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Party Nomination Strategies in Flexible-List PR: Which Candidate Characteristics Lead to Realistic Positions?

Author(s): Petr Dvořák,Michal Pink / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2023

This article addresses the candidate selection process for realistic list positions with regard to multiple-office holding and personal characteristics in flexible-list proportional representation (PR) systems within the Czech context. More specifically, this issue is explored in the 2006–2017 elections to the Czech Chamber of Deputies. Results of binary logistic regression analysis with observations clustered by party or constituency indicate that incumbents (with or without multiple office holding) stand a significantly higher probability of being selected as a realistic candidate. This probability increases only if the incumbent also has the regional mandate. The results also show that candidates with a PhD degree or higher, with a higher public office position, at the age of forty-one to fifty years, or with residence in a regional capital or in Prague have a significant probability of being selected as a realistic candidate. A specific gender bias was also found.

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Healthcare and Recreation: The Infrastructure of Summer Colonies for Children in Lithuania in 1918-1940

Author(s): Brigita Tranavičiūtė / Language(s): English Issue: 3-4/2022

After the First World War, the protection of children’s health and recreation became one of the most important activities taken up by various voluntary associations. For this purpose, charities – with the financial backing of philanthropists – began to establish summer colonies for children in resort areas, which provided an opportunity for sick Lithuanian children to recover and rest. However, in the late 1930s, the protection of children’s health became a state priority. With the state, charities and philanthropists working together, children’s health and recreation reached a new level of quality through the development of a network of summer colonies and the creation of infrastructure.

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International Women's Day as a platform of gender performativity in socialist Czechoslovakia

Author(s): Štěpánka Konečná Kopřiva / Language(s): English Issue: 49/2023

For the study of gender relations and the role of women in the Czechoslovak socialist society, it is very beneficial to pay attention to the forms of celebrations of International Women's Day (IWD). The national holiday dedicated to women as a social group was the best plafform for articulating the regime's strategies concerning women and revealing the contradictions in which Czechoslovak state socialism perceived women. Moreover, on the occassion of IWD, not only the prototype of the female ideal set by the Communist Party came to the surface. Direct or incautious hints, the problems of ordinary women, the shortcomings of socialist society, the true nature of the declared "equality", gender stereotypes and the whole complex of contemporary discourse about women were revealed inside the partiarchal system. The primary sources for this article are periodicals (especially the Rudé právo newspaper and Vlasta magazine), which are understood as means of "authoritative discourse". This authoritative discourse mediated, among other things, through the regime media is a central factor in the stabilization and legalization of the system. Such a discourse is also a set of statements and phenomena maintaining a consensus between the rules and the ruled. Other items of value for the study are the archival materials stored in the Nation Archive, period sociological surveys and stenographic records from the proceedings of the National Assembly.

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Этнические и социальные группы Самарканда и их визуальные репрезентации в эпоху Российской империи

Author(s): Azim Malikov,Tereza Hejzlarová,Kenzhe Torlanbayeva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2022

The main purpose of the article is to study the discourses, the context of the production and the perception of the images of the ethnic "different" in the photographs of the Russian Empire on the example of the Samarkand region in the second half of the 19th and early 20th century. The study of photographs, publications of scholars-orientalists and archival documents shows contradictions in the ethnic classification of the population. The classification of the population by the central government differed from the submissions of some regional officials. In the first decade after the annexation of the region, the authorities seeking to ensure the loyalty of ethnic minorities, in the context of ethnic diversity, studied ethnic and social groups in detail, as reflected in photographs. From the beginning of the twentieth century, pursuing certain objectives, some representatives of the authorities tried to simplify the external categorization of the population of the region, which was reflected in the preferential use of the term “sart” in photographs instead of local social and ethnic self-descriptions. The ideas of Panturkism and Panislamism, seen as a threat to the security, influenced the perceptions of officials.

