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The reviewed work titled "The country of lyres and steel: Subjects, ideologies, models, myths and rituals in the culture of Czech Stalinism" (Prague: Academia, 2018) is an attempt to grasp official art production during the period of Stalinism (1948–1954) in Czechoslovakia from a new angle, that of literary history. Firstly, the author strives to properly capture and deal with the project of socialist realism and rehabilitate it as a distinctive art phenomenon, explicitly in opposition to simplifying sociological approaches. Secondly, he undertakes a semiotic analysis of specific works, emphasizing ideological meanings which form their poetics and world of fiction. In doing so, he draws inspiration mainly from approaches of Katerina Clark and Russian studies in the West in general. The reviewer analyzes in detail the author’s theoretical frameworks, terminological instruments and ideas that the later has formulated, and points at limitations resulting from the selected angle of view and at the bias in the argumentation against the “traditional” criticism of socialist realism as a product of power pressure. The reviewer admits that the monograph is a pioneer in the Czech context due to its captivation by the topic it deals with and in its commitment to historicize it. Insofar as its reception of the Russian studies in the West are concerned, it brings a number of impulses and shows the way to domestic research. Its core consists in meticulous interpretations of specific authors and works, which are authentic, sovereign and successful. On the other hand, the author’s suggestive rhetoric and obsession with general concepts prevail over interpretation logic and contribution to knowledge; in general, the attempt to grasp socialist realism from a new angle as an art and cultural phenomenon failed, as the method focusing solely on an analysis of text does not permit capturing its historical aspect.
More...Vítězslav Nezval a jeho poetika Moskvy
In August 1934, poet and writer Vítězslav Nezval (1900–1958), a leading personality of the Czechoslovak inter-war art avant-garde and also a member of the Communist party, visited Moscow as one of the Western guests invited to the founding congress of the Union of Soviet Writers; one year later, he published a prosaic-essayistic reflection of his visit under the title "The Invisible Moscow" (Neviditelná Moskva. Praha: F. Borový, 1935). The purpose of the present study approached from a semiotic angle is to obtain access to the intentional meaning of this specific testimony concealed behind a factual description of events and environments. The author first outlines a broader socio-political context consisting in an intensive interest of Western left-wing intellectuals in the Soviet Union between the world wars and, on the other hand, in systematic efforts of the Soviet leadership to make use of this potential for their own benefit. Nezval ranked among artists who felt a priori sympathies toward the Soviet social experiment, and they are clearly seen in his text, although he himself declared that his intention was not to provide a testimony about the Soviet “objective reality” which is what media reports or articles do. To understand Nezval’s work, the author believes it must be kept in mind that Nezval, while in the Soviet Union, was looking for, first and foremost, inspiration and connections with poetic and ideological principles he professed. Nezval’s cognitive method is intuition, free of any rational and critical reflections, and his creative principle is imagination, whose incarnation Nezval founds in surrealism. The reality around him serves as a matter for a distillation of experiences occurring in a dream mode. This allows him to overlook or willfully interpret various phenomena related, for example, to the repressive aspect of Stalin’s regime or the onerous everydayness of the Soviet Union’s citizens. The author sees the dominant feature of this dreamlike experience and the line connecting seemingly incompatible segments of reality into all-embracing lyrical intoxication in an erotic principle. Nezval is excited by Moscow as an object of bliss, as a source of sexual arousal. This principle is offered to him as a key enabling an individual to cross the boundary of individualism and blend into the society as a bridge between the eternity of sexual ecstasy and the eternity of the classless Communist society, thus promising the fulfillment of human utopias. The author provides an analysis of the text of "The Invisible Moscow" in support of his conclusions, and links them to some period esthetic and philosophical concepts.
More...Meziválečné cesty československých spisovatelů do periferních oblastí Sovětského svazu
In this introductory study opening the edition of selected reportage and travelogue texts, the authoress outlines circumstances and conditions of travelling to the Soviet Union in the interwar period, particularly to the country’s outlying regions which were, due to their remoteness, poor road and railway infrastructure and sometimes also security situation, difficult to access for visitors from abroad. She also describes the trips of four Czechoslovak authors (Julius Fučík, Egon Erwin Kisch, Franz Carl Weiskopf and Jiří Weil) to the interwar Soviet Orient, sets their reflections into a broader period context, and indicates their typical motifs. The central theme here is a conflict of the exotic, the oldbackward world of traditions and customs of indigenous inhabitants, and modernity. In the perception of the authors, the modernity is a combination of three interconnected segments; the first one is a process of industrialization, converting backward regions into dynamic agrarian-industrial centers through electrification, development of transport infrastructure, and urbanization. The second segment is represented by a new organization of social relations based on social and material equality of citizens and reflected mainly in the emancipation of local nations and ethnics and also of women. The third segment is related to a group of topics which can be summarized under a Foucaultian term biopolitics. It consists mainly of a fight against illiteracy and an emphasis on education, development of a medical care system, or building of leisure and cultural institutions (clubs, cinemas, theaters). The principal tool and prime mover of the modernization process is labour which is, in a country striving to build a Communist system, not just a factor of existence, a source of subsistence, but, first and foremost, an existential factor – the meaning of life and a source of happiness and contentment – and also a medium of socialization and disciplination. It is through labour that the Soviet man or woman steps beyond his or her individual needs and interests and becomes a useful part of the society and a “new man”.
