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The bullae of the spahbedan. Some iconographic remarks

Author(s): Patryk SKUPNIEWICZ / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2017

The seals of Sasanian highest military officials, the spahbedan which contain depiction of armoured rider createconsistent iconographic group. It is possible however to distinguish five sub-groups within it, which in turn might serveas supplementary argument for their chronology or might suggest differentiation of the role of the office in time.The iconography of the spahbedan is related to 3-5th century, Roman models of imperial adventus which seems adequatefor high ranking officers who needed iconographic layout emphasizing power however not entering royal prerogative.Iconography of the sovereigns of the neighboring power suited that goal well.Stylization of the arms and armour depicted on the spahbedan seals and small size of the objects do not allow firmidentification of the types however it is clear that the more realistic tendency in depicting armament, typical for LateSasanian period and contrasting with stylized and symbolic functions of earlier official art, prevailed.

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The Dethronement of Bernardo II in 1615. The Role of a Violence and Christianity in Ideology of Power in Kongo in the first half of the 17th century

Author(s): Robert Piętek / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2021

The article presents a spectacular occurrence of violence in Kongo during the first half of the 17th century related to power struggles, shown mainly on the example of Bernardo II being dethroned by Álvaro III. Executing rivals in such a striking fashion was both meant as a warning to potential rebels against taking similar actions, and as a way to emphasize the monarch’s power. Christianity played also important role in Kongolese ideology of royal power, which obviously did not exclude referring to pre-Christian customs. Despite such actions, the Kongolese monarchs did not manage to gain full control of the territory during the first half of the 17th century or to counteract the revolts.

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The Role of the Cult of Josaphat Kuntsevych in Biała Podlaska in Creating Intercultural Space

Author(s): Dorota WEREDA / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2021

The article describes the history of the relics and cult of Josaphat Kuntsevych in Biała Podlaska (ca. 1705-1915) in terms of their significance for the creation of cultural space. After the relics had been transported from Polatsk to Biała Podlaska, they were kept in the chapel of Radziwill Castle, and then from 1764 they were displayed in the Basilian Orthodox church. The analysis of visual forms, musical culture, and religious practices demonstrated the readiness of the Uniate community to adapt and absorb cultural phenomena. The activity of the Basilians contributed to the transmission of elite culture to the whole society. The creation of the cult did not cause barriers for any groups to act either as creators or as recipients. Josaphat Kuntsevych gained popularity among people of different social status, believers of Greek and Latin rites; he was not identified with any ethnic group or nationality.

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Personnel policy of the Foreign Trade Department of the Ministry of Finance in the Kingdom of Poland in the years 1850-1862

Author(s): Krzysztof LATAWIEC / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2021

In 1851 the Kingdom of Poland was placed under the Russian customs jurisdiction, which resulted in the emergence of the Russian customs administration. For the system to function properly, the selection of appropriately trained clerical staff was needed. Moreover, the functioning of the customs administration in the consecutive years was only possible thanks to permanent full staffing of customs offices. The research into archival sources made it possible to analyze the personnel policy conducted in the Kingdom of Poland by the Foreign Trade Department of the Ministry of Finance in the Russian Empire. As it turned out, the customs administration, despite being Russian in structure, was dominated by clerks of Polish origin and Roman Catholic denomination. Furthermore, the Russian authorities tried to rely on employees experienced in working for the customs offices operating in the Kingdom of Poland before 1851.

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The attitude presented in the press published by the Polish Socialist Party towards Gypsies in the interwar period – social and political issues

Author(s): Alicja GONTAREK / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2021

The publication discusses the Polish Socialist Party's (PPS) attitude to Gypsies and the Gypsy question in the interwar period from 1918 to 1939. An extensive search of the PPS press, including around 1600 articles on the Gypsy population, has shown that this issue also interested the PPS. However, the socialists had a decidedly negative attitude to Gypsies. This was conditioned by the fact that the party found itself in opposition to the government camp, which supported the aspirations of Gypsy kings from the Kwiek clan, and it was with them that the PPS identified Gypsies. Secondly, the strong ideologization of the party's press, based among other things on the cult of work, led to a rejection of the lifestyle of the majority of Gypsies, who represented a nomadic and semi-nomadic culture of life.

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Goddess Venus on Julia Domna’s coins. The Political Use of the Coinage of an Augusta of the Severan Dynasty

Author(s): Pedro David CONESA NAVARRO,Anita SMYK / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2022

In this paper we aim to study the monetary examples of Venus dedicated to Julia Domna. The goddess appears in the numismatic records with a series of epithets and although they were initially created with specific connotations, they evolved and were widely employed on the coins of imperial women. The social and political context encouraged some types to be produced more than others at certain times. This is precisely one of the most important aspects that will be reflected upon in this study. Beyond responding to virtues related to the conjugal or maternal sphere, the policy developed by Septimius Severus and continued by his son Caracalla may have been decisive in encouraging the creation of certain coin types in order to transmit a message that was convenient for the state apparatus.

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The Armed Resistance Movement in Kosovo 1918-1928 according to the Albanian press

Author(s): Veli KRYEZIU,Bujar DUGOLLI / Language(s): English Issue: 11/2022

Political Albania continuously made efforts to help the Kachak resistance in Kosovo, which in 1918 took over through the Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo, this resistance Albania supported by arming, of the Albanian rebellious groups. However, this Committee, except in Kosovo, its activity extended to Albania, in the consolidation and democratization of the Albanian state. To realize the National Union Hasan Prishtina established contacts with some Italian deputies from whom he received support and secured weapons to organize an armed uprising and thus overthrow the Serbian invader in Kosovo.