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O potrzebie i początkach turystyki robotniczej na Śląsku Cieszyńskim w świetle programu i działalności Stowarzyszenia Polskich Robotników i Robotnic „Siła” (1908–1939)

Author(s): Grzegorz Studnicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The article focuses on the popularisation of tourism and sports among the working-class youth of Cieszyn Silesia in the first three decades of the 20th century. The author attempts to demon- strate how physical activity took on a political dimension and how its forms, for example sport and tourism, were understood as a tool for the education and emancipation of the working class. For this purpose, press articles on physical activity published in “Oświata”, a monthly journal of Polskie Stowarzyszenie Robotnicze Oświatowo-Gimnastyczne “Siła” (Polish Worker’s Association for Education and Gymnastics “Siła”), were analysed.

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The Kurds and World War II: Some Considerations for a Social History Perspective

Author(s): Jordi Tejel / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Scholars generally argue that during the Second World War the Middle East, and the Kurdish areas in particular, was a peripheral theatre of an otherwise global war. While this is largely true, it seems necessary to introduce some nuances into this analysis. A view from the borderlands, combined with a socio-historical approach to how the war was experienced on a daily basis behind the front line, reveals that military tensions, large-scale arms smuggling, inflation, food shortages and economic migration were common features in the Kurdish borderlands between 1941 and 1945. Furthermore, looking at the uneventful can help us to better understand the context in which the Kurdish nationalist movement developed during the war and in the immediate post-war years.

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SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC STRUCTURES OF POPULATION FROM BUKOVINA IN INTERWAR PERIOD

Author(s): Alexandrina Popescu-Cruceanu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The social-economical processes of the historical province Bukovina, in the interwar period, have followed, in a great part, the broad lines of entire Romania, influenced, at its turn, by a few political figures whose conceptions, perceptions and representations would make part from the programmatic documents of the orientations and political parties which influenced, in different ways, the evolution of Romania's social and economical life and also of the new united provinces. In the following, we wish to point out the main stages of the social-economical evolution of the interwar Bucovina, and also the natural and anthropic potential, the political and cultural factor which included, in space and in time, the social-economical phenomena, as they were reflected in the media at that time, in the official statistics, in the state of mind of the minorities and of the titular population, being known the fact that the representatives and the social preconceptions can differ among the different social-professional, cultural, political, administrative categories, leaders and opinion groups.

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DIRECT MODEL OF INDIGENOUS REPRESENTATION: THE CASE OF MĀORI

Author(s): Anton Opanasenko / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The article provides a brief classification of models of representation of indigenous peoples: direct, which is used by the Māori people in New Zealand, and indirect, which is used by the Sámi people in the countries of Fennoscandia. The publication then explores the specifics of the application of the direct representation model in New Zealand. The peculiarity of the representation of the Māori people within legislative, executive and judicial bodies of the country, as well as local self-government bodies, is explained. The article describes in detail the procedure for creating separate Māori constituencies for parliamentary and local elections, the peculiarities of forming the Māori electoral rolls for the participation of representatives of this people in elections. Thanks to the historical analysis of the process of changes in the legislation of New Zealand in this area, positive trends are revealed that confirm the democratization of the country’s electoral procedures, as well as a shift in the focus of attention during the electoral process from ethnicity to the choice and identity of the individual. The publication also examines the role and functions of the Ministry for Māori Development and its place within New Zealand’s executive branch of government. In addition, special attention is paid to the implementation of the Māori right to land in the aspect of the Māori Land Court, which was created to re-solve the problem of inconsistency between the traditional Māori collective form of land ownership and individual land titles typical for European legislation. The article proves that the level of preservation of the heritage of indigenous peoples and their identity largely depends on the political will of legislators and the state. The right to self-determination in this aspect should be considered as primary, in relation to other derivative rights that arise from it. At the same time, the realization of this primary right depends precisely on the level and quality of the implementation of the specific above-mentioned derivative rights in various spheres of life that the indigenous people and their representatives face on a daily basis.

