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Reč slovenskej mládeže žijúcej na Slovensku, v Maďarsku, Chorvátsku a Srbsku v reflexii výskumu

Author(s): Mária Homišinová,Jozef Výrost / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2015

The article presents two internationally orientated scientific projects. The projects, which refer to each other, are focused on language-communication behaviour of Slovak youth in the situational context of the intraethnic use of spoken Slovak in Hungary, Croatia and Serbia. It offers a general as well as a detailed view of the issue of socio-ethnic and linguistic situation of the Slovaks living in Slovakia and abroad. The structure of the contribution consists of: connections between the language, ethnic minorities and overall globalization; protection of the Slovak language used abroad; the language protection legislation; the overall view of the Slovaks representation in the world and the characterization of Slovaks in Serbia and Croatia; a brief characterization of the research projects; the importance of the complex language study.

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Jazyková komunikácia Slovákov v Chorvátsku a Srbsku

Author(s): Miroslav Dudok / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2015

The article describes the Slovak language enclave and diaspora in Croatia and Serbia. It briefly describes the history of the Slovak settlement process and the recent demographic development of the Slovak minority in Croatia and Serbia. The central attention of the article focuses on the communication vectors, the language situation and linguistic characteristics of the Slovak language enclave and diaspora in these countries. Finally, the article states the basic common and different characters of the Slovak language communication in Croatia and Serbian Vojvodina.

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Mýtus o husitsko-evanjelickej kontinuite

Author(s): Martin Braxatoris / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2021

The article focuses on the structure and functions of the myth of the Hussite origin of (a part of) Slovak protestants. The narrative, based on claims of late Middle Ages historians, started gaining momentum in the 18th century and fully developed in the 19th century literary production (especially in the works of Pavol Jozef Šafárik, Samuel Tomášik, several representatives of Romanticism and, later, in the writing of Ladislav Pauliny and Július Botto). During the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries, its elements were dismantled on historical, linguistic, architectural and liturgical grounds. Those who contributed to the deconstruction of the myth included František Palacký, Jan Koula, Emil Edgar-Kratochvíl, Pavol Križko or Jozef Škultéty. The work of Branislav Varsik marked a significant break in the dismantling of the fictitious origins of Slovak protestant community. Once the mythological character of the narrative was revealed, it became accessible to analysis from the point of view of mythology, poetics and rituals. Its structure contains such features as separation phase, mythical trials, death, revival and gaining the prize – mythical wedding and settling in the “promised” land. The narrative helps form and maintain a new collective identity: it is invested with explanatory and consecrating functions and serves as a legitimising argument for the identity, religious rituals and cultural customs of the protestant community.

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Komu patrí Mikuláš Šubić Zrínsky? (K inšpiračným zdrojom a ideovej koncepcii historického eposu Andreja Sládkoviča Gróf Mikuláš Šubić Zrínsky na Sihoti)

Author(s): Ingrid Papp / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2021

Accounts of the character and deeds of Nikola IV Zrinski (1508 – 1566) who became renowned for preventing the fall of Szigetvár in 1566 and of the work and life of his great-grandson Nikola VII Zrinski (1620 – 1664), a 17th-century baroque poet, had long played central roles in the building of national awareness and political ideology in Hungary. The Slavic inhabitants of the Kingdom of Hungary were familiar with the general who fought against the Ottoman Empire since the 16th century, but in the 19th century, in the context of the idea of Slavic mutuality and Pan-Slavism, this historical figure became more important. In 1866, Andrej Sládkovič (1820 – 1872) wrote a historical epic Gróf Mikuláš Šubić Zrínsky na Sihoti [Count Nikola Šubić Zrinski at Sziget] in which he described Zrinski’s heroic deeds from the perspective of Pan-Slavic identity in detail. He drew on Ján Kollár’s sonnet “My sme dali Uhrům Zríniho” [We gave Zrinski to the Hungarians] included in his Slávy dcera ([The daughter of Sláva] final version published in 1852). The sonnet asserts that the Slavs left Zrinski to the Hungarians, just like they left Ján Hus to the Germans and Nicolaus Copernicus to the Italians and that they also gave up Zrinski’s legacy. In his epic poem, with the help of the poetry of his grandson, he returned Zrinski to the Slavic Pantheon.

