Służba kobiety
Review of: Służba kobiety Dariusz Kulesza, Zofia Kossak-Szczucka. Służba, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Łódź 2021, ss. 260
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Review of: Służba kobiety Dariusz Kulesza, Zofia Kossak-Szczucka. Służba, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Łódź 2021, ss. 260
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The early Polish magazine for women, Tygodnik Mód i Powieści [Fashion and Novels Weekly], published from 1862–1915, devoted some space to the history of culture, issues of scientific progress, travels, and descriptions of foreign countries. This paper discusses texts referring to the matters of the ancient Near East as published in that journal. It includes a review and analysis of press materials examining various threads on this heritage such as notes, reviews, announcements, articles, digressive travel reports, fiction, etc. These are presented in the context of the specific kind of press and former understanding of 19th century women’s intellectual needs. The research was categorized into decade-long sequences. The more important or characteristic publications are synthetically discussed. The conclusion presents statistical reflections, information on the distribution, and transformations of forms regarding the issues studied.
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Šāh-nāma of Firdowsī and the naqqāli tradition are two distinctive traditions of Iran. Šāh-nāma, an epic that tells the story of pre-Islamic Iran, focuses on a heroic narrative. The naqqāli’s distinctive feature, against the background of other oral traditions, is the combination of heroic and religious narrative in order to spread Shiism in a way that is interesting to the audience. Ferdowsī's work and the naqqāli tradition represent two periods in Iran’s history and its traditions and culture. These periods are separated by the Islamic invasion and the fall of the Sasanid dynasty. Despite some ideological differences, the Šāh-nāma was for a number of centuries one of the sources for naqqāli and from the early period of the Pahlavi dynasty became its main focus. The article briefly discusses the naqqāli tradition, Šāh-nāma of Firdowsī and the relationship between the two. It also introduces the figure of Gordāfarid, daughter of Gaždaham, who, being the heroine of the Persian national epic, became the inspiration for a revolutionary change in the naqqāli tradition – the first naqqāl woman.
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The author of Don Quixote grants a primary role to women and, throughout his works, creates magnificent portraits of women. Plato’s ideas dominated thought for several centuries, and Cervantes was influenced by the Athenian philosopher. The illustrious Spanish writer considers beauty and virtue consubstantial, a beautiful person is also virtuous, there is no beauty without virtue. To describe women physically, Cervantes uses the canons inspired by the harmony of the bodies of the Greco-Roman statues, later propagated by Renaissance poetry and converted into clichés. The women have long golden hair, coral lips, rosy cheeks, pearl teeth, necks of alabaster, hands so white that they look like snow, and great harmony of body. A body that Cervantes never explicitly describes. Surprisingly, Mr. Vidriera ironises precisely these canons of beauty, too hackneyed at the time. In Cervantes’ works, ugliness is associated with a lack of virtue.
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Issues of gender balance in Ukrainian media as a reflection of an urgent social problem remain relevant and require the study of new aspects – historical, sociopolitical, philosophical and many others – in the conditions of a full-scale war. Current epistemological and ontological approaches challenge established concepts and sex/gender dichotomy, the traditional representation of men and women in the media. The paper attempts to analyze how women are represented in the Ukrainian media, which involves not only studying the statistics of the presence of female experts and heroines but also analyzing the image of women in media, the historical prerequisites for its formation, and the socio-political reasons that led to its transformation. The material for the study are results of Ukrainian national and hyperlocal media monitoring, data from a survey of participants of Gender Media Forum, archival materials of the oldest continuously operating metropolitan newspaper "Vechirniy Kyiv". The research findings show that Ukrainian women have historically been underrepresented or misrepresented in stereotypical roles in media content. At the same time, we note the positive changes regarding the destruction of gender stereotypes and transformation of gender roles in Ukrainian society, reflected in changing representations of women in modern media.
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Throughout the 19th century, the French society showed a strong interest in Greece, which was consolidated by a profusion of travel accounts. The travel literature of this century presents the case of two texts written by women, whose approach relates to the viaticum genre itself as well as to women’s writing. This article analyses these two travel narratives in order to make visible the opinions of two French-speaking women travelers on liberated Greece and its inhabitants. These are the first volume of Valérie de Gasparin’s Journal d’un voyage au Levant (1848) and Marie-Anne de Bovet’s La jeune Grèce (1897). While focusing on the same subjects (women, the clergy, the political sphere), the analysis of the two accounts illustrates the relativism of the values of the two women travelers due to the fact that they visit Greece at two different moments in history and have different identities.
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This project aims to bring to the fore two societies that are far apart (in both distance and culture), but which have a lot in common. Two different cultural spaces, two different territories, two painters who had never met, two ladies who had only social status in common. Given all these aspects, the idea of this study is to highlight the striking similarities by comparing the two portraits set in the context of late 19th century urban culture in Europe.
