Od sociálneho radikalizmu k radikálnemu socializmu 1918 - 1920

Author(s): Juraj Benko / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2015

The study deals with the circumstances of the formation of social protests within the context of the lower classes during the first years after the establishment of Czechoslovakia and with the relationship between social radicalism and radical socialism during this period. On one hand, the author focuses on the social causes of the protests, on the other hand, the ways in which the protests were expressed are analysed. Considering the establishment of Czechoslovakia, the emphasis is put on the process of continuity of the development of social and economic circumstances, in which the lower classes lived in this period. The aspect of the discontinuity of political development remains overlooked. It is distinguished by the differences between the interests and political behaviour of two quite separate social worlds – the interests of the elite and middle class on one hand and the interests of the lower classes, that had been most damaged by the social and economic situation at the end of the war and after the establishment of Czechoslovakia on the other. With socially differentiated views and emphasizing the continuity of the social and economic situation, the process of the national-democratic revolution in 1918 (accentuated among the higher and middle classes, as well as in the official history) seems to parallel the specific development of social protests within the context of the lower classes. At the same time, the study focuses on the multiple radical lexicons present in the sphere of discourse and used in the radicalization of the lower classes. The communist lexicon, which was significantly used by the lower classes in towns and rural areas almost immediately after war, played an important role as a political language of social protest.

"Zelené kádry" jako radikální alternativa pro venkov na západním Slovensku a ve středovýchodní Evropě 1917 - 1920

Author(s): Jakub Beneš / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2015

This article explores the phenomenon of the ‘Green Cadres' at the end of the First World War in Austria-Hungary, with a focus on events in western Slovakia 1918-1920. The Green Cadres were bands of army deserters and radicalized peasants who hid in the forests and mountains of the monarchy during the last year of the war and then violently attempted to topple the social-political order in many localities as the state collapsed. The article suggests that they represented both the last major episode of peasant unrest in the region and a radical new attempt by the rural common people to influence the character of national and social politics in the interwar period. The nationalist dimension of this loose social movement appears to have been particularly strong in western Slovakia and may indicate some affiliation with the leaders of Slovak Catholic populism. On the other hand, the inability of nationalist elites to coopt the Green Cadres was in part responsible for their marginalization in narratives of Czechoslovak liberation as well as in contemporary historiography. On the basis of sources in Slovak, Czech, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, and German, this study argues that the Slovak case of the Green Cadres fits into a broader transnational phenomenon, which sheds new light on the history of East Central Europe in the twentieth century.

SZEGHY Gabriel (ed.): Studia Cassoviensia Nova. Košice vo svetle nových poznatkov

Author(s): Dana Kušnírová / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

The review of: SZEGHY Gabriel (ed.) Studia Cassoviensia Nova. Košice vo svetle nových poznatkov. (Studia Cassoviensia Nova. Košice in the light of the new knowledge) Košice: Dejepisný spolok v Košiciach, 2020, 192 s. ISBN 978-80-971895-7-0.

Deset let hledání. Správní reforma z roku 1927 a její prosazení na okresní úrovni na Slovensku

Author(s): Martin Klečacký / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2024

The study deals with the implementation of the key administrativereform (the so-called Organizational Act No. 125/1927 Coll.) in Slovakiaas a prerequisite for the unification of the political administration inCzechoslovakia. With the adoption of the Act, district offices became thebasic unit of state administration throughout the territory of the state. Thefirst part of the paper describes the circumstances of the adoption of thelaw as part of the political negotiations leading to the formation of thenew government and the effects of this compromise on the form of thelaw and the territorial division of political administration. In the next part,the workings of the district authorities in Slovakia are examined basedon inspection reports in comparison with the Czech lands, especiallyin relation to the personnel issue. In the last part, the study focuses onthe corps of district chiefs who headed the district offices and thusrepresented the most important representatives of state power at thelocal level. It examines their age, origin, education, and experience andcompares them with the situation in the Czech Lands. The study linksthe slow implementation of the administrative reform and the problematicoperation of the district authorities mainly to the absence of supervisionby the superior authorities and the lack of suitable senior officials. It notesthat the selection of district chiefs was subject, in addition to professionalcriteria, to political discretion, which, however, led to the lack of adequateskills and experience on the part of some district chiefs.

