Historical Development of Teacher Training in Turkey

Author(s): Şükrü Ada / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2020

Education is the system that allows countries to look forward to the future in a strong, confident, and hopeful way. Teachers are the practitioners of education and teaching is a skill, a competence, moreover, it is a kind of art. Giving good education at schools, the success of the society in a country can be promoted with qualified teachers. Teacher training institutions play an important role in the education of well-equipped teachers. For this reason, by 2000s, many countries have focused on educational research, and the key of this research has become “more qualified teachers for better education”. Teaching requires great dedication, skill, patience and love. Teaching has their own rules, methods and practices. The most important source by 2000s is human resources. It is human intelligence that allows unlimited as it is processed. Teachers are the pioneers of education implementations. This study will focus on the historical development of teacher training in Turkey since the foundation of the Republic of Turkey. Economic losses in the following years in particular, led to a decline in the teaching profession and social status within society. Raising this declining prestige of the teaching profession is absolutely necessary for training good teachers and for recover its economic and social status first. The paper examines some of the inadequacies in education at the beginning of 2000s in Republic of Turkey, such as having less qualified educational operations except specific cities and schools; preventing the development of critical approach abilities because of the memorizing based education system; paying less sufficient attention in student abilities in the arranged education and training programs; training consumer people instead of productive people that is needed by society in the educational institutions; professional improvement problem because of education management. However, it can be said that many of these deficiencies are resolved today.

Историческите митове за Русия и българо-руските отношения в съвременното българско общество – обобщение на анкета

Author(s): Iskra Baeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2020

The article presents the results of an inquiry conducted among historians and non-historians in the framework of an international research project. The purpose of the survey is to examine the attitude of modern Bulgarian society to Russia/Soviet Union/Russian Federation and its role in Bulgarian history. Respondents answered questions related to the more general problem of the role of myths in history in general and those related to Russia in particular; how myths are born; which factors contribute to their public dissemination; which moments in history are most distorted or falsified in textbooks and in the media; who is interested in this; Is it possible to demythologize the Bulgarian-Russian relations. The inquiry showed the deep differences in Bulgarian society towards Russia. The majority of Bulgarians have a strong emotional attitude towards it, regardless of whether they express negative or positive feelings. And this division is manifested in all professions, ages, social groups. The survey gives grounds to conclude that despite the profound changes from the years of transition and the reorientation of Bulgaria to Western institutions, Bulgarian-Russian relations continue to be important for the Bulgarian society.

Годишно съдържане

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 6/2020

Национален пазар преди националната държава. Има ли български национален пазар преди Освобождението от 1878 г.?

Author(s): Ivan Roussev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

The article presents arguments in support of the claim that there was a process of integration on the Bulgarian national market even before the Liberation of1878 and that this process was more and more noticeable in the 1840s, 1850s, 1860s, and 1870s. The research methodology is based on data from the business history of the Bulgarian Revival, including my own explorations on the emergence of commercial companies as a manifestation of commercial modernity in the Bulgarian economic area during the era as well as on the trade networks established by them. The two largest companies, “Evlogiy and Hristo Georgievi” and “Hristo P. Tapchileshtov”, stand out as de facto legitimizers of the Bulgarian national market in the 1850s, 1860s, and 1870s. They represent two important Bulgarian national economic institutions, a state before the state in the economic sphere. Other larger or not so large commercial companies and the trade networks established by them also contributed to the process of integration of the Bulgarian national market: “ Robevi Brothers”, “Geshovi Brothers”, “Komsievi Brothers”, “Karaminkovi Brothers”, “Papazoglu Brothers”, “N. Minchoolu & E. Selveli and friends ”,“Stancho Arnaudov and son”,“Georgi Hadjidraganov”, “The Commercial Company in Kotel” and others. The article provides summary information about these companies, about their trade networks in the Bulgarian lands and abroad, about the movements of their capital, etc. The article compares the similar national processes in the economic and political development of Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century. According to a study published in 2012 (Schulze & Wolf, 2012), in late nineteenth-century Austria-Hungary there was an asymmetric intra-imperial integration, which led to the emergence of national markets within the various ethnolinguistic communities of the country. The same process took place in the Ottoman Empire earlier, already in the first half and the middle of the same century, under specific conditions facilitating the integration of separate national markets, including the formation of the Bulgarian market. In the third quarter of the nineteenth century, the Bulgarian Revival elite – economic, cultural, and political – gradually developed the idea of a Bulgarian national market and initiated some original projects with in this market. Another approach in studying the topic is also possible – tracking and comparing the movement of prices of major types of goods in smaller or larger areas of the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire, including the Bulgarian ethnic territory during this period. There is no doubt that serious future efforts on the part of a wider circle of researchers are needed, but this cannot happen if the discussion is not opened, if the topic of the emergence of the Bulgarian national market has not been drawn to attention. This article aims to provoke the interest of researchers on the topic.

