We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
The study aims to draw attention to the fact that Christian symbols have been different over time, some of them being found in the northern Lower Danube area. Likewise, some holidays and customs all demonstrate the existence of popular Christianity.
More...
The Greek ”daimon” was a spirit that enabled creations. Its powerful, positive connotations placed it at the same level with deities. With the emerge of Christianity, these spirits that enhanced the human feelings and pleasures became known as ”demons”, which were evil spiritual presences, simply because they focused on desiteratum, while a good Christian controls and avoids to accomplish unchristian desires. The paths of these spirits are interesting to follow, especially in literature, which took over all the shapes and essences the concept holds. In Romanian literature, the development of the concept was slow and it took some time until it detached itself from the Christian configuration and adopted more plastic shapes.
More...
Review of: John Bryant, Płynny tekst. Teoria zmienności tekstów i edytorstwa w dobie książki i ekranu, tłum. Łukasz Cybulski, Filologia XXI, t. 13, Wydawnictwo Instytutu Badań Literackich PAN, Warszawa 2020, ss. 286, il. Medieval Documents as Artefacts. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Codicology, Palaeography and Diplomatics, red. E[ef] C. Dijkhof, współpr. A[mand] Berteloot, J[os] A.A.M. Biemans, J[an] W.J. Burgers i in., Schriften Schriftdragers in de Nederlanden in de Middeleeuwen, t. 6, Verloren, Hilversum 2020, ss. 432, tabl., il. Grzegorz Śnieżko, Moneta w Polsce za panowania Bolesława III Krzywoustego, cz. 1–2, Wydawnictwo Instytutu Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Warszawa 2021, ss. 330, il., płyta CD Anna Horeczy, Recepcja włoskiej kultury intelektualnej w krakowskim środowisku uniwersyteckim w drugiej połowie XIV i w pierwszej połowie XV wieku, Instytut Historii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Warszawa 2021, ss. 459 Piotr Kołpak, Kult świętych patronów Królestwa Polskiego w czasach Jagiellonów, Monografie Towarzystwa Naukowego Societas Vistulana, t. 4, Towarzystwo Naukowe Societas Vistulana, Kraków 2020, ss. 431 + [5]+ 42 il. barwne Księgi ławnicze krakowskie z lat 1408–1417. Księgi wójtowskie krakowskie. Fragmenty z lat 1411–1412, wyd. Marcin Starzyński, współpr. Patrycja Wiencierz, Starodawne Prawa Polskiego Pomniki, seria 2: Pomniki Prawa Polskiego, dział 3: Prawo miejskie, t. 4, Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Archiwum Narodowe w Krakowie, Warszawa–Kraków 2020, ss. 180 + 2 nlb., il. 2 Lidia Grzybowska, Kazania „de tempore” i „de sanctis” Mikołaja z Błonia. Zarys monografii, Studia Staropolskie. Series Nova, t. 50 (106), Instytut Badań Literackich Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Warszawa 2020, ss. 544 Michał Spandowski, współpr. Sławomir Szyller, opisy opraw oprac. Maria Brynda, tłum. Elżbieta Olechowska, Catalogue of Incunabula in the National Library of Poland, t. 1–2, Biblioteka Narodowa, Warszawa 2020, ss. 695 + 382 Pieczęcie królów i królowych polskich do 1572 r., oprac. Janusz Bonczkowski, Dariusz Chyła, Marcin Hlebionek, Mateusz Superczyński, red. Marcin Hlebionek, tłum. Edyta Grotek, Katalog Pieczęci Archiwum Państwowego w Toruniu, t. 1, Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu, Toruń 2020, ss. 195, il. Steven Thiry, Matter(s) of State. Heraldic Display and Discourse in the Early Modern Monarchy (c. 1480–1650), Heraldic