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Osvietenstvo a klasicizmus v diele Juraja Rohoňa

Author(s): Michal Babiak / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 5/2023

The poet, national revivalist, folk songs collector, and evangelical pastor Juraj Rohoň (1773 – 1831) was active among Slovaks inhabiting the area of today’s Serbian Vojvodina from 1795 until his death. His literary activity can be reflected in several ways: he was a poet in the Classicist style, author of texts aimed at defending and highlighting the contribution of Slovaks to the social and national life in Hungary, and he also made a significant contribution to the collecting of Slovak folk songs for Ján Kollár’s project Národnie spievanky [National songs]. In all of Rohoň’s works one can find echoes of Enlightenment views and 18th century Enlightenment philosophy. The article analyses the relationship between the impulses of Enlightenment ideas and the literary works in which these impulses resonate and points to the overlap of the tendencies in question towards pre-Romanticism, focusing on works that highlight the category of the nation and also on the question of the historical development and presence of Slovaks/Slavs in history.

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Janko Kráľ v komemoratívnej praxi 20. storočia

Author(s): Dana Hučková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 5/2023

In the culture of remembrance concerning the authors of Slovak Romantic literature, the poet Janko Kráľ (1822 – 1876) holds a distinctive position. Even though his oeuvre was not published in book form during his life and his last resting place remains unknown, since the 1920, his name and literary heritage have been gradually gaining a stable position in the Slovak literature as an independent topos. Mechanisms of the creation of literary representations of Janko Kráľ in which the character of references also depended on the choice of the genre can be defined as a process in several stages: rescuing the poet from oblivion (Vladimír Roy – poem dedicated to the centenary of the poet’s death, 1922) interpretation (Štefan Krčméry – speech at the unveiling of the memorial plaque on the house in which J. Kráľ was born, 1924), updating (Laco Novomeský – review of the volume Ňeznáme básňe Janka Kráľa [Janko Kráľ’s unknown poems], 1938), ideological narratives (speeches at the transfer of the remains of the poet to the national cemetery in Martin, 1940) – inspiration (Milan Rúfus, interpretive essay, 1976). These examples of remembrance practice connected with J. Kráľ outline the processes of familiarisation and canonisation. The transformations are reactions to the period social contexts, but also reflect the dynamics of cultural memory.

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Medzi Slovenskom, Juhosláviou a Srbskom – obraz vojvodinskej slovenskej komunity v slovenských a srbských politických naráciách v 19. – 21. storočí

Author(s): Juraj Marušiak,Sanja Zlatanović / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 6/2023

The article examines the dynamics of the formation of the image of the Slovak community in Vojvodina in Slovak and Serbian political narratives from the 19th century to the present. It focuses on how its differences manifest in the (Czecho-)Slovak and Yugoslav (Serbian) context. The first part of the article explores the nationalising processes among the members of the Slovak community in present-day Vojvodina from the 19th century till the dissolution of the Habsburg Empire. The following parts are devoted to the position of the Slovak minority in Vojvodina in the conditions of the Yugoslav state in the interwar period, as well as its relations with the Czechoslovak Republic. The article also deals with the position of this community during the Second World War, in socialist Yugoslavia and after its dissolution in the early 1990s in the context of inter-state relations, but also the dynamics of intra-ethnic interactions. The paper draws on the symbolic interactionism approach, i.e. the shaping of mutual perceptions along and across ethnic boundaries and through intra-ethnic integration and differentiation practices.

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Mýtický naratív sťahovania a domova v slovenskej vojvodinskej literatúre

Author(s): Zuzana Čížiková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 6/2023

Even though the historical narrative of the (mythical) migration of Slovaks to the Vojvodina (the so called Dolná zem – “Low Land”) and the founding of a new home is based on historical facts, it contains a range of relatively stable elements of a transnationally shared myth of the search for a promised land. This myth represents one of the key memories of the Slovak minority in Serbia, shaped and maintained across time, which contributed to the creation of national unity, a distinct image, and a specific Slovak identity. The paper primarily examines qualitatively varying literary texts in Vojvodina Slovak literature of the 20th century in which this myth and related thematic and expressive means dominate. These thematic and motivic paradigms include motifs of migration, flatland, land, building a house, ancestors, and others, often portrayed in comparison to what things were like in the old homeland. These, through systematic repetition in many works of fiction and non-fiction, contributed to the construction of the myth of the promised land and the finding of a second homeland which became part of the collective memory of Vojvodina Slovaks. In this sense, one can also speak of the historical and cultural memory of the Vojvodina Slovak ethnic group and the building of a distinctive Vojvodina – “Lowland” – Slovak identity.