Les peintures de l’église Saint-Sauveur de Berestovo

Author(s): Vera Tchentsova / Language(s): French Issue: 4/2020

In the autumn of 1643, Greek painters completed the frescoes decorating the Berestovo church in Kyiv on behalf of metropolitan Peter Moghila. The iconographic program relied on a specific tradition whose origin can be traced to 14th-century Northern Balkans. fte chief features of this iconography are the ‘Imperial Deesis’, combined in the Kyivan church with an iconography inspired by Psalm 44 [45]:9 (“Upon thy right hand did stand the Leen…”). It represents Christ “King of Kings”, dressed as an emperor and flanked by a crowned Virgin and a depiction of King David, identified with Grand Prince Vladimir. The church decoration mirrors contemporary theological debates on the Eucharist, reproducing the similar 14th-century controversies on liturgy.

Notes and Property Marks on Old Printed Books from the Collection of the Metropolitan Library in Bucharest

Author(s): Florin Bogdan / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

La recherche menée sur les collections de la Bibliothèque Metropolitaine de Bucarest a mis en exergue un certain nombre de volumes qui présentent un intérêt scientifique particulier en vertu des notices transcrites dans leurs pages. Il s’agit de livres ayant appartenu à des notables du XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles (prince Constantin Brancovan, métropolites Sava Brancovici et Benjamin Costachi, ou l’imprimeur Georges Radovici), autant d’écrits roumains anciens imprimés à Târgoviște et Bucarest, que de textes étrangers ramenés de Venise ou de Lviv.

Културното наследство на Странджа – богатство, рискове, предизвикателства

Author(s): Denitsa Petrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 41/2020

Балканы между войнами и миром в Новое и Новейшее время

Author(s): Konstantin V. Nikiforov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3-4/2020

The article provides a brief description of the history of the Balkans in Modern and Recent times. At the beginning of this period, the Balkans became part of the pan-European international system. First as an object, and then more and more of its subject. After the Berlin Congress, many Balkan countries gained independence, and during the First Balkan War, for the first time in history, the Balkan states acted together and independently, and not to support certain actions of the great powers. The Balkan allies were even called the “seventh great power”. However, at the same time, almost all the Balkan states experienced national disasters. Their return to Europe turned out to be incomplete and the lag behind the advanced part of the continent did not decrease either then, or in the interwar or post-war periods. It remains today, despite the accession of most of the Balkan countries to the European Union.

Russophobia Rossica

Author(s): Darina Grigorova / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2020

The conception of ‘Russophobia’ has traditionally been interpreted as an external phenomenon directed against Russia, no matter in what form it occurred or whether it was directed against pan-Slavism, in the nineteenth century, against Sovietism, in the twentieth century, or against Putinism, in the 21st century. However, there is also Russophobia as an internal, Russian-specific feature, which is the topic of this article. Our research focuses on the interesting phenomenon of Russophobia in Russia, a term coined as early as the nineteenth century by the diplomat Fyodor Tyutchev, better known for his poetry. Based on historical texts from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries found in memoirs, diaries, correspondence and journalistic clippings of Fyodor Tyutchev, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Pyotr Chaadaev, Vladimir Pecherin, Igor Shafarevich, Victor Astafiev, Nathan Eydelman, Alexander Panarin, Valeriy Rastorguev, Andrey Fursov and others, the author has created a typology of Russian Russophobia. The Russophobia in Russia is a Russocentrism, however, with a reverse sign, a combination of “phobias” that manifest themselves, to varying degrees and in different combinations, but have always been around, such as Christianophobia (fear of the Church); Politiophobia (fear of the state); Slavophobia (fear of pan-Slavism); Sovietophobia and Russophobia (fear, alienation from what is Russian).