Aleksander Jełowicki (1804–1877) – nieprzeciętny wśród nieprzeciętnych

Author(s): Alina Nowak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2023

Kluczem do poznania Aleksandra Jełowickiego są teksty źródłowe wybrane spośród dokumentów osobistych prezentowanej postaci. Zastosowano metodę specjalistycznego odczytywania dokumentów – tekstów intymnych oraz metody filologiczne (spojrzenie na autora jako twórcę-rekonstruktora świata przedstawionego, narratora i bohatera; konteksty biograficzne, historyczne, osobiste itp.). Jełowicki był przygotowywany do aktywnego życia w świecie, który wybierze i który zostanie mu „przeznaczony”. Dorastał do epoki wielkich zmian jako człowiek uczący się i korzystający z najnowszych osiągnięć cywilizacyjnych Wychowywał się w poważanej i zamożnej rodzinie, w duchu głębokiego patriotyzmu i postaw obywatelskich; nawyki intelektualne wyrabiał w szkołach w Winnicy; zdobył wykształcenie filozoficzne; odebrał także wykształcenie kulturalne „światowca” (podróże, opera, nauka języków obcych, wartość języka ojczystego, bogate życie towarzyskie, aktywność obywatelska, w tym udział w powstaniu listopadowym itp.). Żywiołem Jełowickiego byli ludzie – w Moich wspomnieniach wymienia około 600 osób. Ideowo i duchowo bliscy byli jemu: Kazimierz Brodziński, Maurycy Mochnacki, Cyprian Kamil Norwid; wydawca Adama Mickiewicza; portrecista „ostatnich” z mijającej epoki. Wierzył, że od decyzji i konsekwencji w działaniu jednego człowieka mogą zależeć wielkie rzeczy (przykład Tadeusza Czackiego, założyciela Liceum Krzemienieckiego). Jełowicki był człowiekiem przestrzeni, który myśli i widzi przestrzennie. Zdobywanie szczytów górskich uczyło go budowania dalekosiężnych wizji, dostrzegania perspektyw i niebezpieczeństw w zadaniach. Wszędzie widział doskonałość Boga i Jego pomoc, na którą człowiek musi być jednak przygotowany. Głównym celem jego kapłaństwa było ratowanie grzeszników, zwłaszcza inteligentów (spowiadał Fryderyka Chopina przed śmiercią i pomógł w nawróceniu), oraz podążanie „najpewniejszą drogą służenia Ojczyźnie w czasach jej utrapienia i niedoli” (w 1843 roku przystąpił do zmartwychwstańców). Był kaznodzieją i organizatorem ośrodków kultury i edukacji w Paryżu i Rzymie; angażował się w popularyzację myśli zmartwychwstańczej i współtworzył koncepcję oddziaływania zgromadzenia na środowiska emigracji polskiej popowstaniowej w różnych częściach świata.

Aleksander Jełowicki (1804–1877) – an Extraordinary among the Extraordinary

Author(s): Alina Nowak / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2023

The text is an approach to compiling scattered information on the life and activities of Aleksander Jełowicki against the background of the achievements of his contemporaries and the cultural panorama of the late 19th century. The author, start-ing from the theory of perception of archival materials proposed by Roman Zimand, analyzes primary sources that bear witness to the life and activities of Jełowicki and related fi gures. At the outset, the author introduces the fi gure of Aleksander Jełowicki and the era that formed him. She then touches on the very important themes of emi-gration and the most signifi cant interpersonal relationships that infl uenced his life and work within the congregation. Also touched upon are the themes of space in the writ-ings of the Resurrectionist and his theory of the priestly path. Very important for the text are the comparisons of Father Jełowicki’s writings with fragments of literary works and correspondence of Polish artists and émigré activists. They make up a pic-ture not only of the era in which the subject of this study lived, but also of the patriotic thought that resounds from his sections. Thanks to the compilation of representative fragments of letters, diaries and works, combined with the scholarly refl ection on them contained in the works of researchers, it has been possible to show the complex silhou-ette of one of the key fi gures of the Resurrectionist Order, whose activities continue to provide new fi elds of research.