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Dve ukážky funerálnej kultúry zo srbskej Vojvodiny

Author(s): Erika Brtáňová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 6/2023

In the “lowland” environment, within the territory of present-day Serbian Vojvodina, remarkable literary texts associated with the contemporary funeral culture emerged in the 19th century. The first example is the mourning poem by Juraj Rohoň (1773 – 1831), which he wrote during his time in Hložany and delivered at the funeral of Senior Ondrej Stehla in February 1818. This manuscript composition is evidence of an elegiac genre adapted to the church environment, characterized by classicist elevation and imagery. The first collection of funeral speeches composed by Slovak Evangelical preacher Ján Kutlík senior (1806 – 1890), published as Pohřebník aneb Kázně a řečí pohřební ([The mourner or Funeral sermons and speeches], 1852), was also written in Vojvodina. Kutlík worked as a teacher and later a preacher in Stara Pazova, where he likely began conceptualising his first funeral speeches, which became the basis for the collection he published in Sarvaš. In his model speeches addressed to young preachers, he emphasises spiritual counselling and consolation for the bereaved. Through presented insights into education, enlightenment, patriotism, and the composition of sermons, Kutlík’s preaching shares many commonalities with the preaching of Ján Kollár.

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Pre lásku lacanovskú (a básnickú): Feminizmy, psychoanalýza a básnický výskum subjektu a tela v debute Nóry Ružičkovej Mikronauti

Author(s): Ivana Hostová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2024

The essay provides a new reading of the debut collection of poems by the experimental poet and conceptual artist Nóra Ružičková (b. 1977). After outlining the way the feminist thought entered Slovak academic and literary discourse in the 1990s, the article conducts a Lacanian reading of chosen elements of the poet’s first collection of poems Mikronauti ([Micronauts] 1998). The essay starts from a reading of several of Ružičková’s poems published in the Slovak (and Czech) feminist periodical Aspekt (1993 – 2004) in 1997 and then moves on to discussing the way the collection was read through the prism of feminist theory (Hélène Cixous and her concept of écriture féminine). The article then provides a close reading of a poem addressing the issue of women’s writing. The last section of the essay discusses the research of the body and the subject with regards to interiority and exteriority and the visual means of expression in Lacan (topology) and Ružičková who also illustrated her collection of poems. In its concluding remarks, the essay proposes to conceptualise Ružičková’s writing as research-based poetry.

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Umiestnenie každej častice je len dočasné. Procesuálnosť v poézii Kataríny Kucbelovej

Author(s): Viliam Nádaskay / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3/2024

The article focuses on the second book of poetry by Katarína Kucbelová (b. 1979) Šport ([Sport] 2006). The collection portrays the world as an ongoing process which transforms everything – living and inanimate, abstract and concrete. The processual character of the world in Sport focuses specifically on the body. The reading outlined in the article handles processuality in connection with themes, motifs, and philosophy of life, deriving the essential points of thinking about corporeality from phenomenology. Since Kucbelová’s poetry often refers to the principles of visual and conceptual art, a similar interpretive procedure can be applied to the reading of her writing: her poems connote various spheres of life and in the creative process, she combines these into a more or less unified thought world. Interpretive directions thus variously rely on the idea of processuality and develop it artistically: these encompass such areas as conceptual art, phenomenology, meditation, biology, or somatic aesthetics. Broadly, these insights can be applied to the author’s first three books of poetry, which can be laboriously described as a processual trilogy, since they all manifest an approach to the various spheres of life as processes.

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Kulturelles im Tirnauer Wochenblatt

Author(s): Georg Schuppener / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2024

The article deals with the role of cultural reporting in the Tirnauer Wochenblatt weekly, which was first published in German and later in Hungarian (as Nagyszombati Hetilap) in the Slovak town of Trnava between 1869 and 1918. For this purpose, the article analyses its 13th volume published in 1881 as an example. In analysing the content, four thematic areas of focus in the cultural coverage can be identified: theatre, music, literature, and other aspects of cultural life. The newspaper lacked a separate section devoted to culture and a closer examination of the German-language section of the newspaper reveals that the relevant texts largely focused on the local area. The high importance of theatrical performances is evident from the frequent reports. The same applies to musical events. Literature – apart from the publication of serialised novels in the Illustriertes Sonntagsblatt supplement – receives little attention. Superregional themes only appear in the case of special events or events somehow connected with the region. The newspaper provides a lot of information on the important role of the associations in the cultural life of the city.