Документални свидетелства за годината на раждане на Васил Левски

Author(s): Grigor Boykov,Plamen Mitev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

Bulgarian historiography did not find to date a documentary source based evidence that firmly establishes 6 July 1837 as the birth date of Vasil Levski. Therefore, other hypotheses placing the birth of Levski in 1846 or 1843 have lately been put forward. The present article examines data from the population registers of Karlovo, kept in the Ottoman archives in Istanbul, and argues that 1840 is Vasil Levski’s most probable birth date.

Свищовските търговци предприемачи през Възраждането: опит за просопографски портрет

Author(s): Ivaylo Naydenov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

The aim of the text is to create a prosopographical portrait of the merchant-entrepreneurs from the Danubian town of Svishtov during the Bulgarian National Revival period. I will shed light on merchants’ family background, education, individual qualities, etc. Most of the merchants were born in Svishtov. On the other hand, there are persons who fled from their native places and settled down in Svishtov. Some of them chose to settle in Svishtov in order to find better prospects for professional realization and peaceful life. Often these people are not highly educated, although there are some exceptions. Despite the lack of high and/or specialized education, they compensate with their individual qualities such as natural intelligence, resourcefulness, diligence, perseverance and honesty. They used “strategic marriages” to preserve, and to extend their wealth. They created entrepreneurial networks through which exchanged information with their relatives, acquaintances and friends. They used commercial and personal letters. Some of them were fluent in foreign languages. They used different kinds of commercial ledgers. They managed to benefit from the advantages brought to them by the economic situation in the 18th and 19th centuries. All of them participate, according to their abilities, in the public life of their native Svishtov.

Държавата и временно работещите в Либия българи през 70-те години на ХХ век

Author(s): Nadya Filipova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

The publication examines the policy of the Bulgarian state towards the Bulgarian specialists working in Libya and the reactions of the employees to the regulatory norms and circumstances. The increase in the number of Bulgarians aspiring to work in Libya is analyzed in the context of the legal and socio-economic conditions in Bulgaria, the contract clauses for hiring, and their application in practice in addition to the growing needs and possibilities of the Libyan state to hire qualified personnel. The forms of control of the Bulgarian state towards the Bulgarians working abroad, and the attempts to protect their interests, and to create propitious living environment are studied. The behavior of Bulgarians in Libya is presented in the context of the general conditions for residence and work in Libya. The research is based on archival sources of the Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of Bulgaria for the Cold War period and on an unprocessed file of the Bulgarian Communist Party archive.

Творчеството на Георги Караславов по време на комунистическия режим. Пътят от реализма към социалистическата конюнктура

Author(s): Antoaneta Alipieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

The article traces the path of one of the great Bulgarian fiction writers, established between the two world wars. An author with strongly leftist convictions, Georgi Karaslavov became a figure of power in the second half of the 20th century, which determined the pathos of his work, which appeared within the regime. It actively participates in the formation of the communist mythology, in the display of fetishes and values, which are an outright falsification not only of the historical facts, but also of the left ideology, which is very popular in the interwar Bulgarian period.

За деня на раждане на Васил Левски

Author(s): Vidin Sukarev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

The article concerns the recently published study by Plamen Mitev and Grigor Boykov about the year of birth of the Bulgarian national hero Vasil Levski. The authors firmly established 1840 instead of hitherto accepted 1837. The new evidences about the birth year of Levski require also a revision of the birth day. The article proposes that the Apostle of Freedom was born on 9/21 of July 1840.

