Бележки по въпроса за чужденците в историята на Първото българско царство (680 – 870 г.)
A brief attempt to present some aspects of the problem is made. There are tracked the data for the presence of foreigners in the period of 680 – 870
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A brief attempt to present some aspects of the problem is made. There are tracked the data for the presence of foreigners in the period of 680 – 870
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The presented study is an attempt for a multifaced research the registered prishaltsi (out-comers) in the Ottoman tax inventories – one of the most important indicator of the occurred demographic, ethno-religious, economicand even political changes during 16th – 17th cc. The author’s observations are mainly focused on unpublished and just partially published Ottoman register material about sancak of Nikopol, while in the quantitative and statistical analysis is primarily used data from the detailed registered defters of 1516/17, 1541–45, 1579 ( 1613/14) and 1642/43–1646. One of the highlights is put on the reasons for the preservation of the authentic form of the word prishalets – prishelets in the Ottoman registration practice, synonyms of which in Bulgarian language are preselnik (immigrant), chujdenets (foreigner), drugozemets (from another land), immigrant and others. One of the starting concepts in the study is that when registered in such manner they are clearly recognizable – for the local population, as well as for the Ottoman tax officers and clerks – as newsettlers compared to permanent residents of the respective town or village. The outlined common characteristics of the discussed by the study prishaltsi, give grounds at least several key aspects of their role and place in the Bulgarian society during 16th – 17th cc. to be pointed out. First of all the so-called prishultsi are within the most important indicators of the demographic situation and the dynamics of migration processes for the period considered. The complex study of the data about them in the context of a number of other explanatory entries (ethnonyms and nicknames such as: surf/serb (serbian), vlach/eflyak, rum/grak (greek), latin, arbanash/arnavut, etc.; annotations, locating the departure points of the migration; socalled “escapes by the taxpaying population (reaya)” and other) gives a real opportunity the basic parameters of the migration processes to be outlined. They mark the intensity of migration processes during 16th – 17th cc. that had led to the depopulation of entire regions and destabilization of the Orthodox community, but along with it had provided theconstant “mechanical” growth and economic boom of a number of major urban centers in the Bulgarian lands. The high concentration of prishaltsi in Kazgan Banara (today’s town of Kotel), for example, as evidenced by the adduced registerdata, clearly marks the stages of the enlargement of the town and its transformation into one of the centres of the Bulgarian Revival movement. Among the outlined summaries the conclusion that deserves attention is that the so called prishaltsi are far from belonging to the marginalia of the society – neither at city level nor at village one. The summarized entries on taxes in all the commented registers from the 16th and 17th century do not detect any difference in taxation compared to the rest of the population, even when the prishaltsi are listed within the categories of population with special status and obligations to the central government. Furthermore, many of them are among the prosperous social classes in Bulgarian society throughout the whole period considered, and even afterwards.
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A brief survey is done of four newly examined Medieval villages, situated in the territory of Radnevo Municipality. Their inserting into scientific circulation together with the newly found out but unexamined two settlements completes the settlement system in the Medieval period. On the basis of investigation done referring to the topography, the building character and numerous excavations material the settlements are dated about the end of 11th century – the beginning of 13th century
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The article is dealing with the area of the western fortress wall, as a result of the carried out field observations of the Trapezitsa hill of the medieval Turnovo. The section of the western fortress wall under consideration with the round tower, postern, diversion facility and the transverse fortress wall to the river allows specifying the planning and making an attempt to build a working chronology of the stages of construction in this part of the fortress.
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The present work is focused on the traditional special funerals of the Bulgarians. These are the funerals of people whose death was unnatural or premature. On the basis of ethnographic data from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th c., the author examines the funerals of malefactors, sorceresses, drowned persons,persons who were not baptized, young children and teenagers, unmarried girls and boys, newlyweds, women in labour, and some symbolic funerals.
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The article deals with the Council of Basel and its role in the history of the Catholic Church during the first half of the 15th century. Byzantium sought union with the Holy See because the Catholic Church was traditionally active in its policy towards the Christian East and enjoyed the respect of the Christians. However, the negotiations for union with Byzantium ended without success.
