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In a short period of time, Korean studies in Eastern Europe have created a great demand for education and have accumulated various research achievements. At this point, more strategic attitudes and efforts are required to find a long-term and stable growth engine of this domain. Just teaching the Korean language and literature well will inevitably face the limits of the development of Korean studies, and without background knowledge of the Korean region, that is, an overall understanding of history and culture, it can be regarded as a superficial education. In this regard, it seems necessary to provide education on North Korean studies that can be said to be a part of Korean studies as a whole, to build more diverse educational content. For example, educational content related to North Korea will contribute to the diversity of Korean studies and will also create new demand for Korean studies education in Romania.
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In a famous text called Laus Dedali. Tăcere, the historian Vasile Pârvan imagined an Athenian sculptor: Alegenor. While he sculpted, the artist felt that silence was the shortest route to himself, instilling a more personal and atypical expressiveness (less tributary to the Greek aesthetical canon). Pârvan does not use the word sculptor (he tolerates the partial synonym digger: seeker, hunter, explorer of all paths within a rock). The shapeless rock is a labyrinth, a disentangled bunch of roads towards a possible Centre of the creator, towards the ideal form of his work, which corresponds without coinciding with it, which fits without replacing it. A digger penetrates the rock, a carver chips it off, thus remaining more or less on the outside. Alegenor’s silence is inquisitive: he touched every doubt to provide an exit, a solution, a road to his existence. Such a silence placed one’s being on a pathway, at the end of which man would openly acknowledge what he would choose to be.
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Within the frame of theoretical ideas of World Literature methodology, my paper is aiming to reconsider the relationship between the post-war North-American poetry and the Romanian 80s Generation of poets. Being a complex import, this article sheds light on the conditions and the strategies of this phenomenon through a contextual equation which is more important than a strictly textual one. As a major conclusion of this research, the import of North-American poetry forms, models, ideas, as well as of ideological attitudes is the result of the Romanian young authors’ emulation regarding this faraway literary model. Therefore, this relationship between a centre and a (semi)periphery does not imply a colonizing model of a major culture’s hegemony on a minor one.
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The paper deals with one of the women’s roles in Anglo-Saxon literature: the peace-weaving tradition. For many decades, the female characters from several Old English epic poems have all been considered marginal and excluded figures (Overing, 1995: 216-260) because of their representations in these literary creations. In this paper, we try to offer an anthropological approach to womanhood in Beowulf, taking into account the context of the society presented in the epic poem, emphasizing the woman’s central role for the sealing of peace between two rival tribes/populations, thus representing the hope for the whole Anglo-Saxon society, for its continuity and development. We will present the women’s roles in Beowulf within the story itself and the society presented in the poem. Our investigation of these women in relation with their men indicates the preservation of memories about the pagan Germanic past for the Anglo-Saxon poet who will include these details further in the Anglo-Saxon traditions and culture.
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Inspired by researches from the fields of psychology and feminist theory, this paper intends to discuss the theme of hope in Emna Rmili’s Sahtt Larwah (The Spirits’ Beach) based on a close reading of the novel’s chapters and on its open ending. In fact, both characterization and symbolism help unveil signs of hope which counter the theme of despair and the intimations of failure recurrent in some substantial parts of the novel. Our reading refers to the different chapters in the novel with a particular focus on the ending as a fundamental part of the book, replete with symbols and significations. As the novel unfolds, the theme of despair is highlighted through the characters’ accounts of their disappointing journey to find a release from misunderstanding and persecution. Yet, notwithstanding the elements of intrigue and elusive meaning in the ending, there are conspicuous elements that can be read as promising signs of hope.
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August Wilson’s plays present stories to typify black experience decade by decade in the twentieth century U.S. It is Wilson’s aim to bring the spirit of African American experience of life on stage over the decades of the twentieth century. In Wilson's plays there are spiritual issues to maintain ties for the characters with their cultural past; they struggle to establish the ties in present to see future clearly. Thus, one of the prominent messages that comes out of his work, especially for his African-American audience, is that they are destined to live in identity crisis if they deny their African-American as well as their African roots. Wilson draws upon the dynamics of spiritual values in order to convey the ancestral memory of African-Americans and explore historical dimensions of his work. In each play the characters put an immense offstage force that reminds the audiences of the distinctive African-American spirituality, history, culture and traditions. Wilson’s black art both functions as a distinctive art form in the field of drama and a guide for African-American community as well as American public. For his guidance, however, he chooses guiding/revealing women characters as hope of the future of African-American community in the U.S., which will be the focus of this study.
