to aggression and systematical-political sin. Finally, we will endeavor to examine the role of shame in repentance and as a deference against sin

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A HÁZASSÁGBAN ÉLŐ KERESZTÉNY LÉT LELKISÉGE ÉS TEOLÓGIÁJA

Author(s): Tamás Kruppa / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2018

Spirituality and Theology of the Married Christian Being. The „Milieu” where a modern Christian marriage exists, seems to be among not to easy circumstances. It is a double sided situation behind of you with God when you are together with your husband or wife, and behind of you with your wife or husband, when you are together with God. Although, we believe that in the Holy Spirit this two parts can be united into one whole. The marriage as institution is older than Christianity, but it is created and blessed by God from the beginning what’s the source of all holiness or sacrament. Christ gave it to the fullness when He raised it up to Himself. He is the only fundament in what all things stand up and fulfill sacraments, too. The marriage is a sacrament both in the Catholic and Orthodox Church, but from the point of you the of marriage’s mystery, they have some differences in their details. The scholastic Latin and the post patristic eastern Churches perspective the founda¬tion of sacraments like a creation ex nihilo, a discontinuing phenomena, and the sign of the sacraments are caused by Jesus Christ, the Incarnated Son of God. However the patristic tradition and the modern emigrant orthodox theology maintain that the foundation of the sacraments are in the fulfillments of sacrament’s sig or symbol which is created by God in the beginning intentionally in order to be able to reach its own final purpose. The “Love spiral” involves nine different grades which follow each-other again and again. In a really deep love connection these Moments of love need to be realized gradually. These grade are: 1. Calling, 2. Identity, 3. Intimacy, 4. confrontation, 5. Con¬version, 6. Reconciliation, 7. Communion, 8. Commitment, 9. Mission. Conclusion. There must be peaceful and friendly but professional confrontations between different parts of the divided Churches to find and looking for together the original place and status of the marriage in the Christianity. Marriage, Church, Sacraments, and particularly Eucharist are united in Jesus Christ ever and forever. This is the reason why Christian sacramental marriage make part of the sacraments of the Church and of Christ as Bride and Bridegroom.

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ELKOPHAT-E AZ IDŐTLEN BŰN AZ IDŐBEN? VLADIMIR JANKÉLÉVITCH A KVÁZI-BOCSÁNAT EGYIK FORMÁJÁRÓL

Author(s): Sándor Béla Visky / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2018

Can the Timeless Sin Wear Off With Time? Vladimir Jankélévitch on a Form of Quasi Forgiveness. In Jankélévitch’s opinion, time changes man as it changes the river into which one cannot step twice. Suffering and experience, a pneumatic intertwining of two transcendent things, change both the criminal and the victim; therefore, the crimes can be proscribed because of this futurity. But Jankélévitch states, proscription can by no means replace forgiveness. Forgetting cannot be a moral attitude. Deficient remembering is superficiality, while too intense remembering is rage. But integrating the evil as an experience, using the test of forgiveness as the champion of morality reveals a spiritual greed; a truly moral man does not act as if his injury has not even occurred, although paradoxically, for himself, it indeed has not occurred. According to Jankélévitch, true forgiveness is the greatest gesture of love besides self-giving, which cannot be left to time or oblivion. If it is left to time, we face the grotesque example of the statute of limitations of war crimes, where something which is an unforgivable sin one day, is no longer a sin the next day. This is why forgiveness must be sudden and immediate. Its necessity is not dissolved by the length of the perpetrator’s penance, or by the victim’s forgetting which attenuates the rage and the early pain, while the spark of rancor is still preserved deep down in the soul. At the same time, forgiveness does not undo the crime. Moreover, according to Jankélévitch, there is a difference between personal injury and crimes committed against world order. Whoever is angry with the perpetrator of the latter is rightful in being so, and forgiveness would mean to betray this rightfulness. This is the “righteous anger”, which is an expression of faithfulness to values and martyrs. Leaving a timeless crime up to time is not a viable path: time can heal, but it cannot redeem.

