Four-Meter Phrases in Middle Byzantine Chant (I)

Author(s): Ierodiacon Avraam Bugu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The purpose of this article is to bring evidence that Old Byzantine Chant – like other music genres and according to a general metric principle observed by the majority of music theorists (up to the beginning of the 20th century) – is metrically structured, usually in cycling phrases of four Common Time measures. This metrical principle could be a key for understanding and deciphering the old neumatic notation.

The Kastoria 8 Asmatikon – A Middle Byzantine Enigma

Author(s): Gregory Myers / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Since its discovery in 1965, the 14th-century Kastoria 8 Asmatikon has attracted scholarly attention. Distinguished by its two rows of neumes: a row of Middle Byzantine signs overlaid by a system of great hyperstases, its existence suggests that it bridges stages of notational development and chanting practices from an earlier period. Particularly noteworthy, its system of large signs could also provide a key to the Palaeoslavonic kondakarian musical notation which disappeared earlier in the 13th century.

Външнополитически аспекти на българския национален въпрос (1878–1912) в либералната историография (1878–1944)

Author(s): Roumyana Choukova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/1996

The problems of the foreign policy aspects of the Bulgarian national question (1878-1912) is one of the leading subjects in liberal historiography of the period 1878-1944. Formed under the influence of the European liberalism and historical positivism of the late 19th and early 20th c., Bulgarian historiography was distinguished by thematic variety, interdisciplinary approach, high theoretical and methodical standards and national loyalty. In the spirit of liberal positivism historians analysed the Bulgarian Question within the context of the geostrategic interests of the Great Powers in the Balkans (as part of the Eastern Question). The historical writings objectively reflected the tendencies in Bulgarian foreign policy: 1. Satellitism which was a common "complex" of the small Balkan states; 2. The striving for independent foreign policy, realized to a certain extent during Stefan Stambolov’s cabinets. A number of authors advanced the thesis that the genesis of the foreign policy conflicts in the European South-East was expressed in the confrontation of the European nationalist conceptions: Pan-Germanism, Pan-Slavism, Pan-Turkism, British and French neo-colonialism. The active interference of the Balkan nationalist conceptions found practical realization in the clashes between the armed and cultural-religious propagandas.

Нови очерци по българска история. София, ИК „Век 22“, 1994. 238 c.

Author(s): Vladimir Migev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/1995

Book Review

Веселка Желязкова, Десислава Найденова. Кирил и Методий. Образи. Памет. Идентичност / Veselka Zhelyazkova, Desislava Naydenova. Cyril and Methodius Images, Memory, Identity

Author(s): Maya Ivanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 44/2022

Представата за „другия“ на Балканите: образът на гърка в българската книжнина – XV – средата на ХIХ век

Author(s): Nadya Danova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/1993

The study follows up the evolution of the image of the Greek as reflected in Bulgarian manuscripts, books, correspondence and textbooks from the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans to the middle of the 19th century. This is an attempt to shed light on the conditions and mechanisms of the formation of one of the basic national stereotypes of the Bulgarian which played a role in their relations with the neighbours. Revealed are the stages in the building up of the image of the Greek, connected with the processes running in Bulgarian society of forming the nation and with the analogous processes in Greek society. Special attention is paid to the role of the formation of the Bulgarian national identity, an important element of which was the identification of the “other” on the basis of criteria different from the religious ones. Stress is laid on the effect of the collision of the national platforms of Bulgarians and Greeks on the evolution of the image of the Greek in which negative traits began to prevail in the second half of the 19th century. At the same time, much space is devoted to the authors who in their works drew the image of the Greeks and Greece fully in a positive light.

Етнокултурен модел на историческото съзнание през българското средновековие

Author(s): Valeri Katzounov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 7/1991

The problem of the historical consciousness of the peoples is too wide and not yet well enough researched area in the sphere of the social sciences. In a sense it is a part of a much wider problem of the ethnical consciousness and self-consciousness. The article makes a detailed and critical review of accessible home and foreign publications. On the basis of their review, the author reveals his own understanding upon the raised questions in the specialized literature. A detailed analysis is made on the relations: national consciousness and self-consciousness and historical consciousness and self-consciousness. An original model is built of the historical consciousness considered with the peculiarities of the social development in the different periods of the Bulgarian history for the time from the 7th to the first half of the 18th century. An original principal scheme is presented of composition of ethnical self-consciousness as individual human reflection of a concrete socioimportant ideas. According to the author, this is a complex of complicated, interweaved and mutually connected ideas from which basic are: the idea of community of the origin (from the idea of ethnical identity); the idea of the community of the historical fate (from the idea of a political organization, the idea of state system in society); the idea of cultural peculiarities (from the idea of cultural identity, for cultural community of the society).The first two most precisely reveal the sense of the concepts “historical consciousness” and “historical self-consciousness”.