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The Vietnam War is considered one of the most relevant historical events of the 20th century. It sparked chronic issues about both Vietnamese and American history and values many of which are still unresolved nowadays. These beliefs relate to how to build peace and empathy among different groups of people to avoid conflicts and construct a cohesive society. This paper aims to propose a pedagogical proposal to teach the Vietnam War through literature as well as to investigate both Vietnamese and American students’ perception of the Vietnam War. Overall, this proposal will constitute an attempt to motivate students to build national and international peaceful relations by fostering intercultural competence, in the hope of establishing a brighter and more sustainable future.
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The Winter’s Tale is one of Shakespeare’s late pieces which poses questions that inquire into the political and aesthetic conditions of the early modern period. In the winter of the revolutionary momentum of the English Renaissance, this play, by means of the character of Hermione, recovers the value of secularised rhetoric as a political tool to act upon reality and exposes the limits of Humanism as an avant-garde, whose tenets, in some cases, prove to be idealist expressions, as exemplified by her husband Leontes. This process is staged as a threat to her life, though she does not submit to a tragic destiny; instead, she manages to reappear at the end of the play in the shape of a statue that becomes alive. Thus, her possibility of intervening in her context is reborn. Hermione’s return is then an instance of hope understood as a form of resistance to a tragic denouement, now linked to art, which absorbs the critical function attributed to politics: in a context in which Humanism is in retreat, the female character starts to use the language of suggestion to relate to others and the world around her, preserving such language from a merely instrumental use.
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The study deals with the discourse of hope. It is stated that hope is a person’s goal-directed thinking, highlighting the motivated aspiration of objectives. The term “hope” was defined as self-determined motivation. Because hope is assumed to be a positive cognitive state based on a sense of successful goal-directed determination and planning to meet these goals, acmeological approach should be applied to the motivation forming. It is believed that to be in acme means to be at the highest level of hope implementation. The author refers to self-determination theory which states that students are motivated to grow and change as well as to be able to become self-determined by psychological needs: fulfillment of competence, connection, and autonomy. It is concluded that one should know how to transform the motivation into self-determined action that is important for both educators and students.
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Cătălina Bălinișteanu-Furdu, 2021, Old and Middle English Literature. The Literature of the Renaissance, Bacău, Alma Mater Publishing House, ISBN 907-606- 527-673-4, 212 pages
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The paper aims at demonstrating the creative perlocutionary potential of interdiscursive production and interpretation of conceptual metaphor used in socio-political persuasion, simultaneously interpreted as mental phenomenon and discursive practice that is historically entrenched and highly ideological. The Critical Metaphor Analysis model is used to investigate the interdiscursive application of two PLAGUE metaphors (COMMUNISM IS A PLAGUE and LGBT IS A PLAGUE) as an example of deliberate transcending of genre boundaries in the increasingly intertextual and interdiscursive world of both socio-political and religious discourses. The empirical part provides a qualitative study of the historical background, structure and persuasive effects of the rainbow plague metaphor (Pol. tęczowa zaraza), publicly used by the Archbishop of Cracow, Marek Jędraszewski, in reference to the LGBT community in Poland, conducted in relation to the original text on which it draws, namely the more historically entrenched red plague (Pol. czerwona zaraza) metaphor made popular by the Polish poet Józef Szczepański in his poem composed during the Warsaw Uprising 1944. [Celem artykułu jest ukazanie opiniotwórczego potencjału metafory konceptualnej stosowanej w perswazji społeczno-politycznej, interpretowanej zarówno jako mechanizm poznawczy, jak i wysoce zideologizowane narzędzie dyskursywne. W części teoretycznej analizowane są zagadnienia interdyskursywności i intertekstualności w Krytycznej Analizie Dyskursu. Część empiryczna zawiera przeprowadzone na podstawie modelu Krytycznej Analizy Metafory jakościowe studium struktury i efektów perswazyjnych metafory tęczowej zarazy, publicznie użytej przez arcybiskupa Marka Jędraszewskiego w odniesieniu do środowiska LGBT w Polsce, będącej przykładem świadomego przekraczania granic gatunkowych w komunikacji społeczno-politycznej i religijnej. W odniesieniu do oryginalnego tekstu, z którego czerpie określenie wykorzystane przez arcybiskupa krakowskiego w jego kontrowersyjnym kazaniu, a mianowicie bardziej zakorzenionej historycznie metafory czerwonej zarazy, spopularyzowanej przez polskiego poetę Józefa Szczepańskiego w wierszu skomponowanym w czasie powstania warszawskiego w 1944 roku, analizowane są interdyskursywne i intertekstowe korelacje między dwiema metaforami ZARAZY (KOMUNIZM TO ZARAZA i LGBT TO ZARAZA).]