Studies, t. 2, Jan Thorbecke Verlag, Ostfildern 2018, ss. 401, il. Andrzej Tadeusz Staniszewski, Historyje krakowskie. Funkcjonowanie narracyjnych tekstów popularnych we wczesnonowożytnej aglomeracji krakowskiej, Terminus. Bibliotheca Classica. Seria 2, t. 8, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Kraków 2020, ss. 320 + [8] tablic Teki Górskiego (sygn. BOZ 2053), cz. 1: Teki I–XV, cz. 2: Teki XVI–XXIX, cz. 3: Indeksy, oprac. Patryk Sapała, Katalog Rękopisów Biblioteki Narodowej, seria 3: Zbiory Biblioteki Ordynacji Zamojskiej, t. 7, Biblioteka Narodowa, Warszawa 2020, ss. 770 + 729 + 314 Maciej Matwijów, Zbiory materiałów życia publicznego jako typ książki rękopiśmiennej w czasach staropolskich (1660–1760), Wydawnictwo DiG, Warszawa 2020, ss. 574, il. Sygillograficzne raviciana ze zbiorów Muzeum Ziemi Rawickiej, oprac. Henryk Pawłowski, Muzeum Ziemi Rawickiej, Prof-Art, Rawicz–Sieradz 2020, ss. 36, 64 il. barwnych
More...
Review of: The Expansion of the Faith. Crusading on the Frontiers of Latin Christendom in the High Middle Ages, ed. by Paul Srodecki and Norbert Kersken (Outremer. Studies in the Crusades and the Latin East 14), Brepols, Turnhout 2022, ss. 350. KRZYSZTOF FOKT, Organizacja grodowa w drugiej monarchii piastowskiej. Studium krytyczne (Maiestas, potestas, communitas VII), Wydawnictwo Towarzystwa Naukowego Societas Vistulana, Kraków 2022, ss. 126. MANUEL KAMENZIN, Die Tode der römisch-deutschen Könige und Kaiser (1150-1349), (Mittelalter-Forschungen, Bd. 64), Jan Thorbecke Verlag, Ostfildern 2020, ss. 586. Der Rotulus im Gebrauch. Einsatzmöglichkeiten – Gestaltungsvarianz – Deutungen, hg. von Étienne Doublier, Jochen Johrendt, Maria Pia Alberzoni (Archiv für Diplomatik, Beiheft 19), Böhlau Verlag, Wien-Köln-Weimar 2020, ss. 464. Heilige Fürstinnen und Kleriker, Lebensbeschreibungen und Wunderberichte von polnischen Heiligen des 13. und 14. Jahrhunderts, hg., überseztzt und eingeleitet von Eduard Mühle (Ausgewählte Quellen zur Geschichte des Mittelalters. Freiherr-vom-Stein-Gedächtnisausgabe, Bd. 53), Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2021, ss. 510. PAWEŁ BABIJ, Pieczęcie rycerstwa obcego na Śląsku do 1335 roku w zbiorach Archiwum Państwowego we Wrocławiu, Wydawnictwo Eternum, Wrocław 2021, ss. 120. JERZY MAIK, Sukiennictwo w średniowiecznej Polsce, Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Łódź 2021, ss. 226 + il. HEIKE HAWICKS, HARALD BERGER, Marsilius von Inghen und die Niederrheinlande. Zum 625. Todestag des Gründungsrektors der Heidelberger Universität (Beiträge zur Geschichte der Kurpfalz und der Universität Heidelberg, Bd. 1), Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg 2021, ss. VI + 170. The Visitation of Hereford Diocese in 1397, ed. by Ian Forrest, Christopher Whittick (Canterbury and York Society 111), The Canterbury and York Society, The Boydell Press, Woodbridge 2021, ss. XLIV + 272. MARCIN KUŹMICKI, Studia nad filologicznymi i historycznymi edycjami średniowiecznych rot przysiąg sądowych. W stronę interdyscyplinarnych wydań otwartych, Wydawnictwo Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne, Poznań 2022, ss. 224. CHRISTOPH ROTH, Ein „Meister der Druckkunst” in Heidelberg. Das Heidelberger Publikationsprogramm des Inkunabeldruckers Heinrich Knoblochtzer 1485-1495/1500, Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg 2021, ss. 148. TOMAS ČELKIS, Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės kelių evoliucija. Sausumos užvaldymas, Vilniaus universiteto leidykla, Vilnius 2021, ss. 464 + il. i