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THE IMAGE OF JESUS IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF VLADIMIR JANKÉLÉVITCH

Author(s): Sándor Béla Visky / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

Does Jankélévitch identify the Source of creation with that thorne-crowned one of the nonsense of the cross? It seems that Jankélévitch is not only very close to the teaching of the church, but also identifies himself with its most important element, the redeeming death of Christ. And this is not only valid for the young philosopher before the War, but also for the mature thinker in the years following the Holocaust, the author of the Moral philosophy.But in his writings an existence defined by the gaze directed to God, or simply the existence in front of him, coram Deo, is not an ontological basis that makes everything possible and is an inexhaustible source of love for every virtue, but – strangely – a competitor for the attention and love directed to man. He does not recognize the drama of the cross as the infinite, divine repository of the solidary love of anyone humiliated and tormented. He also does not see the prayer as a possibility and gift of grace of a personal relationship with the Quod which is able to refill the easily emptying spiritual reserves of the commitment to the starving and persecuted. Jankélévitch’s hyperbolic ethics cannot be rooted in the soil of eternity.

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A 20.SZÁZAD TÖRTÉNELMI ESEMÉNYEINEK JELENTŐSÉGE A GÖRÖG KATOLIKUS EGYHÁZ SZÁMÁRA SZLOVÁKIÁBAN (CSEHSZLOVÁKIÁBAN)

Author(s): Béla Bohács / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2018

Historical Events of the 20th Century and Their Relevance for the Greek Catholic Church in Slovakia (Czechoslovakia). In 2018, the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Prešov commemorates the 200th anniversary of its establishment. Throughout its existence, the eparchy experienced its heyday and there were times when the eparchy struggled and suffered. The darkest period was the total liquidation of the Greek Catholic Church by the totalitarian regime in the years of 1950–1968. The eparchy resumed its activities in 1968 during the “Prague Spring”. The period of unrestricted activities of the eparchy, however, commenced after the “Velvet Revolution” in 1989.

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A VALLÁSTANÁR ÖNISMERETIÉS SPIRITUÁLIS KOMPETENCIÁJA

Author(s): Gabriella Márta Gorbai / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2018

The Self-knowledge and Spiritual Competence of the Religion Teacher. The person and the interpretation of profession of the religion teacher is one of today’s central problems. Theological competence, discussion and dispute competence, developmental psychology-diagnostic competence, and pedagogical competence are all linked to the religion teacher’s competence profile. However, this study only aims at discussing self-knowledge and spiritual competencies. Self-knowledge has two pivotal aspects from the religion teacher’s point of view: on one hand, the teacher’s own development of personality, knowing themselves aids forming a positive relationship with the pupils, which is the bedrock of the effective transfer of information, and on the other hand, by transmitting personality development methods achieved through personal experience, the religion teacher offers a device for developing self-knowledge to the pupils. Discussing the spiritual competence is relevant, because the religion teacher has to be ready for regular introspection in front of God in the personal religious life, and also, for a continuous growth in faith.

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FAMILIENREKONSTRUKTION – EINE METHODEDER SYSTEMISCHEN SEELSORGE UND DER SEELSORGEAUSBILDUNG

Author(s): Gábor Hézser / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2018

Family Reconstruction – a Method of Systemic Pastoral Care and Pastoral Education. Family therapy used reconstruction method intentionally firstas a methodologically independent group procedure in the training of therapists, but later this approach entered into therapeutic practice. While the aim of the reconstruction work could be multiple the relevance of the method for pastoral care lies in the possibility, that not only a “personality-specific credo” but also a “family-specific credo” can be observed (K. Winkler). In search of repeated patterns and a “family-specific credo,” this article presents some methods of reconstruction work specifically for pastors or pastoral workers: genogram provides an overview of the multigenerational structure and recurring patterns of a family; “timeline” helps to capture and understand family events and significant facts in the lives of individual family members in synopsis; “family sculpture” offers the opportunity to present key events in the family history in such a way that they are not primarily tied to linguistic expressive possibilities. As a result, until then “fixed” interpretations and evaluations of the individual or shared experiences can change qualitatively. Another result can be the deconstruction of family secrets. Because certain topics are subject to a generational taboo and are often associated with strong guilt and anxiety, they must not be talked about, though, mostly, everyone knows about it. When secrets become disk-functional, they can be crippling for family interactions. In the article below we present some useful questions of the so-called circular approach to help professionals understand the function of the family mystery. Another tool used in family reconstruction is the reinterpretation of old stories. There are always several possible views of certain events. During a family reconstruction interpretations of certain events that causes blockages and withholds people from reconciliation or keep them in painful experiences, a discovery of new interpretation is possible. The experience remains, but the individual interpretation is changed. In those following, the article presents three examples of the application of family reconstruction in pastoral care and pastoral education. First the possibilities of training and advanced training in special pastoral care is presented. One of the core questions lie in the choice of the individual for the special field. For education and training is indispensable that the family roots of such job choices be identified. Secondly a job-related application of family reconstruction comes detailed. Third a reconstruction approach in intercultural and therapeutic pastoral care is presented. Repatriate families often experience an identity crisis in their new environment that can be so severe that they require psychiatric treatment. In such cases, there are good experience in therapeutic pastoral care with a longer family reconstruction.