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ronominal clitics in South Slavic languages have been shown to manifest the strict/sloppy reading ambiguity effect. In this paper I examine Polish object pronouns from this perspective, observing that even though they are not clitics, they can still be compatible with the sloppy interpretation if the right type of context is provided. The data speak against an ellipsis-based approach, aligning with the view that the sloppy reading is not a viable test for ellipsis. I thus pursue an alternative analysis on which the strict and sloppy readings are associated with a structural difference in the composition of the pronoun (PersP vs. NumP respectively), offering along the way additional evidence pointing to the importance of pragmatic distinctions in investigations of the interpretive properties of different types of nominal elements. From a more general point of view, the discussion suggests that the empirical picture related to the sloppy interpretation is highly complex, making an investigation of a broader spectrum of languages and contexts indispensable for disentangling all the relevant factors and developing an optimal theoretical approach. [W literaturze dotyczącej języków południowosłowiańskich pokazano, że klityki zaimkowe w tych językach przejawiają dwuznaczność pod względem dokładnej i niedokładnej interpretacji. W artykule poddaję badaniu z tej perspektywy polskie zaimki w funkcji dopełnienia, pokazując, że ‒ pomimo iż nie są klitykami ‒ mogą też mieć interpretację niedokładną, jeżeli są osadzone w odpowiednim kontekście. Dane przemawiają przeciwko podejściu wykorzystującemu mechanizm elipsy, w zgodzie z poglądem, że interpretacja niedokładna nie jest wiarygodnym testem dla struktur eliptycznych. Proponuję zatem alternatywną analizę, według której interpretacje dokładna i niedokładna wynikają z różnicy strukturalnej zaimka (odpowiednio PersP vs. NumP), dostarczając przy tym dodatkowych danych wskazujących na wagę rozróżnień pragmatycznych dla badań nad własnościami interpretacyjnymi różnych typów jednostek nominalnych. Z bardziej ogólnego punktu widzenia dyskusja sugeruje, że dane empiryczne związane z zagadnieniem interpretacji niedokładnej są niezwykle skomplikowane, przez co konieczne jest zbadanie szerszego spektrum języków i kontekstów w celu rozwikłania wszystkich istotnych zmiennych oraz zaproponowania optymalnego podejścia teoretycznego.]
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The paper discusses the benefits and shortcomings of modelling a language change with logistic regression, an approach often called the Piotrowski-Altmann law. It is shown with an example of an isolated change, which occurred in Middle Polish, namely barzo > bardzo. The study is based on a historical corpus of Polish consisting of several hundreds of texts with over 12 million running words. Logistic regression based on the entire dataset shows relatively high goodness of fit, still there are some data points, especially close to the end of the process, which are quite far removed from the idealised trajectory. In the article, the author seeks to answer the question: to what extent the quality of the corpus affects the model. An experiment was conducted: a number of texts were randomly removed in order to create a smaller corpus, containing 90%, 75% and 50% of the texts of the entire set. Since such procedure is repeated 200 times, it is possible to compare the distribution of the scores indicating the goodness of fit of the model. It turns out that the smaller the corpus, the more diverse the goodness of fit, and in some rare cases it is even better than its counterpart for a larger corpus. Still the larger the corpus, the scores indicating goodness of fit tend to be higher. [W artykule omówiono korzyści płynące z modelowania zmiany językowej za pomocą regresji logistycznej, a także ograniczenia tej metody. Fakt, że zmiana taka powinna dać się opisać we wspomniany sposób, jest nazywany prawem Piotrowskiego-Altmanna. Ilustrujemy to przykładem izolowanej zmiany, jaka wystąpiła w języku średniopolskim, a mianowicie przejściem barzo > bardzo. Dane pozyskano z historycznego korpusu języka polskiego składającego sięz kilkuset tekstów i liczącego około 12 milionów słów. Regresja logistyczna oparta na całym zbiorze danych wykazuje dobre dopasowanie, wciąż jednak istnieją pewne punkty, szczególnie pod koniec procesu, które są doś ćdaleko od wyidealizowanej trajektorii. W artykule autor stara się odpowiedzieć na pytanie, w jakim stopniu jakość korpusu wpływa na model. W tym celu przeprowadzano eksperyment: z istniejącego korpusu usuwana jest losowo pewna liczba tekstów, tak aby stworzyć mniejsze korpusy zawierające 90%, 75% i 50% tekstów korpusu wyjściowego. Ponieważ taką procedurę powtarza się 200 razy, możliwe jest porównanie rozkładu wyników wskazujących na dopasowanie modelu. Wyniki wskazują, że im mniejszy korpus, tym większy rozrzut miary dobroci dopasowania, w skrajnych wypadkach nawet lepszy niż dla pełnego korpusu. Większe korpusy dają jednak na ogół lepsze wyniki dopasowania.]
