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Język i liturgia słowiańska u zarania chrystianizacji Polski – dawne i nowsze fakty, hipotezy, dyskusje

Author(s): Stanisław Koziara / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

This paper attempts to look synthetically at the current state of research concerning the contentious issue of the presence of Slavonic language and liturgy in the early period of the Christianization of the Polish lands. Most of the attention has been paid to philological and historical arguments which have been provided so far in the course of this discussion. The author has classified a variety of old and recent opinions and hypotheses concerning this topic into three categories of attitudes: confirming, negating, or referring to the issue by way of compromise. The final part of the paper deals with those attitudes which tend towards redirecting the discussion on the presence and range of Slavonic language and liturgy in Poland to a broader context of religious and cultural heritage of the mission carried out by Saints Cyril and Methodius, the Apostles of the Slavs.

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Czerwiec 1989. Jan Józef Lipski i fundamenty demokracji nieświeckiej

Author(s): Marcin Kościelniak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2022

abortion, democracy, transformation, socialism, Church, June ’89, discourse, censorship

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Reżimy mobilności w postkolonialnym świecie: turyści, migranci, uchodźcy

Author(s): Natalia Bloch / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2022

mobility regimes, colonialism, tourism, migration, refugees, anthropology of colonial heritage, postcolonial perspective, India

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Garnizon wojskowy w Lublinie w latach 1788–1792

Author(s): Łukasz Cholewiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The subject of the article is the military garrison in Lublin in the years 1788–1792. The author deals with issues such as its organization in the years of the Four- Year Sejm. It presents the units that make up its composition and the commanding staff. It covers the day-to-day functioning of the garrison, including the o ce. An important place in the article takes the problem of drill and training. The author also touched upon the issues of uniforms, weapons, accommodation for soldiers and medical care provided by medical assistants.The subject of the article is the military garrison in Lublin in the years 1788–1792. The author deals with issues such as its organization in the years of the Four-Year Sejm. It presents the units that make up its composition and the commanding staff. It covers the day-to-day functioning of the garrison, including the office. An important place in the article takes the problem of drill and training. The author also touched upon the issues of uniforms, weapons, accommodation for soldiers and medical care provided by medical assistants.

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Meandry służby generała kawalerii Aleksieja Brusiłowa w Armii Czerwonej w latach 1920–1926

Author(s): Rafał Igielski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2020

The subject of the article is the last period of General Aleksei Brusilov’s military activity – during the civil war as well as active service in the Red Army. Focus has been placed mainly on the years 1923–1924, when he served in the Soviet forces as General Inspector of the Cavalry, contributing to its increasing professionalization. Due to the lack of any studies on Brusilov in Polish, the author considered it necessary to present an outline of the general’s military career in the army of the Russian Empire until 1914, which gave the paper a more comprehensive character and made it possible to critically assess his command and organizational skills. A brief discussion of the evolution of General Brusilov’s image in historiography and USSR and Russian propaganda has also been included.

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Dziergowice i Kuźnia Raciborska na tle innych wsi powiatów kozielskiego i raciborskiego w okresie powstań śląskich i plebiscytu w świetle nowych źródeł archiwalnych

Author(s): Paweł Parys / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2018

The author of the following work based his considerations on documents from the collections of the “Upper Silesian Uprisings” and “Silesian Uprisings” from the resources of the Central Military Archives and the Józef Piłsudski Institute of America based in New York. They focus on the inhabitants of Dziergowice (Kędzierzyn-Koźle County) and Kuźnia Raciborska (Racibórz County) that took part in the Third Silesian Uprising. The investigated documents deal with issues related to age, professions and the involvement of some families in the pro-Polish activities. Furthermore, the article also discusses locals supporting Germany. The whole is closed by the personal register of insurgents, as well as the membersof the Upper Silesia Heimat Patriots (German: Heimattreue Oberschlesier) and Stormtroops (German: Stosstruppen) from the aforementioned towns.

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Przyczynek do badań nad oddziaływaniem lokalnej prasy na wiejską ludność Górnego Śląska – na przykładzie wybranych artykułów zawartych w „Przewodniku Wiejskim” – w latach 1919–1922

Author(s): Łukasz Wołczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6/2018

The years 1919–1922 were a difficult period for Poland and especially for Upper Silesia. Social unrest, the resulting from it Silesian Uprisings and the issue of the plebiscite polarized the population of Upper Silesia. In addition, agitation in the Polish and German press, playing a huge propaganda role, was part of everyday life before the plebiscite. All these elements appear on the pages of the“Rural Guide” (Polish: “Przewodnik Wiejski”), which is the organ of the Silesian Farmers’ Union. In addition to propaganda articles, in the magazine one can also find articles related to agricultural activity, including crop growing and breeding guides. The magazine is interesting because it enables to follow almost “live” the political and social attitudes in Upper Silesia, partly represented by the authors of articles published in the “Rural Guide”.