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The paper discusses the life and political activities of Mariam Bagrationi in Byzantium and Georgia through historical sources and literature. His aspirations for supremacy at the Byzantine imperial court were associated with great conflicting struggles.Mariam Bagrationi was a great political figure and experienced many hardships in her life. She actually ruled the Byzantine Empire and became such a successful figure that although the Byzantines did not spare other nations than the Greeks, the Byzantine historians of that time could not hide their admiration for her mind and beauty. The queen, who was the first person in the superpower of the world, did not forget her country and helped to introduce the necessary reforms, build Georgian churches and monasteries and educate Georgian youth
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The coexistence of the Reformation and Roman Catholicism in Eastern Europe was not without conflict. As a result, the situation of the multiplication of confessions and their coexistence called for practical solutions to ensure religious freedom. Today, the subject of religious freedom has taken on global importance, as scientific studies indicate an increase in religious persecution worldwide. There are at least five aspects of religious freedom: the legal or juridical, the individual or pastoral, the communal, the interfaith or ecumenical and, finally, the interreligious. The decision of the Diet of Turda (1568) laid down an ethical concept that had been almost confiscated by the end of the 20th century, namely religious freedom. The human values involved in the realization of this desideratum were not regarded as absolute, but were subsumed by momentary political interests. The pressure of the tragic Western European counter-reformation events put Transylvanian legislation in a positive light, where human values, enshrined in a biblical perspective, proved to be the bond of social tranquility. The horror of inter-religious fratricidal wars shaped legislation related to religious freedom. One of the first steps in this direction was the Peace of Vienna (13 December 1606), shaped by the earlier Transylvanian experience, by Prince Stefan Bocskai, later by the Jansenist Francisc Rákóczi II, or the Transylvanian Count Nicolae Bethlen. Similar interpretations were only possible by anchoring human values in the assumed biblical message. Human values and the theories of their origin have undergone a long process of secularization. One can observe a progressive secularization of terms related to human values, the most valuable of which became the rationale of the 1781 Edict of Toleration of the Habsburg Emperor Joseph II (1741-1790). These values could be useful to the extent that they could be harnessed for the common good. The American Declaration of Independence and the dawn of the French Revolution proclaimed freedom of religion and freedom of conscience. Religious freedom has preoccupied the Christian world intensively. Roman Catholics were concerned with defining the term at the Second Vatican Council, Orthodox, Reformed and later Lutherans had similar relevant approaches. The Transylvanian experience may be a model that can be implemented and through which Eastern Europe has certainly influenced the global evolution of the religious freedom debate.
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Founded 102 years ago, as the first Institute of National History in Romania (1920), over time affiliated to the Cluj University and to the Romanian Academy, the current Institute of History „George Barițiu” in Cluj-Napoca had a major objective, pursued with obstination since its foundation until today, in spite of the political regimes and ideological dictatorships interfering with its century-long existence. Its aim is no other than safeguarding and capitalizing the Romanian, Central and Southeast European documentary heritage. The method chosen in order to achieve this goal is editing documents of medieval, premodern, modern and contemporary history. The exceptional human capital, that the History Institute from Cluj knew how to cultivate from generation to generation, has produced the experts needed, especially, in Latin and Romanian, Hungarian and German palaeographies. The scientific results are reflected in research and publications counting more than 100 critical editions of documents and over 80 monographs and volumes of studies with document annexes, published in not less than 22 collections, as follows: 1. Documente privind Istoria României. C. Transilvania (DIR) (Documents regarding the History of Romania. C. Transylvania), 6 vol., 