УВОДНИ ДУМИ

Author(s): Vesselka Toncheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 8/2014

По въпроса за българското национално малцинство в Албания след края на Първата световна война

Author(s): Bobi Bobev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 8/2014

Композицията на Светите Седмочисленици в паметниците от ХVІІІ- ХІХ век на територията на съвременна Албания

Author(s): Ralica Ruseva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 8/2014

This article deals with a representations of the Holy Heptarithmoi (the Seven Slavic Saints), as well as of St John Kukuzel, St John Vladimir and of New Martyr St Nicodemos of Vithkuq by icon-painters of the family of Constantine and Athanasios from Korçë and the family Chetiri (John, George, Nahum, Nicholas) at the churches of Holy Virgin(1744) in the Monastery of Ardenica, St Peter and St Paul (1764) in Vitquki, St George (1782) in Libosh, St Nicholas (1795) in Vanaj, the Annunciation (1806) in Kozare and on the iconostasis of the Church of the Assumption in Berat. Brought together, the works by these two families of icon-painters outline a particular geographical region (Muzakia) and a timeline scope, where images of the Holy Heptarithmoi have been heavily present. 106 The Printing house in Moschopolis was playing a great role of in reviving , popularising, enriching and widening of the cult of Slavic saints. This new stage in establishing the cult of Slavic saints was carried out not only in the field of the written word but also in the field of Church art. Alongside with publishing offices and saints Vita, the pictorial aspect of cult got a steady push ahead. According to the study, the activity of the Bishops of Berat also underlay this process. In the second half of eighteenth century, in the monuments of the territory of Albania a general iconographic scheme of the composition of the Holy Heptarithmoi was formed, which underwent some internal variations. The representation of the Holy Heptarithmoi has already found its permanent place in the „topography‟ of churches: on the western wall of the naos, next to the entrance, as protectors and patrons of the Church area. On the monuments under consideration the images of St John Vladimir and of St Nicodemos of Vithkuq also have a permanent place in the iconographic programme of the churches: on the north wall amidst the standing saints. The images under review fill in the gaps in the chronology and development of the iconography of Slavic Saints, enriching the overall picture we have for the Arts as well as for the general historical trends of the given period.This article deals with a representations of the Holy Heptarithmoi (the Seven Slavic Saints), as well as of St John Kukuzel, St John Vladimir and of New Martyr St Nicodemos of Vithkuq by icon-painters of the family of Constantine and Athanasios from Korçë and the family Chetiri (John, George, Nahum, Nicholas) at the churches of Holy Virgin(1744) in the Monastery of Ardenica, St Peter and St Paul (1764) in Vitquki, St George (1782) in Libosh, St Nicholas (1795) in Vanaj, the Annunciation (1806) in Kozare and on the iconostasis of the Church of the Assumption in Berat. Brought together, the works by these two families of icon-painters outline a particular geographical region (Muzakia) and a timeline scope, where images of the Holy Heptarithmoi have been heavily present. 106 The Printing house in Moschopolis was playing a great role of in reviving , popularising, enriching and widening of the cult of Slavic saints. This new stage in establishing the cult of Slavic saints was carried out not only in the field of the written word but also in the field of Church art. Alongside with publishing offices and saints Vita, the pictorial aspect of cult got a steady push ahead. According to the study, the activity of the Bishops of Berat also underlay this process. In the second half of eighteenth century, in the monuments of the territory of Albania a general iconographic scheme of the composition of the Holy Heptarithmoi was formed, which underwent some internal variations. The representation of the Holy Heptarithmoi has already found its permanent place in the „topography‟ of churches: on the western wall of the naos, next to the entrance, as protectors and patrons of the Church area. On the monuments under consideration the images of St John Vladimir and of St Nicodemos of Vithkuq also have a permanent place in the iconographic programme of the churches: on the north wall amidst the standing saints. The images under review fill in the gaps in the chronology and development of the iconography of Slavic Saints, enriching the overall picture we have for the Arts as well as for the general historical trends of the given period.

