Transitions Online_Politics: Russia vs. the West: Question Time Is Over – 16 September
A new study of the fraught state of international relations covers a lot of ground but fails to dig deep enough.
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A new study of the fraught state of international relations covers a lot of ground but fails to dig deep enough.
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This article includes the edition critique of a treatise, attributed to Celâlzâde Mustafa Çelebi (975/ 1567) who is the most famous head scribe and the sealer (nişancı) in Imperial Council (Divan-ı Humayun) and written by Radıyyüddin İbnü’l- Hanbelî (971/ 1563), who is a well-known scholar in Aleppo at the times of Suleiman the Magnificent which is the most powerful period of the Ottoman Empire in Aleppo. This work, written in the disciplines of inshâ and secretaryship, is an important work which shall have a place in literature. There are many factors making this work significant. At the head of these factors, there comes the fact that it is written by a great scholar of language and history, who is a member of a family famous for these two disciplines. Another factor making the work essential is the fact that it is attributed to the most reputed head scribe and the sealer of the era of Suleiman the Lawgiver, apex of the Ottoman Empire. Moreover, Celâlzâde Mustafa Çelebi had undertaken the most important role for Suleiman’s earning the epithet the Lawgiver. It is possible to divide the work under three main headings. Under the first heading, the author gives detailed information and examples about the areas that secretaries should be proficient in, such as the Glorious Qur’an, the prophetic sayings, the language and the poetry. After the second section, in which important information and true stories about the merits and the superiority of secretaries are given, in the third section, a one verse poem praising Celâlzade Mustafa Çelebi, including his name, is veiled with an acrostic style in a long ode’s first letters. On the last page of the treatise, this poem is clearly written and it is stated that the works is copied by the author’s father in Edirne.
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Sects, even if criticised, are a part of the history of Islamic thought. It is a historical fact that some events that are difficult to confirm have occurred among the followers of these formations. However, it is also an undeniable fact that the aforementioned organizations contributed greatly to the formation of the Islamic thought. Because each difference has given rise to new theses and each thesis has caused the development of related anti-theses. This intellectual mobility has crowned Islamic thought with a cultural richness that has not been bestowed on any other civilization. Khâridjites are the first occurrence in the history of Islamic thought related to the subject matter. In the historical process, the Khâridjites were first divided into groups within themselves and only the Ibâdites of these groups have survived to the present day. From the very beginning of their formation period, Khâridjites have become more famous for sword-shield than being famous for an intellectual literature. This tendency also prevented them from devoting enough time to scientific activities. That’s why, the Khâridjite literature which has been formed in the historical process is extremely scarce compared to the other sects. However, this does not mean that there are none of their works. In this study, the exegetical literature of the Khâridjite/Ibâdite schools, from past till today, is examined.
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Voice is a concept which explains the quality of the verb’s relation to the subject or the object. In Turkish, concepts related to voice of verbs are classi-fied in a quite functional way with respect to subject and object. The Arabic equivalents of the terms related to voice of verbs in Turkish are under the title the meanings of verb patterns. These meanings and related terms have a unique systematic and logic in Arabic. For native speakers of Arabic, this systematic forms a coherent and meaningful structure. However, native speakers of Turkish need a classification and approach that would help them understand and make sense of the verbs patterns in Arabic and the voice of verb terms. The meanings of verb patterns have been the subject of various studies. How-ever, the terms related to voice of verbs have not been compared in two lan-guages. The aim of this article is to classify the voice of verbs terms in Arabic over the voice of verbs classification made in Turkish and to compare them to their Turkish equivalents. Furthermore, another aim is to develop an ap-proach to verb patterns, except for their meanings and functions in voice of verbs, from the perspective of Turkish grammar concepts. In this study, the conclusions have been reached that the term bināʾ, which is used for voice of verb in Arabic is a wider concept which includes the voice of verb in Turkish as well, that the term muteaddi is used as the equivalent of transitive, transi-tivized and causative forms, and that the concept of reflexive verb is defined in different ways in both languages. It is seen that classifying the Arabic voice of verb with reference to the voice of verb classification in Turkish is function-al in terms of understanding and making sense of Arabic voice of verbs terms, as well.
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The paper reviews the possibilities for expressing events with a future time orientation in subordinate temporal adverbial clauses in Balkan languages by applying a corpus-based approach to analysis. In Albanian, Romanian, and Greek future time orientation can be expressed through a form morphologically marked for futurity, while in Bulgarian such meanings are expressed through form marked for present tense. The phenomenon is analysed on the basis of authentic linguistic material excerpted from language coprora.