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„Wenn ich in Wien sein könnte!“ Der Briefwechsel zwischen Elsa Grailich und Auguste Fickert

Author(s): Jozef Tancer / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2024

The article examines the correspondence between Viennese women’s rights activist and editor of the monthly magazine Neues Frauenleben Auguste Fickert (1855 – 1910) and Pressburg journalist Elsa Grailich (1880 – 1969), shedding light on the lesser-known Grailich’s role. Their letters, spanning 1907 to 1910, reveal the early phase of the bourgeois women’s movement in Pressburg and the strategic communication between the capital and the periphery. Grailich’s involvement in the women’s and labour movements shaped her intellectual development and social engagement, particularly in maternity protection and proletarian issues. Her critique of local conditions, including chauvinism and clericalism, highlights the challenges faced in realizing progressive ideas. Despite frustrations, the correspondence provided vital moral support, blurring the lines between private and professional spheres. Grailich’s life and work offer a fascinating glimpse into local and superregional contexts of the women’s movement.

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Briefe an eine Dame oder Karl Weiß-Schrattenthal in der Preßburger Zeitung

Author(s): Ivana Zolcerová / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2024

The article focuses on the publishing activity of Karl Weiß-Schrattenthal (1846 – 1938) and the perception of his personality in the Bratislava German newspaper Preßburger Zeitung. He spent more than half of his life in Pressburg, later Bratislava (1886 – 1938), where he worked as a teacher at a higher real school. German-language literature of his times was his profession and hobby, he wrote poems, novellas, and short stories. He also devoted himself to literary criticism and especially to literature written by women. He regarded criticism as a tool of possible improvement for the author. Apart from reviews, he promoted authors in articles in the press and also by publishing collections of their poems. The paper takes a closer look at two series of feuilletons published under similar titles before and after the First World War (Literárne listy pre jednu prešporskú dámu [Literary Letters to a Lady of Pressburg], 1886, Listy pre tunajšiu dámu [Letters to a Local Lady], 1919 – 1924). On the basis of these, the author examines what content K. Weiß-Schrattenthal addressed to his fellow citizens, as well as how his texts changed after the establishment of the 1st Czechoslovak Republic. The paper also analyses the articles in the Preßburger Zeitung which concerned his personality and shaped the image of him.

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Künstlerische Interpretationsperspektiven in der slowakischen Kulturlandschaft: Das Fallbeispiel Irena Brežná

Author(s): Adriana Schwarzbacher / Language(s): German Issue: 4/2024

The article documents the reception of the literary work of Irena Brežná (b. 1950), a Slovak-Swiss writer, journalist, and active feminist who writes in the German language. It focuses on the perception of her work in the Slovak cultural milieu, discussing in particular the translations of her books and analysing the theatrical adaptations of her novels Najlepší zo všetkých svetov ([The best of all worlds] 2009) and Nevďačná cudzinka ([The Thankless Foreigner] 2014, 2016), as well as the dramatisation of the text List môjmu čiernemu synovi ([Letter to my black son] 1988). In addition, it analyses the themes that the selected adaptations deal with and the levels of meaning that are implied in them in the context of the current social climate. Central here is the documentary Profesionálna cudzinka ([Professional stranger] 2016) by the director and theatre scholar Anna Grusková, which, through the interconnection of the private, professional and artistic life of I. Brežná paints a complex picture of her personality. Themes of physical and internal (e)migration, otherness, and the relationship to languages come to the fore.

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Medzi totožným a rôznorodým v súčasnom literárnovednom výskume

Author(s): Ivana Taranenková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 5/2024

The article offers a methodological reflection on the trends that have shaped literary historical research from the postmodern cultural turn in the late 20th century to the present. It maps and analyses postmodern tendencies that have challenged the model of literatures based on the principle of homogeneous and unified identity, emphasised hybridity and syncretism, and shifted attention from the centre of cultures to their peripheries. However, it becomes evident that similar strategies inherent in the previously rejected cultural models – such as the construction of a unified identity and the projection of a teleological, emancipatory trajectory – are also present here. The paper highlights contemporary initiatives that correct these approaches and conceptualise new relations between diversity and homogeneity and centre – periphery dichotomy. The article also applies these processes to the study of Slovak literature conceptualised as a “small” literature – an approach rooted in principles that the current cultural paradigm views with scepticism. Drawing on the methodological impulses of Yuri M. Lotman’s theory of culture, the paper points to the potential of a methodological starting point that accepts the processual nature of identity, as well as the dynamic character of the centre and periphery of cultures. Thus, the processes shaping both culture and the history of literature as its “institutionalized discourse” (Galin Tihanov) aim for a unified identity as an ideal, yet are fundamentally rooted in diversity and pluralistic movements.