Най-важните категории християнско население с военнопомощни или полицейско-охранителни задължения и тяхното място в социалната структура на османското общество – сходства и различия (XV – първите десетилетия на XVII в.)

Author(s): Krastyo Yordanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2022

The study examines several categories of the Christian population with military assistance and police security duties during the early centuries of Ottoman rule. Their obligations and socio-economic status are compared. The study shows that very often it seems that the service of martolos, jebelyu voinuks, akanji Christians, Vlachs and derbentjias overlapped and there were many points of contact. Much more specific were the duties of the voynuks than the imperial stables and doganjias (falconers). What all the military aid groups studied had in common was that they were exempt from extraordinary taxes and duties. However, they were at different levels in the social hierarchy of Ottoman society, depending on the conditions under which they performed their official duties and their sources of income. An important criterion for determining the place in the social hierarchy was also the tax status under Ottoman law – whether people of a certain category with special obligations cultivated Mirian land within timars, zeamets, hass and waqfs, owing land taxes to their owners (which was characteristic of the raya), or were exempt from tax. The martoloses and falconers, owners of timars, as well as those who received a salary for their regular military service were identified as representatives of the askers. Voynuk commanders of lower rank – lagators, and Wallachian elders - princes, who in the 15th century owed timars can also be classified as military class. One step lower in the hierarchy were the representatives of those military aid groups which, in return for their service, were exempt from all land and personal taxes within the official farms they owned. These people were an intermediate category between the raya and the askers. Voinuks, part of the akandjias, the Falconers and the martoloses, had a similar status. This group also includes the Vlachs, who made a living from cattle breeding, and few settled in the villages, engaged in agriculture, but did not pay land taxes. The lowest in this categorization are some of the falconers, akandjias and martoloses, as well as all derbentjias. These groups were exempted only from state extraordinary taxes and duties, but paid all other raiyat taxes along with the ordinary raya. Therefore, we can say that these people best fit the concept of privileged raya.

Roma voices in history. A sourcebook. Roma civic emancipation in Central, South-eastern and Eastern Europe from the 19th Century until World War II

Author(s): Magdalena Slavkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2022

Book Review

Едно изследване на еленски род със забележителен принос за утвърждаване на българска държавност

Author(s): Ljubomir Zlatev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2022

Book Review

Гласове от „сянката на историята“ (70-те години на ХIХ и 50-те години на ХХ век). – Извори за историята на жените: дневници, спомени, писма, белетристика.

Author(s): Rositsa Stoyanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2022

Sources Collection Review

Наблюдения върху войнушкото стопанство в казите Филибе и Татар Пазарджик през XVI – началото на XVII век

Author(s): Krastyo Yordanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2022

On the basis of several unpublished registers, the article examines the real practice of official Voynuk land ownership. The historical-legal analysis is applied in the research work. According to law, Voynuk farms were exempt from land taxes, but were part of the state land fund. However, the Voynuk baştina differed from the Rayet çiftlik and baştina not only in that it also included vineyards, gardens and even houses, but the sizes of the fields were often smaller than the legal norms for a pair of arable land. This can be explained by the fact that these areas were sufficient for the sustenance of a Voynuk household, since the considered category of population was exempt from land taxes and jizyah. However, as early as the 16th century, a property differentiation was gradually created between the Voynuks and a thin layer of wealthy owners of service lands stood out. They expanded their arable lands both by unregulated means, entering in the timar land, and through perhaps perfectly legal transactions for the transfer of shares of arable land between the Voynuks themselves.

Повествование за изгряването на модерния българин

Author(s): Rositsa Stoyanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2022

Книжовноезикови стилове на българския XVIII в.