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This two-part article examines the characteristics and peculiarities of the Slavic haberes and esses, comparing their lexical and grammatical functions, especially in Russian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, and BCS. With Part 1 having discussed Slavic haberes, Part 2 explores, first of all, how Slavic esses serve as a content and function word. All Slavic locative and copular sentences contain esse, but not all existential sentences do. Slavic esses also function as an auxiliary in the past and future tenses, conditional mood, and evidentiality. Additionally, the East Slavic esses refer to possessive relations. The Slavic haberes and esses analyzed in Part 1 and Part 2 reveal that the Polish habere and esse’s lexical and grammatical functions are rather similar to those of other West and South Slavic haberes and esses, and Isačenko’s classification of Slavic languages into be-languages and havelanguages should be reconsidered.
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This linguocultural study, which is a continuation of an earlier work of the author, seeks to unravel the transcendental meanings of some precedent mini-texts (proverbs, sayings and phrases) in modern English parlance through examining their interpretation in one of the works of the distinguished Swedish scientist, philosopher, theologian and mystic of the European Enlightenment, Emanuel Swedenborg (1688–1772).
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World literature is a term that has been discussed in literary studies for two hundred years. But only in recent decades has this concept been the subject of a broader global debate due to its popularity in Anglophone literary studies. It seems to have brought a second wind to the discipline of comparative literature. Indeed, the notion of world literature seems to correspond to the unprecedented globalization which we experience every day in various forms. The aim of the article is to summarize the current debate on world literature, to discuss its consequences for the practice of literary studies and to reflect on its didactic and ethical implications. The author points out the asymmetrical power relations inherent in the current notion of world literature and calls for intercultural literary studies that would not be based on a mentality of power.
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A distant image of a boat adrift in the Mediterranean Sea, with thirteen refugees on board. Taken from a YouTube clip, the image is dealt with and stretched in slow motion. The unsynchronized soundtrack is composed of faceless voices of migrants and refugees. The fragmented soundtrack and the“processed” still frame repetitive image underscore that Havarie [Collision] is a documentary which engages not only with the refugee question. It also reflexively questions the conventions governing the representation of suffering in the media. While the visual image is undermined, the voice assumes a significant role. Thus one’ attention is drawn to listening to voices expressing their traumatic experiences of migration. The human voice is perceived as an inner expression of trauma, a vehicle that embodies ethical significance (Caruth, “TheWound” 8-9; Dolar 86) Jacques Derrida talks of specters that haunt Europe, spirits whose evasive presence cannot be controlled nor silenced (xix). Hamid Naficy shows that exile cinema emphasizes the voice, different languages, and accents (18-38). It undermines the hegemony of the picture and modernity, and moves towards the acoustics of exile that mixes the pre-modern and post-modern. I would like to argue that the divide between image and voice has ties with Jean-François Lyotard’s concept of le différend – a term relating to languages that never meet and are untranslatable, as long as one language enforces itself on and silences the other (13). In addition, I would like to connect the film’s faceless voices with the ethical concepts of Emmanuel Levinas: he intertwines the term “face” (le visage) with “the said” (le dit) and seeks a moment of epiphany through face or language (that are not necessarily visual or verbal), a moment which impels us to listen and arouses our ethical responsibility toward the Other (Totality; “The Saying” 5-7). I suggest that the film’s faceless world, where thirteen men wait for a rescue that never arrives, forces one to reflect on one’s blindness and deafness while watching the Other.
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This paper investigates the role of frequency in object marking in Lithuanian as L2. 28 “verb + object” constructions with 4 types of case government were tested. The data were collected in 4 high schools in Vilnius where the language of instruction is Russian. In total, 78 pupils (16–18 years old) participated in the study. With reference to the Usage-Based Theory of Lan¬guage Acquisition (Tomasello, 2005; Bybee, 2008), this paper aims to answer the question if frequency of verbs and grammatical cases in “verb + object” constructions affect how correctly young Russian speakers mark the object in Lithuanian as L2. The study was based on a written form of Elicited Oral Imitation Test (Erlam, 2006). The data were analysed with R (R Core Team, 2013). A one-sample t test revealed that the object marking in constructions with frequent verbs was significantly more correct than object marking in constructions with infrequent verbs. The analysis also shows that participants of the study performed better while providing constructions with verbs governing grammatical cases that are more used in Lithuanian than less frequent cases. A relatively small group of participants and a single experimental task limit the results of the study.
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The paper gives an overview of textbooks of Serbian as a foreign language used in the subject Practical Serbian and Croatian at the Faculty of Slavic Studies at Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski during the academic year 2018/2019. The task is to highlight the specifics of these materials, the topics they include and their organization. The aim is to help professors, lecturers and students of the Serbian language select the appropriate teaching and study materials.
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