Нови данни за дюлгерите, работили в Копривщица през XIX век

Author(s): Svetlana Muhova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

The article introduce poorly researched or completely unknown documents, revealing many unknown data about the builders of public buildings in Koprivshtitsa in the period 1817 – 1858. The obscurity of the information contained in this rich source material, creates a great void in our knowledge and sometimes leads to repeated inaccurate or unreliable information, based on uncertain memoirs. The article present the data from the documents containing the names of the people who created wonderful examples of the Bulgarian Revival architecture in Koprivshtitsa in the XIX century.

Индулгенции, издавани от източноправославни патриаршии. Част I

Author(s): Philippos Iliou / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

The study, published in Greek in 1983–1985, is devoted to a phenomenon in the Eastern Orthodox Church that had not, until then, been the subject of a special research in the field of social history. Based on a vast array of historical sources, the author presents and analyzes facts about the production and distribution of indulgences from the Patriarchates of Constantinople, Alexandria, Jerusalem and Antioch from the 16th to the 20th century. The emergence and gradual establishment of the institution of indulgences in Eastern Orthodoxy is traced within the socio-political and cultural context of four centuries, focusing on the reasons for the introduction of indulgences, the stages of gradual standardization of their text, and the various forms of their distribution. The phenomenon is reflected in detail, taking into account its extension into the field of dogma, economics, social and political relations. The study sheds new abundant light on important issues in the history of the church, societies and attitudes in the world of Eastern Orthodoxy. An inventory of 57 printed Orthodox indulgences is also attached.

Някои факти и процеси, свързани с турското население в Разградски окръг от края на 50-те и през 60-те и 70-те г. на ХХ в. през документите на българската Държавна сигурност

Author(s): Dimitar Petkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2021

From the late 1950s and in the 1960s and 1970s the Bulgarian communist party pursues a policy in Bulgaria of detachment of the Turkish population in the country from its fundamental religious and cultural environment. This article discusses some facts and processes from this policy of the Bulgarian communists in the Razgrad district. Basically, this is done through documents of the Bulgarian state security (from the Committee for Disclosing the Documents and Announcing Affiliation of Bulgarian Citizens to the State Security and Intelligence Services of the Bulgarian National Armed Forces). Documents from Bulgarian central state archives were also used. In this region among the Turks operates the Turkish intelligence services. The Turkish propaganda is very well developed here. The Bulgarian government and Turkey use the Turkish population in the Razgrad district (also in whole Bulgaria) for their own purposes. In the long run this population, not only in the Razgrad district, but also in the entire country becomes “a burning issue” in the political relation between Bulgaria and Turkey –two countries separated by the ideological conflict of the Cold War.

Един различен поглед към морското образование в България

Author(s): Tina Georgieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2021

Ранномодерна Европа: граници и противоречия

Author(s): Lubomir Krastev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2021

Vojvodovo – ein vergessenes Kapitel der tschechischen Gegenwart in Bulgarien

Author(s): Lenka J. Budilová,Marek Jakoubek / Language(s): German Issue: 1-2/2021

The contribution is devoted to the history of Vojvodovo, a Czech village in North-western Bulgaria, sixteen kilometres from the Danube port town of Oryahovo. It was founded in 1900 mostly by migrants from another Czech village, Svata Helena, located in today’s Romanian part of the Banat region. The history of Czech Vojvodovo was a short one: it lasted only for fifty years until 1950. At the end of the period, following post-war inter-state agreements on ‘returns of co-nationals to their fatherland’, Czech Vojvodovans left the village and settled in the region of south Moravia in Czechoslovakia. A local legend says that it was Tsar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria who invited Czechs to come to Bulgaria to show local villagers how to work their land. True or not, the fact is Vojvodovans were living as if they sought to fulfil Ferdinand’s wish – during the Czech period, Vojvodovo became an exemplary village (not only) in the regional context. It had become well-known for tidiness and orderliness of the communal space as well as of the inhabitants. Vojvodovans were renowned for their diligence and ascetic ethic of Protestantism, for being outstanding farmers, horse breeders and stallholders.