1951-1955; 2. Documenta Romaniae Historica. Seria C. Transilvania (DRH) (Historical Documents of Romania. Series C. Transylvania), 7 vol., 1977-2014; 3. Documenta Romaniae Historica. Seria D. Relații între Țările Române (Historical Documents of Romania. Series D. Relations between the Romanian Lands), 1 vol., 1977; 4. Glossaries of medieval Latin, 3 vol., 1965-2010; 5. Conscripţia fiscală a Transilvaniei din anul 1750 (The Fiscal Conscription of Transylvania from the Year 1750), 5 vol., 2009-2016; 6. Izvoarele Răscoalei lui Horea, seria A. Diplomataria (The Sources of Horea’s Uprisal, Series A. Acts), 12 vol., 1982- 2012; 7. Izvoarele Răscoalei lui Horea, seria B. Izvoare narative (The Sources of Horea’s Uprisal, Series B. Narrative Sources), 5 vol., 1983-2007; 8. Silviu Dragomir’s collection Studii și documente privitoare la Revoluția românilor din Transilvania în anii 1848-1849 (Studies and Documents regarding the Revolution of the Romanians in Transylvania in the Years 1848-1849), 4 vol., 1944-1946; 9. Documente privind revoluția de la 1848 în Țările Române. C. Transilvania (Documents regarding the Revolution of 1848 in the Romanian Lands. C. Transylvania), 12 vol., 1977-2020; 10. Volumes of post-1848 churchdocuments, 5 vol., 2011-2014; 11. Mișcarea națională a românilor din Transilvania între 1849-1918 (The National Movement of the Romanians from Transylvania between 1849-1918), 8 vol., 1996-2019; 12. Correspondence of George Bariț și contemporanii săi (George Bariț and His Contemporaries), 10 vol., 1973-2003; 13. Correspondence of Vincențiu Babeș, 2 vol., 1976-1983; 14. Correspondence of Valeriu Braniște, 6 vol., 1985-1996; 15. Documenta Masonica [1867-1918], 2 vol., 2011-2013; 16. Bibliografia Istorică a României (Historical Bibliography of Romania), 14 vol., 1970-2010; 17.Volumes including the history of the Institute of History in Cluj and the bibliography of its members’ works, 3 vol., 2008-2011; 18. Dicționarul Membrilor Institutului de Istorie din Cluj (1920-2020) (Dictionary of the Members of the Institute of History in Cluj, 1920-2020), 1 vol., 2020; 19. Biblioteca Institutului de Istorie Națională (Library of the Institute of National History), 22 vol., 1928-1948; 20. Biblioteca Institutului de Istorie Cluj. Serie nouă (Library of the History Institute Cluj. New Series), 10 vol., 1994-2008; 21. Collection of Teze de doctorat (Doctoral Theses), 27 vol., 2010-2020; 22. Collection of Biografii istorice transilvane (BIT, Transylvanian Historical Biographies), 18 vol., 2006-2021.Our study is followed by the exhaustive bibliography of the above mentioned collections edited by the History Institute in Cluj.
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This article points to some places in the Croatian Glagolitic liturgical codes – the First Breviary from Vrbnik / Prvi vrbnički brevijar/ BrVbl (13th/14th century) and the Breviary of Vid Omišljanin / Brevijar Vida Omišljanina/ BrVO (1396), in which the Bosnian heretics (”eretici, manahei, patarini“) are mentioned. Moreover, the article reminds that Bosnian heretics (”patarini“) are directly quoted in a very popular theological document, the Dialogues of Pope Gregorius / Dijalozi Grgura pape, a document which has been preserved in six transcripts (five in Glagolitic and one in Latin scripture) written in the period between the 15th and the 18th century. The Breviary of Vid Omišljanin, as the most prominent Croatian Glagolitic liturgical document, is associated with Bosnia by other features as well (graphic, orthographic, grammatical, lexical and textual) that will be briefly presented here.
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This paper analyzes cyrillic diplomatic documents from the chancellery of the Bosnian ruler Stjepan II Kotromanić considering the paleographic and linguistic aspects. The types of writings handled by the scribes of this chancellery – Priboje, Radjen, Pribisav and Kupusac – are discussed in the context of the minusculization process in the Bosnian ruler’s chancellery of the 14th century, while the linguistic examination deals with the penetration of the West Štokavian characteristics in these texts in the context of the manner of writing.
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În antichitate, desigur, toate drumurile duceau la Roma. Mai tîrziu, în Evul de Mijloc, situația s-a mai schimbat: toate drumurile credinței duceau la Ierusalim. Și treceau prin Provence. Cruciadele, pelerinajele, drumurile de comerț, toate au lăsat semne pe aici. Iar printre autorii semnelor se văd limpede miile de templieri care au animat, timp de două sute de ani, viața provensală, au ordonat-o, au păzit-o, au făcut-o să atingă prosperitatea.
