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До многих неспоразума и потешкоћа долази у Југославији услед непознаванја ствари и прилика. Овамо спада, како ми се чини и питање словеначког језика. Пристајем уз израз словеначки, премда сами Словенци говоре словенски јер држим да је најзгодније да проводимо што више можемо и свуда правилне облике: југословенски, Јужни Словени, и Словени уопће, место Славени.
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Nigde, možda, u ovo poslednje vreme, nisu snovi i iščekivanja, melankolične i razboljene Evrope dosegli vrškove paradoksalnosti i grotesknosti kao na stranama Papinijeva ≫Goga≪. Nema sumnje, medju retcima ove Papinijeve sintetičke smotre svih skretanja u levo i u desno evropskih duhovnih napora i nastojanja izražena je na j fatalni je sudbina stoleća. Ma šta kazali strastveni krstonosci jednog prividno uskrsnulog neoskolasticizma, koji veruju da se svet mora po svaku cenu da zaustavi, i da su kaprise duha — i onda kad su one pozitivni preokretaj i ili konkretna razuverenja — samo fiktivna i tendencijozna prividjenja izvesnih priroda koje neće da vide, niti osećaju koliko je istina daleka, i koliko je osvojenje istine problem boli, ispaštanja, i napora.
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When it comes to language, it’s not just the grammatical structure and the literal meaning of words that matter. The way a predicate imposes inferences on its propositional arguments is crucial to understanding the true meaning of a message. However, these inferences are influenced by many factors, such as prosody, world knowledge, speakers’ expectations regarding language use, situational stereotypes, and other implicit or contextual elements. In this paper, we examine the inferential status of the verbs referred to by Karttunen as “implicative verbs”. On the one hand, two-way implicative verbs, and on the other, one-way implicative verbs. The latter have been little studied from this perspective. This will lead us to highlight the fundamental role, too often forgotten, of prosody and focus/theme in this type of analysis and in determining the inferential status of predicates. Our analyses show that, once prosody has been considered, the classification of theoretically possible verb inferences accepted until now needs to be modified. We do not have 4 groups of one-way implicative verbs, as has been argued, but 2, namely the groups: [+/+/– // –/–] [affirmed > true or false // denied > false] of the type etre capable, pouvoir and [+/+/– // –/+] [affirmed > true or false // denied > true] of the type hesiter a. The remaining two groups, considered as distinct and autonomous one-way implicative verbs with the suggested characteristics: [+ + // – +/–] [affirmed > true // denied > true or false] of the type forcer to and [+ – // – +/–] [affirmed > false // denied > true or false] of the type refuser de, belong to the canonical groups of two-way implicative verbs, respectively: forcer a to the group of verbs of the type reussir a: [+/+ // –/–] [affirmed > true // denied > false] and refuser de to the group of verbs of the type oublier de: [+/– // –/+][affirmed > false // denied > true]. Naturally, this classification differentiation, important as it is, only reflects the different behaviour of certain types of predicate, and this is the most important element of these analyses with a view to automating the recognition of predicate inferences.
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The dynamic increase in user-generated content on the web presents significant challenges in protecting Internet users from exposure to offensive material, such as cyberbullying and hate speech, while also minimizing the spread of wrongful conduct. However, designing automated detection models for such offensive content remains complex, particularly in languages with limited publicly available data. To address this issue, our research collaborates with the Wykop.pl web service to fine-tune a model using genuinecontent that has been banned by professional moderators. In this paper, we focus on the Polish language and discuss the notion of datasets and annotation frameworks, presenting our stylometric analysis of Wykop.pl content to identify morpho-syntactic structures that are commonly applied incyberbullying and hate speech. By doing so, we contribute to the ongoing discussion on offensive language and hate speech in sociolinguistic studies, emphasizing the need to consider user-generated online content.
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The extent to which the value systems of different cultures influence each other is one of the most important issues in intercultural communication today, as it is closely related to the understanding and acceptance of the Other. Each of the existing cultures has its own value model created by it. The core of this model is formed by the most ancient layers of language, its root basis. Any value that emerged on the philosophical-religious stratum of culture is encoded with linguistic meanings. These codes form the value core of culture. The paper deals with the extent to which the value codes of one culture influence the codes of another culture. Different value models of cultures are proposed and considered and the role of language in creating their value core is shown.
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With English functioning as a lingua franca in the academic world, many non-Anglophone scholars wish to publish their articles in English-medium international journals and seek professional assistance with translating them into English. Translators facing this task may encounter several issues stemming from cross-cultural differences in the style and structure of academic texts. While linguistic errors alone rarely result in rejections, deviations from Anglo–American conventions in scientific writing may even lead to the reviewers questioning the author’s competence as a scientist. For example, there are significant differences between two intellectual traditions: Teutonic, which has influenced the Polish style of academic communication, and Saxonic, which has shaped Anglo–American standards. As a result,introductions written by Polish scholars often do not meet the requirements of English-medium international journals. This may inadvertently place Polish authors in a disadvantaged position.It is therefore important that translators should know how to approach these differences when they encounter them. Drawing on existing literature, this paper calls for an inquiry into the role of the translator in these circumstances, including the scope of their responsibilities and strategies for dealing with potential problems.