mapy. WIESŁAW DŁUGOKĘCKI, ALEKSANDRA GIRSZTOWT, Urzędnicy miejscy Malborka do roku 1772. Spisy (Spisy urzędników miejskich z obszaru Rzeczypospolitej [recte: dawnej Rzeczypospolitej], Śląska i Pomorza Zachodniego, t. VIII: Prusy Królewskie, z. 5: Malbork), Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego, Gdańsk 2021, ss. 314. Universitätsmatrikeln im deutschen Südwesten. Bestände, Erschließung und digitale Präsentation. Beiträge zur Tagung im Universitätsarchiv Heidelberg am 16. und 17. Mai 2019, hg. von Heike Hawicks, Ingo Runde (Heidelberger Schriften zur Universitätsgeschichte, Bd. 9), Universitätsverlag Winter, Heidelberg 2020, ss. 434. EWA PIETRZAK, Literatur für den Hof. Die Piastenhöfe als kulturelle Zentren Schlesiens im 17. Jahrhundert, Universitätsverlag WINTER GmbH, Heidelberg 2021, ss. 598. Akta sejmikowe województw poznańskiego i kaliskiego. Lata 1668-1675, wyd. Michał Zwierzykowski, Robert Kołodziej, Andrzej Kamieński, Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, Poznań 2018, ss. XX + 674.
More...
Medieval Serbian regulations of domestic origin do not contain systematic norms about witnesses and testimony, but only a few incidental mentions. On the other hand, in the transplanted Rhomaian (Byzantine) collections - the Nomocanon (Zakonopravilo) of St. Sava and the Abbreviated Syntagma of Matthew Blastares, there are numerous regulations on how witnesses give statements and, even more, whose testimony is considered acceptable. Many years ago, Soloviev assessed that it was not necessary for Dušan’s Code to delve into this matter “because the numerous provisions of Byzantine law (...) exhausted the subject matter.” However, one must question how applicable these norms were in the law of medieval Serbia. Although judicial records have not been preserved, occasional mentions of testimony at assemblies or witnesses to the drafting of contracts can still provide us with a view of the practice. With a focus on those sources, this paper will try to show at least a partial picture of witnesses in medieval Serbian law. Special attention will be paid to the issue of women’s testimony.
More...
Until Dušan’s legislative work, the most important general act of the legal system of the Nemanjić state was the Nomocanon, i.e. The Zakonopravilo of Saint Sava. This compendium of secular and ecclesiastical law included Rhomean law, in addition to the “City Law” - Procheiron, and a number of civil law regulations from previous times. The subject of this work will be the beginning of chapter 9 of Justinian’s 120 novella (Nov. 120, 9, pr), which found its way to chapter 47 of the Code of Laws, and which concerns the issue of church property, more precisely - the issue of the issue of the Church acquiring sterile possessions - unprofitable lands. The goal of the research is to point out the various changes made by the redactor by transferring (transplanting) this commandment into Serbian law, as well as the possible reasons for this nomotechnical procedure. On the other hand, the topic will also include the contemporary understanding of the text of the 25th rule in Chapter 47, title 2, ch. 1 of the Zakonopravilo in the light of both previous translations of this work into the modern Serbian language - the translation of Ilovičkо Zakonopravilo and Sarajevsko Zakonopravilo. The purpose of this approach is not only to understand the way of reception to Serbian law, but also to recognize the importance of primary sources and a versatile approach when studying and translating old sources of law.