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ON THE DEBATE BETWEEN THE PAULINES AND THE RABBIS IN LATE ANTIQUITY AROUND THE BODY AND SEXUALITY AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE TO THE PRESENT DAY, THROUGH D. BOYARIN’S POSTMODERN VIEW

Author(s): Zohar Mihaely / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

The goal of the present paper is to formulate a concise framework for part of Daniel Boyarin’s work which he is most known for, namely his analysis of sexuality in late antiquity Judaism and the critique of contemporary culture he eventually derived from it, above all his objections to the idea of the Jewish nation-state. Within the brief scope here I intend to provide the reader with a simple roadmap for orienting oneself in Boyarin’s relevant literature. Boyarin, a Jewish-American scholar, traces rabbinic, Jewish-Hellenic, and Pauline texts that he believes were part of one arc of Jewish culture in Palestine of late antiquity, and reveals the discourse that was at the center of this one Jewish culture, namely that the famous debate between Judaism and Christianity was essentially over the interpretation of the physical body and sexuality in the Bible, a debate during which critical cultural decisions were made that still have an impact on Western society today in the realms of gender and identity. Through his original “cultural reading” that employs critical current postmodern methods, Boyarin demonstrates that both have complex ethical and political issues, such as rigid hierarchies, colonialism, and racism, but they also have a lot of promise, namely that by examining them side by side, the possibility of finding a more just alternative for our present and future is increased, through mutual correction of each other.

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FROM THE ACTIVITIES OF THE FEMALE ELITE IN OLTENIA (THE END OF THE 19th CENTURY, THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20th CENTURY)

Author(s): Georgeta Ghionea / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Social life and fashion have not been the woman’s only concerns at the end of the 19th and the late 20th century. Their contribution to modern society changes, by taking on new duties and liabilities will have a specific means of expression and for a better understanding of the activities they carried out it requires an overview, even a brief one over a few Oltenian women from the above-mentioned period. Seen only as a wife and mother, the woman makes her way into society being concerned with her own education, she takes part in financing arts and not only, and she engages in harnessing traditional clothing and crafts.

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ALEXANDRINA CANTACUZINO AND THE FEMINIST MOVEMENT OF THE INTERWAR YEARS. A REVIEW

Author(s): Cecilia Cârja / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Review of: Alexandrina Cantacuzino și mișcarea feministă din anii interbelici [Alexandrina Cantacuzino and the Feminist Movement of the Interwar Years], edition of documents elaborated by Anemari Monica NEGRU, volumes I–II; Editura Cetatea de Scaun, Târgoviște, 2014, 345 p. (vol. I), 2019, 395 p. (vol. II)

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AMBIGUOUS TRANSITIONS: GENDER, THE STATE, AND EVERYDAY LIFE IN SOCIALIST AND POSTSOCIALIST ROMANIA – A REVIEW

Author(s): Ionela Bogdan / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Review: Ambiguous Transitions: Gender, the State, and Everyday Life in Socialist and Postsocialist Romania/ Jill MASSINO, Berghahn Books, New York, 2019, 453 p.

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ANTITRINITARIANISM IN POLAND BEFORE SOCINUS A HISTORICAL OUTLINE

Author(s): Zbigniew Ogonowski / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

The paper takes an in-depth look at an early, pre-Socinian stage of Polish antitrinitarianism. First, it outlines the historical reasons for the emergence of antitrinitarianism in Poland. Second, it explains how the early Polish antitrinitarians were able to develop a view substantial enough to provide a basis for Socinianism, a philosophical and religious movement with a pan-European reach. Third, it discusses similarities and differences between the two stages of Polish “Arianism”, pre-Socinian and Socinian.