Епистоларното наследство на Павел Дуванлията (Гайдаджийски), католически епископ на Никопол

Author(s): Keti Mircheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 49/2024

Дунайская проблема в системе международных отношений в XVIII – первой половине ХХ века: правовые, экономические и политические аспекты

Author(s): Tatiana V. Volokitina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2025

The article highlights the main milestones of the history of the Danube problem and the formalization of the international legal regime of the major waterway of Central and South-Eastern Europe in the 18th – first half of the 20th century. Special attention is paid to the period of the Second world war and the post-war peace settlement. Based on the documents of the Russian archives, the plans of the western allies to ensure their political and economic dominance in the Danube basin, in particular the re-establishment of an internationalized river regime under the control of non-coastal states, are shown, analyzed «factor Danube» in connection with sharp discussions on determining the nature of governments in Bulgaria and Romania at the stage of signing the Armistice Agreements and attempts by the West to equalize the capabilities of coastal and non-coastal countries in solving problems Danube Management. Materials of the sessions of the Council of Foreign Ministers (CMF) in London, Paris, New York, Paris Peace Conference are presented. The preparation of the Danube conference of 1948 in Belgrade, the development of a coherent position of the people’s democratic states were studied, the atmosphere of discussion and adoption of the Belgrade Convention was reproduced. The conclusion is made about the relevance of the Danube problem today, reflecting, as in the past, cooperation and rivalry, strategic risks, different «statuses» and the capabilities of the Danube states and their various national interests.

Sorin Mitu, Românii și ungurii. Un război imagologic de o mie de ani

Author(s): Gheorghe Negustor / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2024

Book review. The author of this impressive volume is a well-known historian of “BabeșBolyai” University of Cluj-Napoca. As a specialist on the relations between Romanians and Hungarians, he dedicated several volumes and numerous studies to the various issues and aspects that build the historiographical discourse of this subject as generous as it is sensitive.

Začetni pouk računstva v času šolske reforme Marije Terezije

Author(s): Milan Hladnik / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2-3/2024

This article gives a brief overview of the innovations that the first Austrian school law of 1774, by including calculus as a compulsory subject, introduced into the initial teaching of calculus which made calculus throughout the monarchy, including the territory of present- day Slovenia. It stipulated that children should be familiarised with natural numbers and basic operations with them, with digerent measures, and with the use of simple rules of reasoning. Instructions on how to proceed in calculus lessons could be found in the Method Book of im, and in more detail in its summary, Core of the Method Book, which was also published bilingually in 1777, in German and Slovene. By describtion of the content of both methodological works that concerns calculus, we present the application of Felbiger's pedagogical method in calculus education. We also discuss the official textbook entitled Instruction for the Art of calculus, and compare the calculation procedures prescribed therein with modern ones. It should be stressed that the introduction of calculus into schools has brought something very important (to the mathematical profession in Slovenia), besides its general benefits: it has stimulated the development of Slovenian mathematical terminology and (albeit belatedly) the beginning of the writing and publishing of Slovenian school books suitable for the initial teaching of calculus.

Nemirni šolski razred štajerskega slikarja Ferdinanda Mallitscha iz 1876

Author(s): Branko Šuštar / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2-3/2024

The classroom with teacher and pupils had been of artistic interest to painters since the Middle Ages, and in the 19th century it became a popular genre motif. With the experience of academic schooling in Graz and Vienna and study trips as far as Paris, the Styrian painter Ferdinand Mallitsch, already noted by his contemporaries for the quality of his work, took up the subject of school painting when his two sons were growing up, adding to his previous interest in landscapes, portraits and family scenes. He depicted a lively classroom break in a dynamic, dramatic painting with more than twenty exuberant pupils caught in the moment of the teacher's arrival. This interesting motif in the history of education has not been overlooked among classroom scenes, but it is not very well known. However, with the availability of the Internet, it is becoming even more prominent. This classroom motif from 1876, presented here as Mischief in the Classroom, has had a variety of names: Die Zwischenstunde in der Dorfschule, Die entfesselte Schulklasse, and Vor der Schule. Born in Graz in 1820, the painter helped to shape a particularly German part of the culture of the then German and Slovenian-speaking Styria as one of the lands of Habsburg Austria. But the artistic expression speaks beyond language and time. On his father's side, the painter belonged to the Malič/Mallitsch family from Ljubljana, but he was connected to the Slovenian lands through his mother's family, the Vischners from Graz, when he managed the family vineyard estate Vukovski dvor (Willkommhof) near Pesnica pri Mariboru. He died in 1900 in Lenart in the Slovenske gorice region.