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The article deals with the historical archival records for the city of Szczecin, which were lost in 1945. The author outlines the process of compiling the Szczecin municipal archive, transferring its contents to the State Archive and then forming an archival collection from it. This section of the narrative is conducted against the backdrop of the development of Prussian municipal and state archives, as well as discussions on the recognition of municipal records as a valuable historical source. Then the author discusses the internal structure of the collection and describes the contents of the consecutive subject groups in the historical archive of the Pomeranian capital.
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The legendary story about the foundation of the Schola Medica Salernitana tells about the collaboration between four men of Greek, Latin, Jewish and Arabic origin. Created sometime in the 9th century under Lombard rule, Salerno became an increasingly famous “Town of Hippocrates” (Hippocratica Civitas) as part of the Kingdom of Sicily. The Norman rulers and, to a lesser extent, their Swabian successors, were significantly influenced by Byzantine and Muslim traditions. They demonstrated predilection for scholars, medics, philosophers, theologians, and translators of different provenance. These intellectuals resided at the Palermitan court and worked for the Sicilian rulers, notwithstanding any political antagonism. This spirit of cooperation, together with the rising wave of the Twelfth-century Renaissance reinforced the creation of a heterogeneous image of the Kingdom. And indeed, this was perfectly mirrored by another valuable achievement, a fruitful heritage in the heart of the Mediterranean, namely, the medical school of Salerno.
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A number of interdependent problems was solved in this study: the missa concept meanings’ system definition in the context of the Roman Catholic liturgy; the order of the missa’s musical sections in the liturgy’s structure; the invariant-variant nature of the Gregorian Masses; the theological and musical preconditions for the composer’s mass genesis. The purpose of the study is the liturgical context of the composer's mass determination as a musical genre and a subject for a musicological analysis. It is stated that missa’s range of meanings extends from the word to the liturgy analogue and from the sequence of musical and verbal parts, divided by the rite actions, to the antiphonary where they are present without verbal sacred “insertions”; from the liturgy to the composer’s genre as an entire cyclical artistic phenomenon of authorial origin. The Roman Catholic liturgy equal to the missa, and the missa as an extra-liturgical phenomenon of the composer’s creativity have a different number of musical sections. In the Gregorian Mass, in the Antiphonary’s composition as an obligatory component of the liturgy, the imitation of the canon presented in eighteen musical versions of sacred monophonic singing dominates. In the composer's missa, the distancing from the liturgical source has led to its free interpretation, as well as to the changes in its purpose, location, target audience, words and music interaction. It is the place of the missa’s musical sections in the liturgical action that is determined here. While the church mass is not entirely musical, the composer's missa is based exclusively on a musical drama. The logic of a change from one section of the musical missa to the next is due to the development of the liturgical action. The cyclical nature as a principle of form and content formation is inherited by the composer's missa from the liturgical prototype.
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This article describes how the material heritage was given new shape and meaning in the context of the new nation-state of Romania. It starts by looking at the history of the first public museum in Romania, namely the Museum of Natural History and Antiquities in Bucharest and also at the broader interest in the Roman antiquities in 19th century Romania. It then focuses on the first restoration of historical monuments and the initiatives of two of the most well-known architects at the time to establish museums of religious art: André Lecomte du Noüy (1844-1914) and Ion Mincu (1852- 1912). The process of creating a national heritage for Romania has led to the design of valuable new buildings and was underpinned by a powerful will to modernise the country. At the same time, it has represented a destructive force. The built fabric of historical sites and historical artefacts were reshaped, rebuilt, given new meanings and context, so that to fit into the political objectives of the new nation-state. The article will balance and analyse the significance of these various efforts to restore historical monuments and establish the first museums of Romanian heritage.
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Das handgeschriebene oder gedruckte Buch war im Mittelalter und in der Frühen Neuzeit das wichtigste Medium des Transfers von innovativen Ideen, die insbesondere in den zentral- und westeuropäischen Universitätszentren entstanden sind. Die Kodizes, Inkunabeln und frühen Drucke, die in Siebenbürgen in Umlauf kamen und insbesondere in Pfarrbibliotheken aufbewahrt wurden, sind Beispiele für diesen Wissenstransfer. Darüber hinaus stehen sie aber auch für die Art, in der eine lokale intellektuelle Elite gewirkt hat, die sich neben der Seelsorge auch um die Erziehung, Bildung und das alltägliche Leben der ihr anvertrauten Gemeindemitglieder in der Zeit vor und nach der evangelisch-lutherischen Reformation bemüht hat.