Author(s): Valentin Geshev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2009

A new approach to the analysis of eighteenth century Bulgarian texts is proposed. They are classified into four types - a strongly classicized, an intermediate, a moderately classicized and a demotic one - which differ in the degree and the character of their classicization on the phonetic, morphological and syntactic level. With all the four written-language styles the vocabulary combines a good deal of the centuries-long tradition (abstract words, names for religious concepts, natural-science and philosophical terms) with innovative lexical items, as it is in present-day Bulgarian, and the spelling is traditional. The Greek moderate Katharevoussa (as a means of making a linguistically modern text look classical-like) is the typological model for the moderately classicized eighteenth century Bulgarian written style, as the Greek Dhimotiki is for the demotic one. Two varieties of the classical written language provide linguistic samples for the eighteenth century Bulgarian scribe: the South Slavic (Serbo-Bulgarian) bezjusov one (without letters for the Old Bulgarian nasal vowels) and the East Slavic Church Slavonic one. The language of Paisij Hilendarski is of the intermediate strongly-to-moderately classicized type with a mixed traditional Serbo-Bulgarian and East Slavic phonetics and orthography and does not contain dialectal-vernacular phonetic features as some specialists in the history of Written Bulgarian claim.

Ceļā uz digitālo latviešu teiku rādītāju: priekšvēsture

Author(s): Sandis Laime / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 39/2019

In 2014, the Archives of Latvian Folklore started developing its digital archive, which, among other things, offers an opportunity to develop new digital tools and resources for indexing folk narratives. Since the 1850s, a sizeable legend corpus has been documented in the territory of Latvia, and extensive collections have been published. While initiating the development of a digital index of legends, this article aims to consider the most comprehensive collections and publications as of today, as well to characterise the applied systems of classification and indexes. It was in the 1850s and 1860s when the first calls to write down folktales and legends were published in the press, and when the Latvian folk narratives started attracting wider interest of both Baltic German scholars and emerging Latvian intellectuals. In 1887, Fricis Brīvzemnieks published the first academic collection of folktales and legends, which included 186 texts. In this collection, the folktales and legends were classified by the genre and subject. The majority of the folktales (1863 texts) and legends (3254 texts) collected in the 19th century was published in the seven-volume edition “Latvian Legends and Folktales” (1891–1903, 2001) edited by Anss Lerhis-Puškaitis. It was the largest collection of Latvian folklore and one of the most sizeable publications of folk narratives in Europe at that time. In the early 1890s, the popularity of British anthropologist Edward Tylor’s theory of animism was growing. As no particular classification system of legends was approbated in international research circles, Lerhis-Puškaitis developed a unique system of legend classification, which was based on the theory of animism to arrange the voluminous text corpus; however, it fell under criticism in the early 20th century. The largest current publication of Latvian folk narratives (4309 folktales and 3586 legends), “Latvian Folktales and Legends” (1925–1937), was prepared for publishing by Prof. Pēteris Šmits. As for systematisation of folktales, Šmits implemented a state-of-art classification system introduced by Antti Aarne based on the historic-geographic method. Unlike folktales, researchers of legends did not have any internationally applied catalogue of legend types available at the time. Šmits classified the legends into four sections: 1) etiological legends, 2) mythological legends, 3) place legends, and 4) historical legends. The Archives of Latvian Folklore (ALF) was established in 1924 with its main task to collect and archive Latvian folklore, including legends. Along with intense activities of folklore collecting, the ALF was publishing and studying the collected materials, yet no developments toward a legend index were initiated. Having recognised legends as a significant genre for the Soviet ideology, a catalogue was initiated in the 1950s by Herta Vaita (the card index of legends). In the early 1960s Alma Ancelāne engaged in the research and classification of legends, and this also concurred with the discussion activated by the International Society for Folk Narrative Research regarding the development of an international catalogue of legends, which indirectly affected Ancelāne’s work. The card index of legends, which was completed after almost 30 years, covers nearly all of the material held in the ALF, some 57,000 texts. The material was primarily divided into etiological, mythological, and historical legends, whereas a more detailed subdivision was created grouping the legends into several sub-levels based on motifs, types, and occasionally by the themes included therein. Although Ancelāne’s card index greatly helps in orientating oneself to the collection of legends held in the ALF, it can hardly be considered as a fully completed index of motifs or types of Latvian legends. After WWII, Latvian émigrés also contributed to the classification of legends. In 1981, Lena Neuland published “Motif-Index of Latvian Folktales and Legends”, which followed the pattern of “Motif-Index of Folk Literature” by Stith Thompson using both Thompson’s names and numbers of the motifs. In 2014, the digital archive of ALF, garamantas.lv, began providing options for the development of new digital tools and resources in the research of folk narratives. Much has been accomplished in the field of legend research by now, yet there is still much to be done. A sizeable number of legends have been collected, and a large portion of them has been published, but this material has not been compiled in a single data corpus. A motif-index of Latvian legends has been developed which is accessible to the international community of legend researchers, but the material it covers equals less than 5% of the entire text corpus. Likewise, a type-index of Latvian legends should also be developed. In addition, an equally wide selection of Latvian legends should be published in English. By developing a mapping tool, the digital archive would allow for the visualization of the geographical distribution of each motif and type. There are plenty of plans and intents to implement. The first impressions gained from an implementation of those will be addressed in a separate article.