Prikazi i osvrti

Author(s): Jakov Blagojević,Alen Moslavac,Siniša Đuričić,Milan Vrbanus / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 24/2024

Reviews of: 1. Dinko ŠOKČEVIĆ: Kratka povijest Hrvata u Mađarskoj (Budimpešta: Croatica, 2021). 223 str. ISBN 978-61-5601-426-9. 2. Dijana PINJUH, Anđelko VLAŠIĆ: Tragom Evlije Čelebija kroz Hercegovački sandžak (Zagreb: Srednja Europa, 2023). 290 str. ISBN 978-953-8281-85-3. 3. Ekonomska i ekohistorija / Economicand Ecohistory – Časopis za gospodarsku povijest i povijest okoliša, broj 18 (Zagreb – Samobor, 2022). 119 str. ISSN 1845-5867 (Tisak); 1849-0190 (Online). 4. Znanstvena radionica „Izazovi i važnost istraživanja kartografske građe Slavonije iz razdoblja ranog novog vijeka“, Vukovar 4.-6. rujna 2023.

Politica fiscală a domnilor fanarioți față de așezămintele religioase. Studiu de caz: mănăstirile Cotroceni, Radu Vodă și Mihai Vodă

Author(s): Mariana Lazăr / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XLII/2024

The history of medieval Romanian taxation was a complex one, not yet enough understood. In what the monasteries are concerned, whereas they initially benefited from tax immunity, over time certain contributions began being imposed on them. After 1720, in direct relation to the growing financial needs of the Phanariot rulers, the taxes imposed on the monasteries were both diversified and increased. The documents regarding the budgets of the monasteries Cotroceni, Radu Vodă and Mihai Vodă contain detailed information about the taxes personal, real and extraordinary that were paid not only by these monasteries, but also by all other similar institutions between 1730 and 1740. Thus, taxes that had previously been only exceptional, became annual taxes under the Phanariot reigns, some being even collected twice in a year, whenever there was a change of ruler or when the demands of the Turks became pressing.The quantum of these taxes paid by the monasteries to the country’s treasury demonstrates the excessive taxation of that era. The serious consequences on their situation determine Prince Constantin Mavrocordat to give them exception from the taxes (1741). Later, due to increased financial needs, the successors of Constantin Mavrocordat reimposed the monasteries to pay the taxes. In 1775, Prince Alexandru Ipsilanti exempted the monasteries from paying taxes, instead asking them to pay a contribution proportional with their wealth in order to finance the schools. Although the monasteries were exempt from paying taxes by a number of princely charters, nevertheless at later dates they were asked to contribute towards the wellbeing of the country, whenever the need required it.

Din istoria mănăstirii Slobozia lui Enache de la întemeiere până la mijlocul secolului al XIX-lea

Author(s): Petronel Zahariuc / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XLII/2024

This study is based on the documentary treasure of the monastery Slobozia lui Enache (Ialomița county), preserved in the Docheiariou monastery on Mount Athos. The author co-edited a volume comprising the Romanian documents from the Docheiariou archives, published in 2019. In addition to the Athonite sources, he also considered the documents from the Romanian National Historical Archives in Bucharest, found in the archival fond of Slobozia lui Enache monastery and Apostolache skete. Based on this corpus of sources, the author investigates the history of the Slobozia lui Enache monastery, starting from its foundation and continuing until the mid-nineteenth century. The studythrows new lights on the early history of both Slobozia lui Enache monastery and Apostolache skete, with respect to their foundation and architecture. Incidentally, the study also invalidates a series of false historiographical assumptions and hypotheses.

Addenda et corrigenda

Author(s): Petronel Zahariuc / Language(s): Romanian Issue: XLII/2024

More than a quarter of a century ago, Florin Marinescu published a partial photograph (missing the last three lines) of a Slavic-Romanian document issued by the ruler of Moldavia, Petru II. Two years after the last edition, in 1998, the document was transcribed and translated by Valentin Constantinov, being "collated together with Professor Dr. Ioan Caproșu."