More...Das Programma, die Apologia und der ,Methodenteil‘ in seiner Islampolemik „Widerlegung des Korans“ (Ἀνατροπὴ τοῦ Κορανίου)
The article explores the argumentative context of the anti-Islamic work by Nicetas of Byzantium (9th century) titled Refutation of the Qur’an (Ἀνατροπὴ τοῦ Κορανίου). The study is based on three core passages of his work: Through a philological examination of the work’s foreword, the symbiosis of secular and ecclesiastical power expressed in the so-called Programma is examined. Then, the Apology of the Christian faith is unfolded in its main lines of philosophical argumentation presenting Nicetas’ train of thought from the “power of God” to the “Trinity of the Godhead”. Finally, the polemic’s Methodological Passages are examined, in which Nicetas sets out the foundations of his subsequent argumentation against Islam. The opus magnum of Nicetas of Byzantium is one of the most influential within Byzantine polemics against Islam until the Palaiologan Era. The present study is intended to contribute to a closer examination of his oeuvre and to place it in the historicaltheological context of his time.
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John Vatatzes’s accession in 1221 was not quite the bland affair that the historian George Akropolites would have us believe, but the historian was not an eyewitness of events and had to make do with the sanitised version of events that was circulating more than ten years later, when he arrived at the Nicaean court. He played down the fact that it was a disputed succession, which pitted those that supported a continuation of the alliance with the Latin Empire of Constantinople against those around John Vatatzes, who were opposed. The latter had support from within the administration and from the Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople, who used the novel rite of anointing with chrism to compensate for Vatatzes’s lack of any strong dynastic claim to the throne. This had been coming under scrutiny from a rival Byzantine ruler, Theodore Doukas, who had to his credit stronger dynastic credentials and notable success against the Latins, which brought the city of Thessaloniki within his grasp. Anointing gave John Vatatzes an advantage in the propaganda war between them over legitimacy. The debate that ensued helped clarify the ideological significance of anointing with chrism by linking it to the sacerdotal status of the imperial office. It stamped John Vatatzes’s understanding of imperial authority and conduct of office with a philanthropic character that was remembered with gratitude by later generations and earned him popular canonisation. It was less to the liking of the aristocracy. Some of Vatatzes’s relatives and original supporters conspired against him because they felt deprived of rewards to which they were entitled. It was a more serious episode than George Akropolites allows and required a display of military force, but once the conspiracy was crushed by the autumn of 1224, John Vatatzes was securely in power.
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The research is dedicated to an important and broad topic from our past, related to the prosopography of the medieval Bulgarian state. The study focuses on the information about ordinary Bulgarians who lived in Dubrovnik in the period of the 13th – 14th centuries. The chronological framework is determined entirely by the historical features related to the establishment and development of Bulgarian-Dubrovnik relations during the Middle Ages. The lower chronological limit is marked by the establishment of official political and economic relations between the Second Bulgarian Tsardom and the Dalmatian Commune in the era of the Bulgarian Tsar Ivan II Asen (1218–1241). As for the upper chronological limit, it is determined by the sunset of the Bulgarian tsardom, which fell under the blows of the Ottoman Turks at the end of the 14th century. The study is based mainly on Dubrovnik sources, giving information about one or another person. From the content of the written testimonies known to us so far, information is revealed about a total of thirteen Bulgarians, who in one way or another connected their fate with that of Ragusa. This fact leads us to think that during the considered period there were not many representatives of the Kingdom of Tarnovo in the Adriatic city. This limited number of people, however, comes to show something else: that the emphasis in the bilateral contacts was primarily aimed at the Bulgarian territories. The people of Dubrovnik seem to be more interested in the development of trade relations with Bulgarian lands, and therefore a number of representatives of Ragusa deployed their activities in Bulgaria and the Balkans. This is probably one of the reasons why in the Archives of Dubrovnik there are not many names of ordinary Bulgarians – merchants or craftsmen – who lived in Ragusa during the considered period.
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