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Patru volume despre situația românilor transilvăneni până la Marea Unire

Author(s): Alin Spânu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3-4/2022

Reviews of: 1. Ana Dobreanu, Sud-estul Transilvaniei în perioada 1900-1914. Studiu socio-politic, Editura Eurocarpatica, Sfântu Gheorghe, 2021, 332 p. 2. Românii din Treiscaune, Ciuc, Giurgeu și Odorhei, în presa din Transilvania până în anul 1918, ediție îngrijită de Ana Dobreanu, Ciprian Hugianu, Ioan Lăcătușu și Vasile Lechințan, Editura Eurocarpatica, Sfântu Gheorghe, 2021, 433 p. 3. Ioan Ranca, Vasile Lechințan, Ioan Lăcătușu, Românii din fostele scaune secuiești (secolele XVI-XXI). Atestări documentare, conscripții, statistici, recensăminte. Scaunele Odorhei, Treiscaune, Ciuc și Mureș, Editura Eurocarpatica, Sfântu Gheorghe, 2021, 579 p. 4. Ioan Lăcătușu, „În centru la Sân-Georgiu”. Românii din Sfântu Gheorghe, județul Covasna, ediție îngrijită de Erich-Mihail Broanăr și Ciprian Hugianu, Editura Eurocarpatica, Sfântu Gheorghe, 2021, 1136 p.

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Turkey’s Identity Crisis and Its Reflections on the Turkish-Russian Relations

Author(s): Öncel Sençerman / Language(s): English Issue: 75/2022

This study examines Turkey’s western identity constructed during the early republican era following the westernization movements in Turkey that started more than 200 years ago, the identity crisis occurred in Turkey with its western identity losing power after the cold war and its reflections on Turkish-Russian relations. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that Turkey, a ‘torn country’ according to Huntington’s popular definition, pragmatically built interest-based relations with Russia, another torn country seen considered as an outsider by the West, trying to reconstruct its identity owing to domestic dynamics after facing with the identity crisis. This study demonstrates that Turkey developed its relations with Russia as a regional power by reading TurkishRussian relations through the lenses of Huntington’s torn state syndrome.

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The generation of 1850 in two female portraits. A case study.

Author(s): Adrian Majuru,Ana Arsinca / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2023

This project aims to bring to the fore two societies that are far apart (in both distance and culture), but which have a lot in common. Two different cultural spaces, two different territories, two painters who had never met, two ladies who had only social status in common. Given all these aspects, the idea of this study is to highlight the striking similarities by comparing the two portraits set in the context of late 19th century urban culture in Europe.

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Physiognomies of the cult of personality, from the dictatorship of Carol II to that of Nicolae Ceaușescu.

Author(s): Gabriel Năsui / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2023

The need for a cult of personality was justified as a projection and symbolic exertion of the power of dictatorial regimes, irrespective of their particular alignment to extremist right or left-wing ideologies. The present study showcases several historical examples of the creation of personality cult iconographies for the leaders of the modern Romanian state (1939-1989), from those of the royal Carlist dictatorship to those of the later Communist Party.

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The miner’s profile in the transition to a post- industrial society – socio-economic and affective implications of a particular type of shrinkage.

Author(s): Ioana Măgureanu / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2023

Nowadays, a lot of attention is directed towards the development of medium and large cities in Romania, as they are being considered major elements of potential in terms of social, economic and natural capital. They represent the key pillars able to ensure the much- coveted territorial cohesion, so hard to achieve in a country where many cities are still facing socio-economic decline. In this context, however, many Romanian cities are left behind - the small cities, with a few tens of thousands of inhabitants, whose label is very often that of shrinking cities. These ghost towns define a considerable part of the Romanian urbanized space and are (mostly) characterized by high migration rates, high unemployment, poor offer in terms of economic activities and leisure opportunities - and implicitly hopelessness, pessimism and a lack of urban vitality...in a nutshell, a negative dynamic in most respects. A sound example in this regard is represented by the former coal mining cities in Jiu Valley, whose activity decreased considerably after the fall of the communist regime (4 out of the 15 mines are still functional1) and whose inhabitants suddenly passed in the 90s from the status of „heroes of labor” (Udisteanu et al, 2019) to that of „mass manipulators” and aggressors representing the political will of the times (associated with the three mining raids in 1990, 1991 and 1999). Furthermore, in the post-industrial era, the miner seems to have lost completely his practical and symbolic significance in the society, being suspended somewhere between the memory of the glorious and secure past and the uncertain future. The current article presents the socio-economic and affective implications that the sudden and brutal end of the mining activity brought in the Jiu Valley, focusing mainly on the deep, inalienable connections created between the workers and the mines, but also between miners themselves, as well as on the spatial and social factors that contributed tothe occurrence of these bounds.