More...Fučíkovy reportáže jako hold sovětskému experimentu
The object of interest of the study are articles of the Communist journalist, literary critic and publicist Julius Fučík, which were written during his stays in the Soviet Union in 1930 and 1934 to 1936. The title of the study paraphrases the name of a selection of some of the texts published as "V zemi, kde zítra již znamená včera" [In the Land where Tomorrow Already Means Yesterday] (Prague, K. Borecký 1932), which became a “ubiquitous” propaganda slogan after the war. A few years after his death at the gallows in Berlin, Julius Fučík (1904–1943) turned into anicon of Czechoslovak Stalinist propaganda which was spreading his story as that of a paragon of a dedicated communist, with inexhaustible work and vital élan, and a determined fighter against Nazism. His cult, which was primarily targeting young people, was organized around a narration about his sacrifice, which Fučík wrote himself and smuggled out of prison on scraps of paper and which was published after the war in many countries as "Reportáž, psaná na oprátce" [Notes from the Gallows]. However, an important factor of this worshipping was also Fučík’s admiration of Stalin’s Soviet Union, which he was uncritically promoting even at a cost of official persecution. The author asks himself a question why it was travelogues written by Julius Fučík which, selected from a massive body of texts of various left-wing authors adoring the Soviet social experiment between the wars, were canonized after the war. Having analyzed them, the author infers that Fučík depicts the Soviet reality as a heroic age, born out of the Bolshevik revolution, continuing by enthusiastic building of socialism, and heading toward a happy future of humankind after the overthrowing of capitalism. In doing so, he stylizes his narrations as chapters of a heroic epos reliving the ancient Promethean myth. The role of the mystical hero is taken over by udarniks and that of the fire by nationalized production assets and technologies representing tools of a watershed civilization change. Its dynamism also creates a new global social spacetime, with borders of the Soviet state separating the future of humankind in the East from the human prehistory in the West. The author shows that Fučík was obviously writing his reportages with subversive intention, using a multitude of examples to illustrate the contrast between the rapid economic growth in the Soviet Union and the deep crisis in the West. Fučík’s convincingness is enhanced by his specific, vivid writing style and a clear narration framework applying principles of historical materialism about the alternation of socioeconomic formations to specific stories. Combined with Fučík’s loyalty to the current party line, participation in the resistance movement, and his martyr’s death, all of the above provided those formulating the post-war cultural policy with enough suitable material to create an unblemished communist hero.
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This study aims to evaluate the opinions of teachers on how students gain Kazakh speaking skills with zoom in primary schools. In the 2020-2021 academic year, 24 teachers who gave training in the distance education process in various primary schools in Kazakhstan participated in the research. A semi-structured interview form was created by the researchers to collect the data. As a result of the research, the environment in which the student is located, the advantages of self-confidence and time saving for the student, the advantages of the teacher for saving time and reinforcing the technology-based teaching, the advantages for the parents to follow the student's participation in the course and contributing to their motivation, the opportunity to watch the student's repetition and benefit from different learning environments are the advantages of the system. they have defined. The high level of stress and anxiety and negative thoughts of the parents and the problems arising from the computer, internet, image, and sound quality were also defined as disadvantages.
More...УНИВЕРСИТЕТСКО ИЗДАТЕЛСТВО „СВ. КЛИМЕНТ ОХРИДСКИ“, СОФИЯ, 2021, 575 С., ISBN 978-619-7433-51-7
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Reviews of: Postmodernistički izazovi- Rade Kalanj: Globalizacija i postmodernost: ogledi o misliocima globalne kompleksnosti. Politička kultura, Zagreb, 2004.; Transgeneracijska trauma ljubavi- Roman Simić: U što se zaljubljujemo. Profil, Zagreb, 2005.; Hudelistova sjajna knjiga- Darko Hudelist: Tuđman, Biografija. Profil, Zagreb, 2004.; Nijanse u bogatom mozaiku -Ljerka Schiffler: Slutiti Kytheru. Književni krug, Split, 2004.; Errata (non) corrige! Ili: o teorijskom taloženju iskustva -George Steiner: Errata: propitani život. Prevela Giga Gračan. Antibarbarus, Zagreb.; Anatomija nacionalizma - Mario Vargas Llosa: Nationalismus als neue Bedrohung. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main, 2000.; Atmosfera nepostojanja - Peter Seeberg: Traganje. S danskoga prevela Narcisa Vučina. Konzor, Zagreb, 2003.; Kratki kurs za neznalice -Višnja Starešina: Vježbe u laboratoriju Balkan. Naklada Ljevak, Zagreb, 2004.