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As part of a relatively new notion — “queering Holocaust studies” — the article deals with the issue of nonheteronormative forms of sexuality among Polish male former concentration camp prisoners. The analysis of selected excerpts from Mieczysław Karwacki’s book Życie wśród śmierci [lit. Life among death] (1999) is conducted with the use of the queer category as well as scholarly reflection on the topic of wartime sexuality. This strategy shows how crucial transgressive themes (concerning the homo- and heterosexual experiences of the author, touching upon his physicality and masculinity) are for the book, and how the author challenges the constraining, binary division into “female” and “male” topics of concentration camp literature. A queer reading of the book by Karwacki — someone hitherto anonymous, unknown to both readers and researchers — reveals the need to split open the martyrological, heteronormative model of war memoirs and to incorporate this kind of content into concentration-camp discourse in Poland.
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Based on the analysis of the articles published in the magazine “Ženský svět”, the author of the research completed the image of “a new type of woman” in the Czech lands. The period of study was defined by an active struggle for women’s suffrage taken in 1900–1907. It was also shown how the deliverance of women’s consciousness from gender stereotypes took place. It was presented in their desire to go beyond the usual framework defined by the society and through the expansion of women’s secondary education, the development of vocational education and the creation of a higher education system strengthened their professionalism and independence.
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The strategies and tactics of the Lithuanian women’s movement helped to change the attitudes of society, political parties, altered political, educational and legal systems and expanded the field of relevant issues on the international level. However, the state’s existence period (1918–1940) was too short for women to be able to fully realise them; thus, most of the formed strategies are relevant today and are realised. The examples of strategy implementation ways show that women’s actions were important for the society and the state and had direct impact on their development. The second strategic period is very important; during this period, Lithuanian women were granted political rights. Novelty of work. The article provides the correct date of women being granted suffrage based on historical sources, i.e., 20 November 1919, the law on election of the Constituent Assembly of Lithuania. It does not coincide with the notion established in the Lithuanian historiography that the date is 2 November 1918. The author proves that this error emerged due to incorrect interpretation of the article in the 2 November 1918 Lithuanian Temporary Constitution on the person’s (citizen’s) rights. Moreover, the researcher takes on a new approach towards the Lithuanian women’s movement through the prism of implementation of strategies and tactics. This approach towards the history of the Lithuanian women’s movement is new. The methods of descriptive, analytical and comparative research. The sources studied are: historical sources, including state documents, archival materials, monographs, survey studies, biographical studies, memoirs, private letters, press, etc.
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The research was aimed at reconstructing the media image of feminism which was presented in the most popular Polish magazines dedicated to women in the years 1989–1992. The research time period corresponded to the first stage of the system transformation in Poland. It was initiated by the year in which the Round Table Talks were held and it ended with the adoption of the so-called “Small Constitution” in 1992. There were three detailed questions formulated: 1. How was feminism defined in the Polish women’s press? 2. How often was this topic subject to discussions? 3. Which determinant factors affected the image of feminism depicted by the editorial offices of the women’s press? The text analysis and the content analysis revealed that the image of feminism in the Polish women’s press in the period under study was fragmentary and cultural, historical and political aspects exerted a crucial influence on its structure.
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Women’s movements in Russia in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries consisted of a number of environments that differed in terms of ideology and were activating at different times. All of them wanted to broaden women’s access to education, up to equal rights with men. For some it was the main goal, as education was a chance for women to gain economic independence and subjectivity. Achieving these goals required not only the consent of the tsarist authorities, but also a change in the patriarchal attitude of society, including women themselves. Progress was gradual, but not systematic, and there were periods of regression. The main factor was the current political and social situation in the Empire, which was very dynamic at that time. Six decades saw the spread of co-educational primary schools and Sunday schools for adults, the creation of female high schools with a curriculum close to that of male gymnasia, and female colleges of a vocational nature. Independent, active, conscious and educated leaders of women’s movements have become role models for new generations of women.
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In the context of the socio-political processes of the Khrushchev decade, based on the methods of gender history, the history of everyday life, the anthropology of academic life, the paradigm of memory, the author examines the influence of the mode of every-day life of Novosibirsk Akademgorodok in the 1960s on the realization of their intellectual potential by women scientists. Based on ego-documents (memoirs, letters, autobiographies, including those introduced into scientific circulation for the first time) of women scientists of the “first draft” of the Novosibirsk Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences / RAS — P. Ya. Kochina, R. L. Berg, T. I. Zaslavskaya, N. A. Pritvits, A. A. Titlyanova, L. P. Yakimova, M. I. Cheremisina, — the author studies the gender normatively of the traditions of scientific work in Akademgorodok. The motives of moving to Siberia to do research, the views of women on science, the characteristic features of the scientific ethos of Akademgorodok are considered. Memoirs and epistolary testimonies of Siberian academicians represent their passion for science, extreme overload of scientific and organizational work, effective non-conformism in scientific research and social practice. It is obvious that their assertion in the “male” world of science took place along the line of assimilation of masculine role-playing behavior, and in some personal stories they were subjected to ideological pressure. In general, the first Siberian academicians built a scientific career in a favorable environment of household improvement and productive interdisciplinary communication in Akademgorodok in the 1960s, which manifested the well-known smoothing of gender asymmetry in the field of science and was a visible anthropological consequence of the modernization project of the creation of the Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences.