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Literárne podoby Slovenského národného povstania v prvej povojnovej dekáde

Author(s): Marína Zavacká / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 5/2024

The study examines literary depictions of the Slovak National Uprising (1944) in the post-war period and in the years of stabilisation of the emerging communist regime. Special attention is paid to works intended for children and youth that used the adventurous themes of the Uprising to convey current interpretations of recent events, role models, ideals, and norms. It illustrates how individual heroic cults evolved and transformed against the backdrop of the central narrative leading to victory. In this context, it also highlights the emergence of texts written while the war was still ongoing. Through a comparative study of textual modifications in reissued literary works, it documents the gradual shaping of the official narrative of public memory regarding the Uprising, including elements that were subject to censorship. It also highlights how authors employed uprising themes to actively demonstrate their conformity and loyalty to the new political regime. Despite its apparent outward rigidity, the theme of the Uprising provided many authors with a relatively wide field for influencing public discourse and also for advancing their individual or group interests.

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Genéza prekladov nacistickej lyriky v časopise Slovenské pohľady. Príspevok k objasneniu ideologických vplyvov na oblasť literatúry počas Slovenského štátu

Author(s): Miloslav Szabó / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 5/2024

The paper focuses on the reconstruction of the circumstances and influences that led to the publication of Slovak translations of Nazi poetry in the literary magazine Slovenské pohľady during the period of the Slovak state (1939 – 1945). Firstly, it analyses the controversial work of Stanislav Mečiar (1910 – 1971), editor of this traditional periodical, and re-evaluates previous research that either negatively generalized ideological influences on his activities by accusing him of collaboration, or, conversely, defended his actions as being in the national interest. To overcome this polarisation, the article clarifies the work of S. Mečiar as a radical ideologue of “Slovak National Socialism”, who, in addition to his activities in the structures of the national cultural institution Slovak Matica, was also active in the paramilitary organisation Hlinka Guard. Although S. Mečiar did not entirely close the magazine off to diverse perspectives, his personal ideological orientation had a significant influence on its direction. This was reflected in the substantial space the editor allocated to overtly ideological texts and in his collaboration with the group of poets known as Catholic modernists. The attempts to politicise literature and religion, and their limits, can be reconstructed through the example of translations of German poetry.

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Prvky literárneho agrarizmu a utopizmu v románe Mila Urbana Hmly na úsvite

Author(s): Tamara Janecová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 5/2024

The aim of the article is to analyse the elements of literary agrarianism in the novel Mists at dawn (1930) by Milo Urban (1904 – 1982). Typical elements of literary agrarianism include the idealisation of the peasant life, the mythologising of the land and agricultural work, nationalism, the relationship between humanity and nature, the contrast between town and village, and the individualism of the peasant. An analysis of these elements reveals the broader socio-political and cultural context of Urban’s novel, highlighting its ties to literary ruralism, the Heimatroman genre familiar in German-language literature, and both communist and radical nationalist visions of the “new world” and the “new man.” The article places special emphasis on the novel’s utopian elements, particularly in the depiction of Adam Hlavaj’s home environment. Utopianism is represented through such typical attributes as liminality, exclusivity, otherness, and creativity. In addition to its literary aspects, the work is also interpreted as a source reflecting a certain stage in the development of Milo Urban’s worldview. The footnotes to the article enrich the interpretation with annotated excerpts from Urban’s journalism, which explore the same themes and ideas found in the novel.

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Към историята на библейските фразеологизми

Author(s): Vanya Micheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 02/2024

The subject of our study is precisely the understanding of how the memory of someone disappears in the history of Bulgarian literature and how the nomination of this process change from the Old Bulgarian language to today. In the Old Bulgarian translation of the Bible we see two frazeologisms: погNoбити / потрѣбити памѧть and погыбнеть памѧть кого. But in modern dictionaries, these colocations are not presented as idiomatic phrases. Data from the history of the literary Bulgarian language provide a basis for their lexicography. In this way, part of the Cyril and Methodius written heritage, preserved in the Bible, will be updated.

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