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Duga povijest tihog života (»mrtve prirode«, Stilleben) - umjetničkog žanra - traži promišljanje, ne samo umjetničkog izraza, metode, stilskih sredstava, slikarskih teza i iskustava. Više od toga: pjesnik i predmeti, slikar i predmeti, čovjek i svijet stvari kao odnos duhovnog stanja, način viđenja svijeta, spoznaje, doživljaja duše stvari, najposlije sama osobnost i osobitost umjetnika, iznad i izvan medija u kojem se izražava. Onoga što u umjetnosti zadobiva svoj izraz, a umjetnik ima sliku, riječ, ton za svoju filozofiju.
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Reviews of: Znanstvena temeljitost- Maja Bošković-Stulli: Od bugarštice do svakidašnjice. Konzor, Zagreb, 2005.; Naš najveći folkloristički autoritet -Maja Bošković-Stulli: Od bugarštice do svakidašnjice. Konzor, Zagreb, 2005.; Stanko Lasić, još jednom, ili u dijalogu s »najvećima« Stanko Lasić: Članci, razgovori, pisma. Gordogan, Zagreb, 2004. Branko Matan / Stanko Lasić: Bibliografija Stanka Lasica. Gordogan, Zagreb, 2004.; O (r)evoluciji jednoga književnog lika Julijana Matanović: Laura nije samo anegdota. Mozaik knjiga, Zagreb, 2005.; Književnost, kultura, likovnost, glazba -Zbornici znanstvenih radova Vizualnost (ur. Josip Užarević, Slap, Zagreb, 2003), Simultanizam (ur. Jasmina Vojvodić, Slap, Zagreb, 2001), Karikatura (ur. Jadranka Brnčić, Slap, Zagreb, 2005); Život oponaša umjetnost Sandor Majoros: Umrijeti kod Vukovara. S mađarskoga prevela Xenia Detoni. ArTresor naklada, Zagreb, 2004.
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The paper studies the semantics of a paratactic construction on the basis of comparison between Slavonic and Romance languages. Thus, in Bulgarian and Russian the auxiliary verb take expresses unexpectedness (surprise) with regard to the action of the main verb, whereas in Romance languages the whole construction explicates the aspectual meaning of globality of the marked grammeme. As for its type, the above mentioned construction has a complementary function in all compared languages. In Slavonic languages it complements the perfective grammeme and in Romance ones it complements the category of tense, respectively. As far as its origin is concerned, according to E. Coseriu, the construction originates from an Ancient Greek model.
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The article deals with the origin and development of one of the reflexive stems in the Indo-Aryan languages from the Vedic word ätmän- with the primary meaning of “breath”. From the late Vedic period on this word has been used as a reflexive and in Sanskrit it has also developed emphatic (exclusive) functions. Gradually, ätmän has undergone phonetic and morphological changes and in the New Indo-Aryan languages its derivatives also have the functions of polite second personal pronoun and of inclusive first personal pronoun.
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The paper discusses some of the specific features of Gabrovian and Shop humor as a form of conceptualization of the world. Gabrovian humor is monotopical - Gabrovians laugh at their exaggerated thriftiness and craftiness, while Shops laugh at themselves, at the other and at the world. The fuzzy boundaries of the joke and the anecdote text are also commented on. In the English tradition, in contrast to the Bulgarian one, a prototypical joke and an anecdote text are kept distinct.
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The article presents the activities and publications (theoretical and lexicographic) of the Czech National Corpus Institute at the Philosophical Faculty of Charles University , Prague. It offers a systematic review of the publications of the Czech National Corpus, which in the period 2006-2010 add up to thirteen independent volumes. The main goal is to acquaint the readers with the achievements of Czech corpus linguistics. Some of the basic trends and tropics, characteristic of Czech scholarship in this new and rapidly developing branch of linguistics, are also outlined.
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This article investigates the process of semantic change in a language in general by scrutinizing in particular the Russian spoken in Moldova and the various effects that Romanian, with which Moldovan Russian has been in contact for centuries, has had on its lexicon. We first discuss more broadly the parameters within which this lexical influence has occurred and then examine a variety of more recent borrowings from Romanian into Moldovan Russian. Finally, we look in great detail at the case of one particular lexical item -public - and discuss how and why its meaning in the Russian of Moldova (публичный: publičnyj) has shifted as a result of its contact with its counterpart in Romanian, the word public.
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Review of: B. Parashkevov. Etymological doublets in the Bulgarian language. An encyclopedic dictionary of words and names with a single lexical initial. Sofia, IC "Emas", 2008, 511 p.
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Reviews of: D. Ivanova. Unwritten pages to the history of the Bulgarian literary language. Learning aid. First part. [Slavic perspectives. ] Plovdiv, Paisii Hilendarski University Publishing House, 2008. 394 p.
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Review of: N. Ivanova. South Slavic languages between national individuality and Slavic reciprocity in the writings of Anton Bezenšek (1854-1915). "Faber66" publishing house, 2008. 248 p.
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Review of: Tz. Venkova. The Unexpressed Object in English and Bulgarian (A Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar Approach). Sofia, International Sociolinguistic Society, 2007. 226 p.
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Review of: C. Vǎtǎșescu. Romanian-Albanian studies. Semantic and etymological notes. [Etymologica, 22.] București, Ed. Academiei Romane, 2006. 205 p.
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