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Oral narratives and texts create an effect area from the local to the universal culture and with temporal approaches from the individual to the society. Many events, phenomenons and notions which are carried to the mental world of the society with texts, in time, become settled implementations and behaviours. In social positioning under changing conditions, the narratives and texts which include woman provides continuity. The women’s voices whose presences are shaped with the decisions of other’s and male’s thoughts are heard yet via others and men. While passing from the oral narrative to the written, reflecting women’s biological gender differences , so as to create the perception of “the other” attracts attention. The thing that take attraction is that the women in the narratives, rather than her biological gender, is exposed to gender configuration which derives from sanctions and behaviour forms approved by the society. In the narratives and works named as Rapunzel, Maiden’s Tower and Hurşidname, even before their birth, a life area which lives ordinary people is not prepared for women. Women are not allowed to decide on their bodies and lives. In Rapunzel, Maiden’s Tower and Hurşid ü Ferahşad, it is seen that men, especially the one who is closed to the woman character, is in position of decider on behalf of woman. These works mention about family and society based an asset configuration on women’s biological gender. In this work, the tale of Rapunzel who was isolated from society because of religious and cultural norms, The Maiden’s Tower legend which explains a girl’s tale to the island-shaped towerby her father fort he purpose of saving her from dangers and Hurşid ü Ferşad mathnawi which is one of the important ones in terms of text fiction are approached and compared on account of common sides on viewing women. Firstly, the fact that these narratives and works are not just a text and their contexts cause positioning of woman in the plane of family and society is introduced. These texts give opportunity to search, determine and analyze samenesses of social viewing comes from beyond centuries towards to woman even though these samenesses belong to different cultures and improve in different types.
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Women have existed in life since creation until today, sometimes they were sanctified, sometimes they were seen as witches and were tortured. Depending on the living conditions, they have sometimes come to the forefront and sometimes remained in the background, isolated from society. As in many empires, the place of women in the Byzantine Empire is undeniable. The Byzantine Empire appears as one of the important political organizations that continued its existence for more than a thousand years. Throughout this long period, the perception of women and their position in society has undergone changes. With the influence of the Christian religion and customary practices, women have taken their place in society. The presence of women, who are the cornerstone and indispensable part of society in every era, in the social life of the Byzantine Empire, their motherhood qualities, their roles as spouses, and marriage traditions constitute the subject of our research. The Byzantine Empire's view of women throughout its long existence and how they were positioned in society has been tried to be explained in a general narrative, based on sources and interpreted, and sometimes by giving specific examples. The aim of this research is to shed light on how women were positioned in Byzantine history by examining the perception of women and their perspective on marriage in Byzantine society.
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The article examines the earliest period of Vasil Levski’s life, when he became monk and appeared primarily as a clergyman. At the same time, this period was also the least studied in the Apostle’s biography. The author’s main standpoint is that although he abandoned the monastic order due to his revolutionary activity, Levski did not sever his bond with God, he remained a deeply devout Christian, and continued to attend holy services whenever possible.
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The article analyzes, on the one hand, Vasil Levski’s attitude relating to Macedonia’s preparation and inclusion in the revolutionary network,and on the other hand, some data are indicated, that give ground to several researchers to accept Levski’s visit in person to these areas.One of this evidence is the marginalia of the priest Kosta Chilev about Vasil Levski’s visit to Razlog.
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The article examines smuggling as a socially significant crime within the borders of United Bulgaria (1941 – 1944). The smuggling typology and the mechanisms by which it was carried out in wartime conditions are revealed. The many problems faced by the Bulgarian society and the State in relation to this phenomenon have been examined. The processes in the newly annexed lands – Vardar Macedonia and the AegeanThrace-and-Macedonia – have been surveyed in more detail. Attention is paid to the efforts of the Bulgarian state to limit smuggling,as well as to the extent to which these efforts yielded positive results.
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On the basis of a recently established personal archival fund in the State Archives in Burgas, biographical information is given about the chief commander of the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (IMARO) Atanas Nivichki /The Beard/. The information was probably compiled in the 1970s by the Beard’s son Dimităr Nivichanov. They reveal the role of his father in the development of the revolutionary movement in the Strumica area.
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Undoubtedly, the research conducted by the British historian and writer Mercia MacDermott, among which the pivotal biographies of the Bulgarian revolutionaries Vasil Levski, Gotse Delchev and Yane Sandanski, has contributed to Bulgarian history scholarship, but more importantly, they popularized some important moments of our past among the British and Western European public. The strong emotional impulse with which the British researcher began to write each of her works did not exclude, but rather complemented her serious and meticulous research approach. Her particular interest in the liberation revolutionary movement of the Bulgarians in Macedonia grew for her into a cause that she followed until the end of her life.
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