More...
Information on the relations between the Bulgarian Tsardom, crusaders, Byzantines and Serbs in Latin sources on the crusade of Frederick Barbarossa contain exclusive data relating to the political history and the structure of the state of Peter and Asen in 1189–1190. Due to the uniqueness of these data, their value is of great importance for revealing a number of events and details from this particularly interesting and eventful period. Most of the researchers so far, however, seem to have neglected some of the details hidden in these sources and often show through their writings that they have been subject to the inertia of the historiographical tradition. The present study may also have certain shortcomings or controversial elements, yet it is an attempt on the one hand to thoroughly and punctually study the information about the Bulgarian state in the main written sources tracking the Balkan part of Frederick I’s crusade, and on the other hand to chronologize, locate and analyze historical events and geographic indicators according to the context. In conclusion, the following assumptions are made: most of the attackers of the pilgrims in the region called Bulgarian Forest were probably representatives of criminal contingent; it is highly unlikely that the Bulgarian ruler sent envoys to the Western emperor in Niš; Peter probably asked the Staufer monarch to bestow on him the crown of the emperor in Constantinople in order to provide significant military assistance to help the crusaders conquer the Byzantine capital. The rebellion in Philadelphia and the crusaders’ campaign undoubtedly played a role in the development of the Bulgarian-Byzantine conflict, postponing military activity for several months. Despite the efforts at a diplomatic level, the Bulgarian rulers didn’t manage to take advantage of the presence of the pilgrims on the Balkan Peninsula and to gain lasting positives for themselves.
More...
Reviews of: 1. Jozo Džambo, Franjevci u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni, Kulturno-povijesni institut Bosne Srebrene, Sarajevo 2022, 366 str; 2. Hrvoje Kalem, Objava i vjera: Progovori nam u Sinu, Krš ćanska sadašnjost, Zagreb 2023, 540 str.; 3. Srećko Matko Džaja, Trn s kupreške visoravni: fragmenti sjećanja, Matica hrvatska, Zagreb, 2022, 175 str.); 4. Župa Dobretići u Pougarju, Monografija u povodu 350. obljetnice župe, ur. fra Drago Bojić, Dobretići, 2022., 446 str; 5. Nikola Šimić Tonin, Mahala. Povijesni roman s ključem, AS Zvornik, 2021.; 6. Fra Mirkova čitanka. Zbornik vjerske i društvene misli fra Miroslava Džaje o 50. obljetnici njegove smrti (1972.-2022.), prir. Marijan Karaula i Dubravko Turalija, Naša ognjišta, Tomislavgrad, 2022., 420 str; 7. Fra Tomislav Brković, Franjevci iz Rame. Leksikon članova Bosne Srebrene 1557.-2020., Prozor, 2022, 366 str.
More...
In spite of the variety and multitude of judicial authorities, a survey of the judicial insignia in continental Europe between the High Middle Ages and 18th century reveals a surprising uniformity and constancy both in the particular as well as the ius commune legal tradition. The sword of Justice, the Judge`s chair, his robes and book figure prominently in the medieval illuminations. Insignia formed the identity of the judge and served as a reminder of the presence of a political institution of a transpersonal character: the judicial authority was hence represented through the display of the inisignia. The aim of the article is to defend the proposition that the exterior signs of delegated judicial authority in pre-codification continental Europe manifested themselves in a rather consistent appearance because they reflected a common idea of a delegation of judicial authority, which was to be accompanied by the visual transfer of materialised symbols.
More...