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This article aims to make a contribution to typological semantics presenting the patterns of semantic development attested in Ancient Greek. The etymology of 22 word families meaning ‘fear’ and occurring in Ancient Greek has been examined and classified, according to their original semantics, into 11 groups belonging to six semantic fields. The etymological analysis outlines six large groups in terms of semantic development based mainly on metonymy. The contextual analysis of the uses of the words denoting fear shows that in Ancient Greek, most lexemes do not just indicate the emotion of fear but also contain a semantic component linked to a physical symptom or reaction.
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This article considers the language characteristics of the Megleno-Romanian dialect, using texts recorded by a speaker from Gevgelija (Huma), North Macedonia. The texts were collected during an ethnolinguistic survey while studying funeral and memorial rites among the East-Romanian communities of Macedonia, including the Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians. The Megleno-Romanian recordings have significant linguistic value. Given the fact that Megleno-Romanian is on the verge of extinction, it is important to gather data from the few speakers in order to document the state of the idiom today and compare it with the earlier studies. This article also includes a small comparative component: the collected Megleno-Romanian data is analysed and compared with the neighbouring Aromanian dialects and the Romanian language.
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The article deals with the role of autobiographical writings of women intellectuals and their depiction of the post-war transitions, and focuses on the conflict between the object and the technique of narration in a narrative of unresolved trauma. The study is based on the memoirs of Ukrainian journalist and scholar Nadiya Surovtsova about her unjustified arrest and 27-year stay in prisons, camps and exile. The peculiarity of these memoirs is that they were written in the USSR, when the author was under the supervision of repressive authorities. Writing memoirs was supposed to help Surovtsova forget the Gulag’s experience and create a less traumatic version of her past, for herself and for the ideological society that refused to discuss the crimes of the authorities. The circumstances of the constant threat of new repressions prevented the creation of a logical and consecutive narrative. That is why the narration is characterized by fragmentation, internal contradictions, omissions, metaphors, and euphemisms. The article considers how the themes of 1) a falsely accused communist and 2) womenʼs experience are developing and conflicting in the second part of her memoirs (titled “On the Other Side”). The general strategy of Surovtsovaʼs writing is silencing the most annoying moments. Omitting crimes and brutality, Surovtsova was trying to forget them and write a better story of her past. In the last part of the memoirs, she rejects euphemisms and omissions, regains the ability to talk about authentic experiences and testifies not only about prison crimes but also about the theft of her life and opportunity of self-realisation. The case of Nadiya Surovtsova’s Memoirs demonstrates how the ideological pressure and patriarchal prejudices about what is worth telling from a womanʼs life caused the traumatic physical and emotional experiences to be a realm of the unspoken and how it needs to be read, decoding the story from contradictions and omissions.
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The study underscores the conversions in violence concepts textualized in eight Hungarian-speaking peasant women’s life narratives. By addressing the central questions of violence against peasant women, the examination provides a path toward including the rural as a geographic and socio-cultural dimension in the studies of women’s writing. In this corpus of marginalized counter-histories, two main types of abuse were scrutinised: sexual and physical violence against wives. Breaking with the social and community norms, these rural women textualized and publicized their stories of abuse and moved beyond the stigmatizing efforts of patriarchal society. I examine these accounts of violence as coping strategies that transform former victims into actors. Based on the concepts of resilience and agency, I attempt to disentangle the stories of women who have experienced domestic violence from the framework of indescribability and shame by suggesting a possible approach beyond taboo and stigma.
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Departing from extended previous research on Romanian women’s Life Writing covering the Cold War and Romanian Communist dictatorship, the paper focuses on trauma and sexual intimidation within the context of political investigations and interrogatories described by female victims in their memoirs. The paper focuses on the manner in which trauma and more precisely sexual trauma is approached by these authors, with a special interest for their vocabulary options. The article discusses the perspective of Life Writing as documenting trauma for the generations to come but also as a discourse with a therapeutic function. Regarding sexual violence, language violence (verbal rape) and intimidation are mentioned by all the authors. In contrast to the violence of language suggested by the authors, these women authors, socialized in the interwar period, in the bourgeois environment, show a reluctance to talk about the body and sexual violence. Therefore, I am largely interested in the oblivions, gaps, omissions, silences but, at the same time, in the mechanisms through which the silenced and previously unheard voices of women, traditionally perceived as a “secondary people” or nation (Morar-Vulcu 2007), become more prominent in the last decade.