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A GYERMEKBIBLIA-KUTATÁS LEGJELENTŐSEBB EREDMÉNYEI

Author(s): Dávid Németh / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2018

The Most Significant Results of the Research on Children’s Bibles. About twenty years ago, Children’s Bibles gained special attention in the field of Religious Education. Since then there has been active research in this field. The historical investigations have revealed a great amount of data unknown before. This study presents the case of the Hübner Bible in Hungary. There has been research concerning the theological and pedagogical aspects based on which the selection of the Biblical stories was made, research about the theological and didactical aspects of the narrative style and also the developmental psychological aptitude on the receiver side that has to be taken into consideration. The types of changes and distortions that differentiate the texts of the Children’s Bibles from the original are also discussed in the study. The quality and the function of the illustrations are also a subject of investigation. Here again the needs and the characteristics of the age group of the children who use the Children’s Bibles is a significant aspect.

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SZUBJEKTÍV REALITÁSUNK FORMÁLÁSÁNAK ÉS CÉLJAINK ELÉRÉSÉNEK ÚJ ASPEKTUSAI: A KVANTUMFIZIKA, PSZICHOLÓGIA ÉS A TEOLÓGIA TALÁLKOZÁSA

Author(s): Mónika Krasznay / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2018

New Aspects of the Forming of Our Subjective Reality and Aiming Our Goals: the Encounter of Quantum Physics, Psychology and Theology. We intend to deal with the area of the new science of the 20th century, about the world and human consciousness, and revolutionary new statements about the possibilities of interaction of them which theories and discoveries are also relevant to the theology. The findings were emerged by quantum physics place our existing knowledge about world, human conscience in entirely new lightning, pointing to the possibilities of forming our life more consciously, and the responsibility of human in relation to his life. For theology, pastoral psychology it inevitably raises questions of prayer, meditation, contemplation, the narrower and broader sense of faith, faith and belief systems, desires, goals to achieve mental, psychological (thoughts, visualization, self-emptying) aspects.

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PREDIGTGOTTESDIENST UND REFORMATION ERWÄGUNGEN ZUR GOTTESDIENSTPRAXIS DER REFORMATIONSZEIT

Author(s): Ferenc Pap / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2018

Preaching Service and Reformation Considerations on Worship Practice of the Reformation. This study deals with the origins, roots and theological significance of worship practice and preaching service of the Reformation. Preaching is regarded as the chief duty and the most important symbol of the Reformation. Preaching service is rooted in the Christian liturgical tradition. Preachers and priests had to teach the people the basics of Christian faith (Lord’s prayer, Ave Maria, Credo, Decalogue) in the vernacular according to the orders of Charlemagne. Preaching service had been gradually isolated from the mass (liturgy) before the Reformation. In the Upper German Region, the independent preaching service was called “Pronaus” derived from Latin “praeconium”, and from French “prône”. “Pronaus” was practiced in various ways. There were no uniformed regulations on how to perform the preaching service. Reformation originally aimed at unifying preaching service and Eucharist (celebration of Lord’s supper). This intention has failed as well as the celebration of the Lord’s supper every Sunday.