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PASSIVE TOLERANCE VERSUS POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT. ANTISTIUS CONSTANS, KOERBAGH, VAN DEN ENDEN, AND SPINOZA

Author(s): SONJA LAVAERT / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

This article investigates the contribution of Spinoza and authors of his circle (Antistius Constans, Van den Enden and Koerbagh) on the modern conception of tolerance. In his Tractatus theologico-politicus (1670), Spinoza launches the libertas philosophandi-question integrating two kinds of freedom between which there is a tension: freedom of thought and speech and freedom of religious conscience. As freedom means living and acting in society in light of one’s own interests, tolerance becomes a political issue that depends from political perspectives and priorities. This insight leads Spinoza to bringing together the control of political authority on religious affairs and a political regime of religious plurality and toleration. These ideas seem to be reminiscent of texts published in his immediate circle: the anonymus De jure ecclesiasticorum (1665); the political pamphlets Kort verhael (1662) and Vrye Politijke Stellingen (1665) of his teacher Van den Enden; the subversive dictionary Een Bloemhof (1668) and the systematic philosophical Een Ligt (1668) of Koerbagh. In these texts the question of religion and religious authority shifts to the question of the nature and origin of political authority. The authors all criticize the abuse of power in light of the idea that there is no freedom without equality and no equality without freedom. Together with Spinoza’s Tractatus politicus (1677), they thereby form an anomaly within the anomaly of the Calvinist Low Countries that regards specifically this radical democratic view. They are not so much talking about tolerance but about everyone’s active participation in political life which is necessary for the rescue of the republic.

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ARGUING FOR FREEDOM OF RELIGION

Author(s): Paul Guyer / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

My title is “Arguing for Freedom of Religion,” not for “Toleration,” because I follow the eighteenth-century writer Christoph Martin Wieland in taking “toleration" to connote a gift or indulgence from a majority to a minority, whereas true freedom of religion would put everybody on the same plane to believe and practice religion as they see fit, or not at all. I consider three historically distinct ways of arguing for freedom of religion: from a premise held by one religion that requires freedom from others (the strategy of Locke, Madison, and Mendelssohn); from a premise about the uncertainty of all religious beliefs which calls for equal freedom (Bayle and Wieland); or from a fundamental requirement of equal freedom for all, with no premise about religion although it entails freedom in religious matters as in other things (Hutcheson, Meier, Kant). The latter approach may be most appealing from a purely philosophical point of view, but the former styles of argument have obviously had much to recommend them in historical contexts, and may still be useful.

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ROMANIA BETWEEN 1923 AND 1938. CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER AND POLITICAL LIFE

Author(s): Iulian Pînișoară / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 01 Supp/2023

At the end of the first world war, Europe was becoming increasingly optimistic about the establishment of an era of prosperity and democracy. The treaties that would seal the end of the world conflict seemed to have offered the most viable solutions regarding the borders established on this occasion. However, the optimist has a big flaw. It is based on the idea that good will finally triumph in the eternal battle against evil, and it only takes into account the positive aspects, ignoring the negative ones or hoping, without any cover, that they will not produce effects. It was believed then that Europe would enter a new era, in which democracy would spread to all parts of Europe. No great value was placed on the economic, social, political and demographic disaster. Economic problems led to the amplification of social tensions. These, in turn, determined the amplification of extremist tendencies, both left and right. The accession to power of some extremist parties led to the emergence of institutional disasters that few could have anticipated.

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WIELE TWARZY REPUBLIKANIZMU: WPROWADZENIE

Author(s): Rafał Paweł Wierzchosławski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The article consists of two parts. In the first part, I offer various understandings of modern republicanism and the republican tradition that we can find in the contemporary literature in question. At the same time, I point out that the term functions in different senses: the republican tradition can be studied by classical scholars (ancient Rome), historians of different countries (Italy, Holland, Poland or England), historians of law and governance systems (e.g., American founding myth). Republicanism can be an inspiration for contemporary philosophers who seek a conception of freedom as non-domination that is distinctive and competitive in relation to other traditions (liberal, communitarian) and seek structural forms of its implementation in the body politic (the[TS1] question of justice and legitimacy of the state). At the same time, reference to modern republicanism may perform certain rhetorical and argumentative functions (the so called ‘historical costume’), that is, by projecting certain values and social relations that would be derived from them, and connecting them to certain valued historical identities (e.g., a common European heritage or a national tradition). In the second part, I explain the reasons for a selection of the authors of the texts published in the second part of this issue, which is concerned with specific theorists. I point to their achievements and to the mutual permeation of the Polish and Transatlantic republican tradition in the texts devoted to the tradition of freedom of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Gałkowski, Pietrzyk-Reeves, Grześkowiak-Krwawicz). The section on contemporary issues opens with a text by Philip Pettit to whose ideas, sometimes critically, refer to texts by the other authors (Lis, Grygieńć, CiżewskaMartyńska and Wierzchosławski).