In the year 978 Bagrat, the son of Gurgen Bagration, King Bagrat III in the future, was consecrated as the “King of Abkhazia” in Kutaisi. In the year 1001 Bagrat III received the title of “King of Georgians”. In our opinion, the ceremony of consecration as a king existed both in The Kingdom of Abkhazia and in The Kingdom of Georgia. Therefore, we do think, it is completely permissible to bless Bagrat III twice, in the year 978 as the “King of Abkhazia” and in the year 1001 as the “King of Georgians”. Perhaps after the final joining of Kakheti and Hereti, as parts of Georgian Kingdom, in the year 1010, Bagrat III was once again blessed as king, and this time with the title “King of Abkhazians and Georgians, Tao and Rantians and Kakhetians”.After Bagrat III, the consecration of George I and Bagrat IV as the Kings several times did not happen again. The situation is changing with regard to George II. When King Bagrat IV went to Byzantium in the year 1054, Georg II was consecrated as a king in Ruisi, on the initiative of Liparit Bagvashi.The consecration of George II in Ruisi was unusual and not very pleasant for the Bagrations. Probably, Georg II did not like to remember this ceremony of consecration as the king and tried to forget it. Georg II tried to forget this fact not only himself, but this fact should be forgotten by the society, primarily the feudal elite. Therefore, we do think that after the death of Bagrat IV in the year 1072, George II should have been re-consecrated as king in Kutaisi, in the Bagrat Cathedral.It is likely that the tradition of twice consecrating as the kings was laid from the consecration of Georg in Kutaisi II in the year 1072.
More...
The present paper discusses the issues of establishing the Vardanisdze family, a powerful feudal family of medieval Georgia, in Guria and therefore obtaining the status of Gurieli in the light of the portraits identified in the wall paintings of the Jumati Monastery. Representatives of this strong feudal family were Eristavs (princes) of the Svaneti principality from the 10th-11th centuries to the beginning of the 14th century. According to Vakhushti Batonishvili’s information the Vardanisdze family was deprived of the Svaneti principality and Guria was given to rule in 1361, However, historians have a well-founded opinion regarding the transfer of the date to the first half of the 14th century. Based on the artistic style analysis, the Jumati Archangels Monastery wall painting in Guria reveals the artistic peculiarities of the same period. In this mural decoration the memorial portrait of the proud ancestor of Vardanisdze family Vardanisdze Vardan “Didi” (the Great) was identified during the expedition of the University of Georgia Tamaz Beradze Institute of Georgian Studies in 2022.In the first half of the 14th century, the initiator of the depiction of the ancestor’s portrait obviously was, Eristavi (prince) of Guria from the Vardanisdze family, who would probably be depicted on the north wall of the church near the sanctuary. Unfortunately, the wall decoration was destroyed by the church’s later wall painting and architectural remodeling. However, in the western part of the northern wall, on the layer of painting of the first half of the 14th century, the image of a strange couple of a monk and a nun has been preserved. The Composition, in which the couple is blessed by the Savior, represents the privilege of the first persons of the royal family or local rulers. Therefore, according to the fragment of the woman’s inscription, the monk, and the nun, who are former spouses, may have been Gurielis (rulers of Guria principality), and the initiator of their depiction together would probably be their own son. The son, who commissioned Jumati wall painting is probably Beshken Gurieli. He and his son, Mikeli is mentioned in the later inscription of the11th century famous St. George icon of Jumati. Father,who is depicted as a monk, may be Eristavt Eristavi of Svaneti, Msakhurtukhutsesi Suimon Gurieli, whose portrait was involved in the 14th century mural painting of Zarzma Church. Most likely, he must be the first Vardanisdze, who received status of Gurieli after the loss of the Svaneti principality. This should have happened be- tween the end of the 13th century and the beginning of the 14th century.In 2016, in the Erketi Monastery of Archangels, located in Guria, 12th-13th century fragmentary inscription of an old chancel-barrier slab was found. In it, the name of Eristavt Eristavi of Svaneti Mikeli was read, who is probably the donor of the monastery and therefore the governor of Guria. Thus, it is conceivable that Mikeli should be the secular name of above mentioned Eristavt Eristavi of Svaneti, Msakhurtukhutsesi Suimon Gurieli. This opinion is indirectly supported by the fact that his possible grandson was also named Mikeli. Thus, it turns out that the first Gurielis of the Vardanisdze family who moved from Svaneti to Guria at the end of 13th century and the first half of the 14th century can be named in the following order: Mikel formerly Suimoni, Beshkeni, Mikeli.