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Interior-Intimity-Affinity. In private residences of Belle Époque Bucharest.

Author(s): Alexandra Rusu / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 21/2023

In anthropological research, the concept of home has received several meanings, from a simple framework for the development of various social relationships (e.g., kinship)- a way to order society - to a symbol of distinct cultural beliefs. Recent studies advance a distinction between house (or household) and home, where the house suggests the material forms, mirroring the dominant norms of society, and the home is defined by the subjective aspects that influence the formation of the individual, comprising feelings of rootedness, safety and worth.Observing this new approach, my research analyzes a complex and multifaceted cultural setting, namely the interior of the house, from three perspectives: the material culture (interior), the sociability (intimity), and the lifestyle modernization (affinity).Accompanying the phenomenon of family values exaltation and national identity affirmation, the sumptuous examples of elite residences, that set the atmosphere of Belle Époque Bucharest, were vehicles through which their owners displayed their education, values, and aspirations. Through design and rules of sociability, the ideal framework of family life, in perfect symmetry with the national project, was developed. Every stage of construction, from the exterior to the interior design, had to guarantee not only the embodiment of exquisite taste but also the physical, mental, and moral health of the citizens, the goal being the improvement of human nature, implicitly of society. As men’s work moves into public space, we witness the construction of another dimension of the private house. The house becomes a home, a place of refuge, balancing the increasing anonymity and rationality of the outside world.Furthermore, the interior space reflected a world in rapid transformation, a liminal time in which the traditional order that determined hierarchy, loyalty, and social control no longer worked but a new order was yet to be established. An atmosphere of tension, of values clashing, is established, which will culminate with the outbreak of the First World War.

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Changes in the composition of the “communist elite” 1941-1958 - from the “class struggle” to the collaboration with the “class enemy”

Author(s): Florin F. Nacu / Language(s): English Issue: 77/2023

The article aims at presenting the evolution of the communist elite in Romania, between two moments essential for the history of the communist movement: the year 1941, in which Romania joins Nazi Germany in the fight against the USSR, and the year 1958, in which the Soviet troops withdraw from Romania and the Romanian political regime gradually begins to emerge from the tutelage of Moscow, following its own active cadre policy, trying to lay the foundations for a national communism. We will see what the social and intellectual basis of the “communist elite” was, and the occurrence of the events, that was, a “class enemy” reached the top of the communist movement, stepping over the “class struggle”. There are also cases of cooperation even with politicians considered to be from the “old regime”.

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Micaela Ghiţescu (1931 -2019)

Author(s): Clara Mareș / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1-2/2023

Arrested in 1952, for correspondence with the former director of the French Institute in Bucharest, Marcel Fontaine, the Securitate accused Micaela Ghițescu of espionage, sentencing her to four years in prison. Released in October 1955 after being imprisoned in Jilava and Mislea, she will arrive home where she will only find her mother. Meanwhile, her father and brother had died. Forced to declare in writing that she will never apply for a position in education, Micaela Ghițescu barely manages to resume her studies, taking refuge in a discreet career as a translator. Speaking five foreign languages, Micaela Ghițescu will translate dozens of novels from Portuguese, Spanish, English, French and German.But in communist Romania, the secret police was never too far. In the context of an invitation to the University of Illinois in 1983, she will be pressured and recruited for collaboration under the conspiratorial name "Georgescu". Although initially providing useful notes to Security, officers pointed out that the agent had not reached his potential.The death of her husband in 1985 makes her stop any collaboration, refusing the indications received. Moreover, she voluntarily reduces her entourage to a minimum, reasoning that she has no one to provide new data about.Insistently followed on the street, with her correspondence being opened and listening to the conversations in the house through secret microphones, the Securitate found that M. G. had preferred isolation to collaboration. In March 1987, agent "Georgescu" was abandoned due to inefficiency.From 1990 until her death in 2019, Micaela Ghițescu participated in the editing of Memoria magazine, putting all her energy into remembering the sufferings of former political prisoners and their families.For her literary merits, she was decorated with high Romanian and Portuguese distinctions. In 2012 she signed her only book Between Forgetfulness and Memory, published by Humanitas.