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Two elderly German women return with their daughter and niece to their former family home in Silesia (Poland), only to find the current Polish home owner along with her descendants. This is how the German film director Karin Kasper documents her own family history together with that of the Polish family installed in their farmhouse after the Second World War, in her movie Aber das Leben geht weiter [But Life Goes On], produced in 2010. I aim to analyze the representation of this exclusively feminine intergenerational and international encounter. Fueled mainly by the narratives of elderly people, but also by photographs and videos taken from the respective family archives, and, of course, by several recordings of the participants themselves as well as the house and the village where these reunions take place, this documentary’s objective is to preserve and share the memories of the older generation. Such memories stir up very painful facets of the history of the 20th century in Eastern Europe: Second World War, persecutions and forced displacements of Polish ethnics by Germans and Soviets, flight and expulsion of the Germans, etc. Which light do these exclusively feminine micro-histories shed on the historical facts? How are the traumatic experiences expressed even decades afterwards? Could it really be a question of resilience? What emotions arise from what is said, but also from silences and postures? What heritage of memory and post-memory has been transmitted to the next generations? More broadly, can this “film testimony” contribute to the German-Polish reconciliation? Such are the main questions to which I wish to respond.
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The paper deals with the standardization process of the regnal name of the new King Charles III in Czech. It documents the fact that leading Czech internet media at first referred to the new king in the original form, Charles III, but very soon began to call him Karel III, using the Czech form of the English name Charles. The paper places this process into the broader context of translating foreign personal names into Czech and investigates whether European Monarchs are usually referred to by their original names or a translated form of their names in contemporary written Czech (as evidenced by the SYN corpus series). The central focus of the paper lies in the hour-byhour detailed reconstruction of how it happened that the Czech internet media ceased quite suddenly to call the new king Charles III, beginning to call him Karel III. The paper proceeds to discuss this process in the context of language standardization theories, showing that although authorities (linguists, predominantly from the Czech Language Institute) explicitly refused to recommend (“from above”) either the original, or a translated variant of the name, internet media representatives interpreted their statements in favour of the translated version and started to call the new king Karel III in Czech.
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Challenged with the peculiarities of school learning in Lebanon and the orthographic complexities specific to French and Arabic, children face conditions requiring additional cognitive effort. Our objective is to study the link between executive functions (EF) (inhibition, working memory (WM), flexibility and planning) and spelling, in 180 bilingual children with typical development (TD) and with specific learning disorders (SLD), in Grades 2, 3, and 4. EF were assessed through the following tests: Image matching, Corsi, Numbers Backward, Opposite worlds, Categorization (Animal sorting), and LABY 5-12 tests. Spelling was assessed in both languages through sentence dictation. Our results show that all EF are more involved in Arabic than in French, being correlated with accuracy and speed of spelling in the entire population. This study clarifies the cognitive components underlying French and Arabic spelling, which are languages with many unique features, for better management of written language disorders.
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The article is based on research did in the National Archives of Ireland in June 2022 and it aims to portray the Romanian society seen through the Irish lenses, as it comes out from files preserved through indirect diplomatic connections because there were no official relations between the two nations in the 1940s and 1950s. The files identified cover interesting aspects of the Romanian society in relation to the Irish one reflected by three events: the aid received by the Ursuline Sisters of Sibiu from the Irish Red Cross, the visit of the Queen Mother of Romania, Queen Helen, welcomed in Ireland on a private visit and the match played by the Romanian youth football team against the Irish B team in Dublin. The attitude of the Irish public and officials ranges from suspicion on account of the undemocratic regime in Romania at the time to sympathy and acceptance shown to a small nation in distress.
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The article based on the comparative principle seeks to introduce to a wide audience two novels by Lithuanian writers Kęstutis Navakas (Vyno kopija [“The Wine Copy”], 2016) and Marius Ivaškevičius (Tomas Mūras, 2022), whose authors wish to reflect on the status of the artist in the current era of excess and prosperity. The myth of the artist began taking shape in the 19th century and remained at its height throughout the 20th century, even though art itself underwent many changes. Is the artist still the representative of the elite in society in a post-modern age, when the line between art and pop, between personality and promotional image is almost blurred? These are the questions the authors ask and try to answer, joining inevitably those European authors who placed the creative person at the centre of their fictional world over the last two centuries. Anyone who writes on this subject almost inevitably becomes an author of World literature, as we have understood it since Goethe. The study seeks to reveal the diversity of literary associations, sometimes unconsciously touched upon by the authors, and the tradition of the European novel in dealing with questions of art, man, and his meaning on Earth.
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My goal is to present the reception of several writings by Emil Staiger in the Bulgarian academic environment. Also – to pose a more general question – do approaches to these writings imply credibility? The publications I discuss are by Rossitza Dimtshewa, Nikola Georgiew, Atanas Natew.
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За драму Кућа Илића Радоје Радосављевић (1961) добио је престижну награду „Слободан Стојановић“ за најбољи драмски текст на конкурсу за 2020. годину. Жири у саставу Драгана Бошковић, Вукица Стругар и Срђан Кољевић једногласно је донео одлуку да Радосављевићеву драму Кућа Илића, која има поднаслов Драма о нестајању једне уметничке породице, прогласи најуспелијом.
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