More...
Medievalists frequently approach Johannes Marignola’s Chronicle of Bohemia (Cronica Boemorum) from two distinct angles, as a travelogue and as a historiographical work, and tend to separate these two aspects.This study focuses on an analysis of the functions of the travelogue elements in the chronicle as a whole. Marignola associates the historical narrative of the first and second ages of the world with reflections on his own journey to the East. However, the stylized narrator is in evidence throughout the chronicle, both as a historian and as a witness. With the aid of Old Testament and Gospel quotations, Marignola witnesses the reality of an earthly paradise in the East and the miracle at the court of Charles IV, connecting the narrative of Czech and of world history.
More...
The Preslav inscription (9th century) is one of the very rare texts in Proto-Bulgarian language written in Greek letters. Its first publisher – Venedikov, assigns it to the so-called “lists of armaments”, written in Greek stone inscriptions from the First Bulgarian Empire, which include varying numbers of armours and helmеts along with the persons responsible for them. The decipherment so far has revealed three types of armours and the names of two persons responsible for them (mentioned with their posts) in the inscription. The following phrases remain unclear: – ζητκω (as an adjective of ητζηργωυ βωυλε); – τωυρτωυναπηλε; – εστρογην / εστρυγην (as an adjective of κυπε); – χλωυβρην. In this article, they are deciphered through old Turkic, and the following translation is proposed: ζητκω corresponds to the old Turkic ‘sıtğa-‘ (‘to roll up sleeves’), but figuratively it means ‘preparing (to do something)’. The phrase τωυρτωυναπηλε is separated into words and is transcribed as follows: ‘turt una pilä’. ‘Turt’ is a causative in the old Turkic verb ‘tur’ – ‘to stand’, ‘to remain, stay, halt’, ‘is, exist’. Thus, ‘turt una’ means ‘required to be present here in this moment’. Pilä is the old Turkic ‘bilä’, or ‘with, together.’ On the basis of this translation, we can postulate that this inscription is not a list of arms but a mobilization list. It shows the number of soldiers who had to appear before the person who was to be their commander in case of mobilization – ‘ichirgü boyla’ (inner boyla). This list was kept in a place with a permanent garrison described as ‘turt una.’ The person carrying the title of ‘zupan’ was responsible for the staff of the garrison. Here, the separate types of weapons mean different types of troops. The term χλωυβρην should be understood as something belonging to the qualbur, or ‘mage, priest’. It remains unclear how the chainmail marked with εστρùγην/εστρυγην κυπε is to be translated. The first Danube Bulgarian word is most likely a loanword from an Indo-European language. -ην is a suffix, and the Indo-European root of the word should be ‘strog-‘ or ‘strig-‘.
More...
During the reign of Mircea the Elder (ca. 1386–1418), the Wallachian chancery had an important activity, with many charters from that period reaching modern times; the diplomatic formulae used in composing these documents can explain various cultural and political issues regarding medieval Wallachia. The succession to the throne was a main concern for Mircea; at the end of the charters, very often in sanctio and rarely in dispositio, scribes added different fragments that mentioned the possible successors to the throne (sons, relatives, or pretenders from other families). The evolution of these diplomatic formulae is more explicit by considering the beneficiaries of the charters, especially the monasteries of Tismana and Cozia. Moreover, an analogy with the Bulgarian chancery can reveal interesting conclusions.During the reign of Mircea the Elder (ca. 1386–1418), the Wallachian chancery had an important activity, with many charters from that period reaching modern times; the diplomatic formulae used in composing these documents can explain various cultural and political issues regarding medieval Wallachia. The succession to the throne was a main concern for Mircea; at the end of the charters, very often in 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜 and rarely in 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜, scribes added different fragments that mentioned the possible successors to the throne (sons, relatives, or pretenders from other families). The evolution of these diplomatic formulae is more explicit by considering the beneficiaries of the charters, especially the monasteries of Tismana and Cozia. Moreover, an analogy with the Bulgarian chancery can reveal interesting conclusions.