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REPUBLIKANIZM, USTRÓJ MIESZANY, KULTURA SPRZECIWU OBYWATELSKIEGO. WOKÓŁ ODCZYTANIA MYŚLI JEANA-JACQUES’A ROUSSEAU PRZEZ PHILIPA PETTITA

Author(s): Rafał Lis / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The article proposes a discussion with Philip Pettit’s theses developed in his book On the People’s Terms: A Republican Theory and Model of Democracy and his article “Two Republican Traditions.” Focusing on the so called Italian-Atlantic tradition, Pettit emphasises the linkeage of the ethos of contestatory citizenry and that of mixed constitution as crucial for republicanism. It is no coincidence that understing the tradition of republicanism in such a way, Pettit does not include Jean-Jacques Rousseau, seen rather as a forerunner of communitarism. Yet, one can hardly agree with Pettit’s classification of the republican tradition and — especially — with his reading of Rousseau. In the first place, it is precisely Rousseau’s thought that helps understand that republicanism, after all embodying the idea of citizens’ government, could absorb the values of mixed government only temporarly and conditionally — only until the latter could serve limitate non-civic (non-elective) elements of power. Pettit’s suggestion that the theory of popular sovereignty initiated by Rousseau must undermine the ideals of civic vigilance is also difficult to accept.

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KATARZYNA BOGACKA, ORNAMENTA EPISCOPORUM. SPOŁECZNA HISTORIA ISYMBOLIKA INSYGNIÓW BISKUPICH NA ZIEMIACH POLSKICH 1801-1919

Author(s): Ewa Letkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 120/2023

Review of: Katarzyna Bogacka, Ornamenta episcoporum. Społeczna historia isymbolika insygniów biskupich na ziemiach polskich 1801-1919, t. 1, Wydawnictwo Neriton, Warszawa 2021, ss. 388, ISBN: 978-83-6601-896-9; t. 2, Wydawnictwo Neriton, Warszawa 2021, ss. 250, ISBN: 978-83-6601-897-6

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Underestimated Ally: Ukraine during the Polish–Soviet War of 1920 in Polish Underground Publications (1976–1989)

Author(s): Vitalii Borymskyi / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2023

This article examines Polish underground publications (samizdat) interpreting Ukraine’s role in the Polish–Soviet war of 1920. The research analyzes a large number of underground journals, newspapers, and books. It shows the relationship between the political thought of Polish émigrés and the opposition within the Polish People’s Republic. The article argues that the Polish oppositionists considered rethinking the history of relations with Poland’s eastern neighbors an essential precondition for gaining its sovereignty. They regarded the Polish–Soviet war of 1920 as one of the most critical episodes in Polish–Ukrainian–Russian relations in recent history. A common feature of most opposition publications on the Polish–Soviet war was emphasizing the joint struggle of Ukrainians and Poles against the Bolsheviks. The authors often emphasized the combat value of Ukrainian units and stressed that Poland did not correctly appreciate their contribution to the common struggle. They also believe that the conditions of Polish aid were too painful for Ukraine. The defeat of the project for an independent Ukraine laid the foundations for the Soviet attack on Poland in 1939. The main conclusion from this historical episode, for most Polish oppositionists, was that supporting Ukraine’s independence was of strategic interest for Poland. In turn, Poland must abandon competition with Russia for Ukraine as a sphere of influence in the future. Only equal relations with its eastern neighbors will give Poland lasting security.

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Remembering on Command: Autobiographical Narratives of the Officers of the Polish Security Forces, 1944–1956

Author(s): Łukasz Bertram / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2023

The aim of this article is to analyse the archival collection of the memoirs of officers of the Polish security forces (Security Office and Citizens’ Militia) on their service in the Warsaw voivodeship in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Entangled in political violence, they were chief actors of the top-down “revolution in the county” and bottom-up “county revolution” that overlapped in Central Europe after the Second World War. This article presents their accounts as examples of fulfilment of a “narrative command” to present a vision of the past in line with the official ideological scripts of the Polish People’s Republic. At the same time, though, the approach employed here does not deprive the authors of their authorial subjectivity, and highlights their agency in attempting to express their individual agendas, interpretations, and emotions. This article distinguishes two types of accounts with reference to their perspective, structure, and language: “from a bird’s-eye view” and “a frog’s-eye” narrative, as well as one peculiar case of “an aspiring writer.” Then, in its main part, the article analyses how veterans reconstructed and interpreted various experiences related to their service in the 1940s and 1950s. The issues are the following: becoming an officer and transformation from “peasant” to “guardsman,” participation in violence and coercion, alcohol drinking, and possible fields of political criticism expressed by the officers.

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