CADRUL LEGISLATIV ŞI DESCRIEREA TIPOLOGIILOR DE CONSTRUCŢII TRADIŢIONALE DIN BUCOVINA ISTORICĂ (PARTEA DE SUD)

Author(s): Rodica Jugrin,Băta Ovidiu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2022

The first part of the article presents some of the legislative measures regarding the construction of buildings in Bukovina, issued during 1783–1863. These relate to: “fire regulation”, “regulation and widening of streets and markets and the use of construction materials only”, the construction of adjacent buildings, garbage dump and road construction distance, use of “solid construction materials”, use of bare bricks, construction of holes and use of zinc to cover private buildings, and so on. Two laws were drafted on “the offices called to exercise the construction policy and their operation”. In the second part are described the typologies of traditional construction in Bukovina, a region where the woodworking craftsmanship has taken shape since archaic times. Over the years, techniques have been developed for a comfortable living, the solutions found for joining beams or making roofs (with shingles of different sizes) with two or four sloping sides being some of the elements of authenticity of the traditional Bukovinian architecture. From a single-room dwelling with a porch house, the traditional wooden house evolved to a “room-passage-room” type of house, with a veranda, an arbour in front of the house and a pantry on the back. The shape, materials, dimensions and construction technique of the doors and windows, the use of natural building materials for the foundation of the house (cut and shaped stone blocks, without any mortar to bind them) complete the harmonious appearance of the traditional Bukovinian house. The decorations of the houses (often fretwork patterns like rosettes, squares, rhombuses, rectangles, moose, ropes, birds, “trees of life”) are characterized by sobriety and include symbols specific to the spirituality of the place. The roofs also have decorative elements like the so-called “beetles”, or fumigants and pins on the top. Some of the fences, made of beech or plank, have roofs with two slops, with decorative elements (carving or fretwork) on pillars and gates. Regarding the household annexes (stable with barn, cellar or pantry,summer kitchen) – these are positioned around the house and are built of the same materials as the house.

CĂRȚI. REVISTE

Author(s): Monica Dejan,Elena Pintilei,Cristian Alexandru Boghian,Bogdan-Petru Niculică,Rodica Jugrin,Elena Pascaniuc / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2022

Review of: Bogdan Petru Niculică, Ştefăniţa-Mihaela Ungureanu, Josef von Gutter, cel dintâi arheolog al Bucovinei şi scrisorile sale către istoricul Franz A. Wickenhauser, cuvânt înainte conf. univ. dr. Mircea Ignat, Suceava, Editura Karl A. Romstorfer, 2019, 242 p. Mihai Iacobescu, Însemnări despre oameni și cărți, Iași, Editura Junimea, 2020, 242 p. Marian Olaru (coord.), Ștefănița-Mihaela Ungureanu, Cristian Alexandru Boghian, Case tradiționale din Bucovina, Editura Universității „Ștefan cel Mare”, Suceava, 2020, 149 p. + 5 p. Mugur Andronic, Fortificațiile Bucovinei de-a lungul timpului. Bukovina fortifications over time, seria „Pagini din istoria și cultura Bucovinei”, XIX, Societatea Culturală Ștefan cel Mare – Bucovina), Suceava f.e., 2021, 184 p. + 44 planșe. «Glasul Bucovinei». Revistă trimestrială de istorie şi cultură”, Cernăuţi – Bucureşti, anul XXVI, nr. 1–2 (105–106), 2020, 223 p. „«Scriptum». Publicație trimestrială a Bibliotecii Bucovinei «I. G. Sbiera»”, Suceava, anul XXVII, nr. 1–2, 2021, 40 p.; nr. 3–4, 2021, 40 p.