Noutăți editoriale

Author(s): / Language(s): English,Romanian,French,German,Hungarian Issue: XLII/2024

Editorial news.Recent Publications.

Wielowymiarowość postaw patriotycznych. Przykład rodziny Smoleńskich z Grabienic Małych z drugiej połowy XIX i początku XX wieku

Author(s): Andrzej Chodubski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

W opracowaniu wskazuje się, że rodzina Smoleńskich z Grabienic Małych stanowiła typowy przykład przechodzenia w drugiej połowie XIX w. z stanu drobnoszlacheckiego w inteligencję. Rzeczywistość polityczna, funkcjonowanie pod zaborami kształtowały szczególne postawy patriotyczne nowo tworzącej się inteligencji. Postawy te ujawniały się w wielowymiarowości form, od aktywności insurekcyjnej w pierwszej połowie XIX w. po urzeczywistnianie ideałów pozytywistycznych w drugiej połowie XIX w. i aktywności kulturowej na początku XX w. Pojmowanie patriotyzmu jako solidnej pracy u podstaw przez członków rodziny Smoleńskich, jak też ich zdolności duchowe doprowadziły ich do pozycji luminarzy polskiego życia kulturowego. Z punktu widzenia generowania postaw patriotycznych szczególną rolę pełnił historyk i pedagog Władysław Smoleński (1851–1926) – jeden z najwybitniejszych przedstawicieli pozytywizmu warszawskiego.

Women and Men in Argentinean Political Tradition (1810–1947)

Author(s): Avital Hecht / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

María Estela Martínez de Perón, better known as Isabel Perón, became president of Argentina upon her husband’s death in 1974. She first served as vice president to her husband, Juan Domingo Perón, during his third term in office, starting in 1973.Compared to Peron, Argentina’s most legendary leader, serving from 1976 to 1974, Isabel (Peron’s third wife) possessed no evident leadership skills. Isabel significantly differed from Peron’s second wife, Eva (Evita) Perón, who was viewed as the 'sanctity' in the eyes of its people. Eva served as a key partner in Peron's rise to power during his first term in 1951-1946, accompanying him through his election campaign in which he was elected to a second term. Peron was overthrown from office in 1955 in a military coup. His second term began with an attempt to present the candidacy of Eva for vice president which proved unsuccessful as military chiefs, original partners of Peron, failed to support Eva’s candidacy.Very few women have been key players in Argentinian history. Change came about, however, during Peron's first term, with support for women's suffrage in 1947. With popular support ensuring the leader's second term, this point in time changed the map on women’s rights. So while not considered a saint, such as Eva, Isabel may be analyzed as part of the personal and political life of Peron, as well as a key figure in Argentinian history.

“Religion’s firm-rooted truths”: Richard Polwhele, Pulpit Oratory and Loyalist Romanticism in the English Province

Author(s): Dafydd Moore / Language(s): English Issue: 68/2024

This article explores the rearguard action fought by the clergyman and writer Richard Polwhele against what he saw as the threat of Anglican Evangelicalism and Methodism in Cornwall during the French Revolutionary period, highlighting the connections between religious experience, rhetorical performance and politics. Whether it be through his theorizing of pulpit oratory, his rows with those he considered Enthusiasts or his understanding of ordination oaths, Polwhele maintained that religious belief should be regulated by rhetorical distance. Explaining this stance, the article shows how Polwhele’s theological and ecclesiological opposition to the Enthusiasm he regarded as dangerously inherent in Evangelical Protestantism also led him to address shortcomings within the governance of the Church of England itself. This danger was embodied in Polwhele’s eyes by the failure of too much pulpit oratory, particularly in the provinces, to engage through its language, content and tone with its popular audience. By focusing on the neglected figure of Polwhele, the article brings together and adds to current work on regional identity, Loyalism, Romantic religion and the sermon as a performative literary form in the eighteenth century.

Sugrįžusi atmintis: Kauno bernardinių istorija ir vienuolyno ansamblis XVI a. pab. – XIX a.

Author(s): Mindaugas Paknys / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 22/2024

Review of: Vaida Kamuntavičienė, Aušra Vasiliauskienė. Sugrįžusi atmintis: Kauno bernardinių istorija ir vienuolyno ansamblis XVI a. pab. – XIX a. Kaunas: Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, 2023, p. 432 p