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DOBOS JÁNOS PRÉDIKÁCIÓS JEGYZÉKÉNEK KIEGÉSZÍTÉSE

Author(s): Szabolcs Szetey / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2018

Additions to the Sermon List of János Dobos. János Dobos (1804–1887) was one of the most determining figures of the Hungarian Reformed Church in the 19th century. Places of his pastoral service were: Lovasberény, Óbuda, Kömlőd, Pécel, Tóthfalu (Tahitótfalu), Cegléd. It is especially rare that his more than 500 original handwritten sermons remained in the Ráday Archive of the Reformed Church, Budapest. In 2007, I began to deal with the life and preaching legacy of János Dobos. During the processing of the preaching legacy, it was found that not only the Ráday Archive, but also the Reformed Library of Debrecen has original autograph manuscripts. In addition to the original manuscripts, I found copies in various libraries and collections. I also searched and collected the printed sermons of János Dobos. In 2012, the results of the research were presented in a book about János Dobos. In April 2017, I found two further original handwritten sermons of János Dobos in Cluj, in the Library of the Protestant Theological Institute of Kolozsvár, after 2012 one original manuscript in Budapest, and six other sermons in print in various books and periodicals. This study presents the nine new discovered sermons as additions to the sermon list of János Dobos.

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ISTEN KERTÉSZE – A VALLÁSTANÁR SZEMÉLYE

Author(s): Sarolta Püsök / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2018

God’s Gardener – the Character of the Religion Teacher. This topic is always an actual issue, every generation has to reconsider it. The present study tries to integrate and enumerate the relevant Hungarian Reformed literature referring to the subject. The most precious tool/instrument: In the religious education the relationship be-tween the Holy Spirit, the pupil and the teacher is very significant. The latter acts like an important tool in God’s hand, playing a key role when it comes to answering the existential questions of the pupils. Two-sided approach: The religion teacher does not simply provide information through lessons, they encourage the right perception of God and the relationship with Him, thus their personal relationship with Him should be transparent, and loving kindness should describe how they treat children. “We are visible... we are being tracked, followed.” This subtitle is a quote referring to the exemplariness of the religion teachers. In an era of paradigm crisis this problem gets even more complex, what kind of patterns and ideals does a Christian school provide? The religion teacher should act like an ideal, an example which is authentic, honest and can admit their own failures. The two secrets of a good educationist: self-understanding and self-identity. Being a good teacher requires profound self-understanding viewing their past, and conscious self-development in the future, Christian 4 dimensional growth . Conclusion. The attitude of a religion teacher influences the social status of the church and judgment of the whole Christian community through the pupils. Devoted, committed teachers can make their work fruitful if they engage lifelong learning, while they teach they constantly acquire new knowledge and skills.

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Иконографска програма на стенописите в апсидата на църквите в България от XI-XII в

Author(s): Luben Domozetski / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2017

The article deals with the extant murals of the eleventh and the twelfth centuries within the lands of what is now Bulgaria. In those two centauries, Bulgaria was under the Byzantines. The monuments under consideration are: the Church of St Demetrios, the village of Patalenitsa; the Church of St Michael the Archangel/of the Holy Archangels, the town of Rila; the Church of St George, Kolusha, Kyustendil; Boyana Church and the ossuary of the Monastery of Bachkovo. Representations in the apse conch are extant only in Bachkovo ossuary: there are fragments of a representation of the Most Holy Mother of God and Child with two archangels and a Deesis in the crypt. The article deals mainly with the iconography of images of hierarchs in the lower registers of the apse. In two instances (Patalenitsa and Rila), frontal images of hierarchs are extant, which suggests earlier dating to the murals. Presentation of portraits in imitations of frames was another version. The church of the ossuary at the Monastery of Bachkovo features officiating hierarchs, with a probable representation of the Hetoimasia in the centre. Murals of the twelfth century, demonstrating the earliest extant representation of Christ the Holy Lamb in the middle of the apse, occur at the apse of Boyana church. An interesting iconographic version of the Holy Vernicle is depicted at the Church of St Michael the Archangel/of the Holy Archangels in the town of Rila. The Holy Vernicle has probably featured a representation of Christ the High Priest and along with framed portraits of the disciples flanking the Holy Vernicle, a composition of the Communion of the Apostles has symbolically been represented.

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