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Explicit Import Revisited: A Critical Appraisal of Explicatures [Głównym celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie argumentów za tym, że modelowanie treści przekazywanych wprost w komunikacji werbalnej w najważniejszych teoriach pragmatycznych jest obarczone wadami. Przyjmuje się w nich, że odbiór treści komunikowanych eksplicytnie polega na pragmatycznym wzbogaceniu odkodowanej formy logicznej wypowiedzi do uzyskania pełnej formy propozycjonalnej, o określonych warunkach prawdziwości. Ten rodzaj wzmocnienia, związany z dodawaniem materiału pojęciowego do niedookreślonej formy logicznej zdania, nie odzwierciedla adekwatnie praktyki komunikacyjnej i prowadzi do wielu komplikacji na poziomie teorii. Czerpiąc z wcześniejszej krytyki pojęcia eksplikatury, ukazanej w pracach Borg (2016) i Jary’ego (2016), artykuł przedstawia dodatkowe argumenty przeciwko modelowaniu treści przekazywanych wprost w sposób, w jaki robią to czołowe koncepcje pragmatyczne. Podkreśla się, że wiarygodna poznawczo teoria komunikacji werbalnej powinna właściwie oddawać naturę procesów przekazywania i odbioru znaczeń, a proponowane instrumentarium teoretyczne nie może ich zniekształcać.]
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The traditional description of Polish abstract nouns such as lekkość‘ lightness’or jasność ‘brightness’ holds that they are formed with an adjectival root and the nominalizing suffix -ość. The paper considers an alternative analysis where -o-ść is a complex marker and such nominals go through an adverbial stage in their formation, rendering them [[[ A ] Adv ] N ] structures, a possibility suggested by the fact that the -o itself is an adverbial marker. [Wedle tradycyjnego opisu, polskie abstrakcyjne rzeczowniki odprzymiotnikowe (nomina essendi), takie jak np. lekkość czy jasność, są zbudowane z przymiotnikowego tematu i przyrostka -ość. Artykuł rozważa alternatywną analizę, wedle której -o-ść jest przyrostkiem złożonym, a tworzone z nim rzeczowniki odprzymiotnikowe przechodzą przez etap przysłówkowy, czyniąc je formami o strukturze [[[ A ] Adv ] N ]. Możliwość złożoności -o-ść sugeruje fakt, że -o jest przyrostkiem tworzącym przysłówki.]
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In her Nobel Prize speech Olga Tokarczuk discovered a vision of Tenderness; even though this “most modest form of love” remains in the shadow (both in life and in texts) it is precisely a creator , a moving force of narration, the Writ, and literature. I shall attempt to hermeneutically extract from the Writer’s testimony the way in which tenderness becomes a Narrator, and to show just how much the discovery of tenderness in the ”Mendeleev table” of human emotions explains within an exegesis some of the key texts of our canon (e.g. the motif of the Pietà), when the paradigm or imperative of love encounters difficulties. Speech contains also many other hermeneutic discoveries.
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From the Parisian terrorist attack in 2015 and childhood recollections of Chernobyl to the COVID-19 pandemium and the war in Syria the author evokes fragments of discourses and images of experienced and unexperienced wars and catastrophes in order decolonise their image and impact upon us. In doing so he recounts the relation between living through war and catastrophe, and their (un)seeing. Is the manner in which we experience the world not permanently deformed by wartime frameworks?
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Throughout the ages, the concept of ideology has been redefined to include those values that the ruling class thought essential. In this paper, we take a more comprehensive view on the term and analyse the relationship between communist ideology and language as a semiotic structure, together with the changes the communist ideology brought to the Romanian language. Expanding the topic, we approach the way in which this ideology reflected into the school curricula, especially where foreign languages are concerned. Furthermore, as one of the constant features of Romanian communist culture is the colour red, the semantics of red is discussed in relation with the false myth of the blood shed by the working classes who sacrificed for the wellbeing of all. Our aim is to place our analysis in the area where the individual and collective past is brought to the present in order to save it from oblivion and also to reveal the extent to which the working class ideology was a toxic one.
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