More...
One of the almost unknown treasures, discovered in Romania, was found in Prahova County. The exact place of origin has not been specified and cannot be identified. It was part of the collection of Dr. G. Severeanu and is now kept at the Bucharest Municipality Museum. It consisted of three earrings and a medieval ring. All the ornaments of the head and the ring are decorated in the technique of granulation and filigree. From a chronological point of view, the pieces belong to the 13th-14th centuries, and their origin is most likely a Balkan one.It is possible that several fragments from another earring belonged to the same hoard, but the information is less certain.
More...
Large part of today’s Albania and Greek Epirus spent the period between mid 9th century and 1018 with in the borders of the Bulgarian Khanat/Tsardom. These lands were integrated in the militaryadministrative and ecclesiastical organization of Bulgaria during theearly medieval period and had significant place in the overall process of Christianization and enlightenment after the conversion into Christianity. Among the important towns and fortresses in these lands were Devol, Glavinitsa, Drach (modern Durrës, Albania), Kanina, Belgrade (modern Berat, Albania), Koprinishta and others. After the restoration of the Bulgarian Tsardom (12th – 14th c.) Albania and Greek Epirus were under its rule only for short periods but large number of Bulgarian population continued to inhabit these lands.
More...
A first problem in the historical study is that of the way of presenting the events, of the historical facts. There are several factors that determine this way of presenting. There are also various points of view regarding the evolution of the society and the division in various periods of the society's history. We tried to refer to them.
More...
In the autumn of 2022, between the 16th of September and the 22nd of October, in the halls of the former Gabroveni inn, which currently hosts the Centre for Cultural Projects of the Municipality of Bucharest (ARCUB), was opened for the public interested in the old Romanian culture an exhibition with a large thematic and impressive through the quality, the diversity and the multitude of the displayed cultural goods. The exhibition reflects the identity and the structure of the heritage collections gathered throughout his life by Mr. Emilian Radu, one of the most passionate Romanian collectors. Its title was: From Ţepeş to Brȃncuşi. Five centuries of history and culture in the Romanian space. Exhibition of maps, books, documents and images from the collections of Emilian Radu. The composition of the thematic collections (documents, old books, maps and images) was not casual and followed the chronological succession of the historical development of the Romanian civilization in the ancient space of Dacia, from the medieval age until contemporaneity. The presentation of the creation process of Mr. Emilian Radu’s collections and of their valorization, either museographically or scientifically, represents no less than the redefining of the concept of collectionism, as a natural phenomenon of the society we live in. The exhibition which is the subject of this article is an integral part of a cherished project of collector Emilian Radu, carried out throughout the last three years and in which were involved several specialists of the National History Museum of Romania (NHMR). At the same time, through the care of the NHMR’s management, the project was also given an exhibition dimension. It is now the time to firmly declare that the greatest museum of the country has once again fulfilled its main duty, by supporting an ambitious project, so necessary for the Romanian contemporary culture.
More...
The upper valley of Someşul Mare was a special "country" in the Middle Ages, it was a confederation of communities located in this valley. The villages incorporated in this confederation are, no doubt, older than the first documentary mention. If the information about towns, cities and fairs is quite numerous, the information about villages is quite rare, being mentioned by chance in connection with various privileges and feudal disputes and only in rare cases in connection with the public life of villages. Almost all the names of the villages that appear in different medieval documents mark only a certain date of the historical thread of the respective settlements and not their beginning, which in most cases is lost in the distant past.
More...