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Pariz na stolu (2016.-2022.)

Author(s): Mladen Machiedo / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 28/2023

U ono doba jedino se Dante, u svojstvu poslanika mecenatske obitelji da Polenta iz Ravenne, za diplomatske večere na koju ga bijaše pozvao dužd Giovanni Soranzo (šesnaest godina vladavine, 1312. – 1328.), mogao izazovnom gestom »obratiti« domaćinu i favoriziranim gostima. Servirane potonjima velike ribe, pjesniku (na pretpostavljivom donjem dijelu trpeze) zapadoše preostale male. No zataknuv sebi jednu za uho, pobudi on nemalo čuđenje uzvanika glede razloga takva postupka. Dante tada objasni da se od ribica nadao čuti štogod o sudbini svojeg oca stradala na moru. Domaćin znatiželjno poželi čuti ishod. Na to će Dante da se ribica ispričala, jer je mlada i mala, pa malo pamti, ali da bi one starije i veće mogle o tomu znati više. I tako odmah priskrbi sebi, od velikodušna domaćina, »korektivnu« veću porciju.

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The Time of Ephemeral Architecture

Author(s): Endre Ványolós / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2022

Architecture is defined as the art of designing and making buildings. Most buildings are solid, heavy, they are meant to last, aimed at defying time and only few are light, almost immaterial, their existence very brief. Yet, ephemeral architecture can have a special role in promoting innovative ideas in architecture, can be a catalyst for experiments, and thus facilitate change in professional theory and practice, increasing public visibility of architecture. Nowadays several artistic/architectural workshops, like Hellowood from Budapest, are already integrated in the academic curriculum, and alongside summer festivals work as laboratories for architecture. Often contrasting with its built background, their ephemeral architecture succeeds in giving a sample, a hint of architecture as a process of building, as a complex phenomenon of time and space. In Bonțida, the temporary architecture of the Electric Castle Festival does so too, in the context of the Bánffy Castle, a historical monument. This paper proposes an investigation of contemporary art festivals, open air expositions or summer camps, of their experimental role in architectural education, in discovering new building methods, new materials, and nonetheless exploring the limits of architecture itself.

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Internacjonalizacja w słowotwórstwie polszczyzny przełomu XX i XXI wieku jako przykład jednostronnych kontaktów językowych

Author(s): Krystyna Waszakowa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 75/2019

The article attempts to provide an answer to the questions concerning dimensions and aspects of morphological phenomena which result from the internationalization of the Polish lexical stock, both at the turn of the 21th century and in recent years. The main objective of the paper is to show how new foreign loans influence the formation of (i) new loan-based complex derivatives, (ii) new compound expressions that are becoming more dominant, and (iii) new types of hybrid lexical items. The current tendency to undergo internationalization is viewed by the author as inextricably bound with “linguistic globalization” processes, which finds its confirmation in modern European languages, including Slavic languages.

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Siedem sztuk wyzwolonych w EtymologiachIzydora z Sewilli

Author(s): Tatiana Krynicka,Adam Wilczyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 87/2023

Canon of the seven liberal arts belongs to the most prominent achievements of the ancient culture. Ancient thinkers considered them to be sciences worthy of a free person, who dedicates to their studying leisure time, without physical efforts and not for profit-mak-ing goals. For Christian writers these are sciences that lead to the discovering of truth which makes a person free. Cassiodorus underlines the fact of their transmission via books (liber) and emphasises their fundamental significance for the human beings’ progress. Isidore of Seville leads his reader to the fascinate world of knowledge through the gates of seven lib-eral arts as he devotes to them the first three books of his Etymologies. In his discourse on them the grammar occupies the central place (book 1); philological sciences (books 1-2) are presented more profoundly than mathematic disciplines (book 3). Organization of material drawn from his sources is well thought-out, systematic, to some extent original (book 1), in some parts of text (especially those dealing with grammar) somewhat chaotic and incoher-ent, though. Isidore sums up the role of liberal arts in the ending part of the book 4, while emphasizing that they form the indispensable foundation of doctor’s education.

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