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European Identity Matrix of Georgia

Author(s): Emzar Pazhava / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2022

One of the important topics in the modern Georgian academic discourse is the issue of the European identity of Georgia, the scientific research and correct perception of which is very important for the European future of the Georgian state. The article discusses the genesis of European and Georgian identities, their markers, cause and effect relationships. According to the paper, the European identity matrix of Georgia is based on historical, political, economic, social and cultural characteristics,, according to which Georgia is considered a part of European civilization. The research will help Georgian and foreign scientists to perceive the European identity of Georgia better, which will be a novelty for Georgian and European historiography.

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The Notion of Border in the Bible

Author(s): Nana Bakhsoliani / Language(s): English Issue: 9/2023

The history of the formation of state borders can be found the Old Testament. In ancient times, neighboring countries were separated from each other by natural and difficult-to- cross borders such as forests, rivers.... Making/defining a border in the books of the Bible is an act of God. Border could be a monument, a mountain, a cave, sea, village, desert. After leaving Egypt, Jewish people had to cross the desert road to enter the Promised Land. This had a symbolic and mystical significance. The people encamped in the desert “near the mountain of God”. The Mount Sinai was called Desert Sinai, thus the mount took the name of the desert –Mount Sinai, Sinai Desert. The border in both singular and plural indicated the outline of the country, “Side”, “coast”, “limb”, “mouth”, “limit”, “rock”, “lip” (as a natural border) are found in many passages of the Old Testament in the sense of border or territory, thus, “limit”, “mouth”, “edge”, “end”, “hand”, were used in various applications, both literally and figuratively, and denoted spatial and ideological concepts. The Border established divine order within itself, that is civilization which was separated from outer lands and the peoples living there by national identity and religion, border separated and confronted two worlds, and at the same time, it was a paradoxical place where they connected with each other.

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Collect to destroy. The annihilation of German and Polish Jewish research libraries

Author(s): Nawojka Cieślińska-Lobkowicz / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Jewish research libraries emerged in the wake of the Jewish Enlightenment and the Jewish studies initiated subsequently. They formed the foundation of this new field of knowledge, rapidly developing by Jewish scholars. The subject of this article is the history of three German libraries – one in Breslau and two in Berlin – and four libraries in the Second Polish Republic: one in Warsaw, two in Vilnius, and one in Lublin. After introducing these Jewish research libraries from their foundation to Hitler’s rise to power (1933) and, respectively, to the outbreak of war, the author describes their fate during the years of Nazi rule. Closed, confiscated, destroyed, looted, deported, used in perverse ways – all seven ceased to exist. The subject of the text section of the article is the postwar distribution of the volumes surviving from these Jewish libraries. The article closes with reflections on the study of the provenance of the survived books, dispersed in collections on several continents, as a means of saving the libraries from which they originated from oblivion.

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Paul Meyvaеrt and Paul Devos Duo Candelabra Cyrillomethodiana

Author(s): Stilyana Batalova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The paper outlines in historiographical perspective Paul Meyvaert (1921–2015) and Paul Devos’ (1913–1995) contributions to the classification of the Latin hagiographical legends about Sts Cyril and Methodius. The author analyzes their three joint studies from 1955–1956. These studies first introduced into academic use the most comprehensive medieval copy of the so-called Italian Legend discovered to date. They also explored its links to the literary activity of Leo of Ostia (1046–1115). Through P. Meyvaert’s fortuitous discovery, the two scholars proved that only the second redaction of the Italian Legend has survived. As a result of their research, they narrowed down the chronological limits of the appearance of its first redaction, compiled by Johannes Hymmonides and Gauderic of Velletri. They studied the manuscript tradition (of the Italian Legend) and proved that the reference to the episcopal rank of St Cyril and St Methodius is a late interpolation in the text. They established what influence Leo of Ostia’s redaction of the Italian Legend exerted on the literary production in the Benedictine monastery of San Clemente a Casauria in the last quarter of the 12th century and on some legendaries containing abridged legendae novae of the 13th and 14th centuries. P. Meyvaert and P. Devos also attempted to clarify the place of the so-called Moravian Legend in the nexus of Latin Cyrillo-Methodian legends of the Bohemian lands.The paper discusses the contributions of Meyvaert and Devos from the perspective of the development of Cyrillo-Methodian studies. It analyses the main approaches used for the successful solutions to age-old issues and the hypotheses that provoked debate with Jaroslav Ludvikovský (1895–1984).

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The constitutional status and educational development of the non-Albanian and Albanian minoritie in Yugoslavia 1945-1974

Author(s): Kosovar BASHA / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2023

The paper carefully deals with the constitutional aspect and the development of education in Yugoslavia, which in the general background affects the general minorities in Yugoslavia such as Bulgarians, Italians, Germans, Hungarians and with special emphasis – Albanians. The author has followed the descriptive and analytical scientific methods for dealing with this important issue for general historiography. A serious Yugoslav and Albanian literature covering this socially and scientifically important study has been used.

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The main trends in the use of documents in the Central State Archive of Scientific and Technical Documentation of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Author(s): Syrym SABLIN,Dariusz MAGIER / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2023

According to the state program ‘Archive 2025’ for wide access to archival documents in Kazakhstan the web portal ‘Unified electronic archive of documents was launched’. At the moment, there is no information on the funds of the Central State Archive of Scientific and Technical Documentation on this site yet, but it is planned to add it to the electronic catalog in the future. For the successful implementation of data on documents stored in the funds of the Central State Archive of Scientific and Technical Documentation, it is necessary to analyze which types of documents are most popular among the archive users (both in the reading room and when executing information requests by the archive) and which need to be translated into electronic format as a priority, for this purpose, the reports of the Central State Archive of Scientific and Technical Documentation were studied for the period from 1974 to 2021.

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The State of Philippine-Iran Bilateral Relations, Maximizing Values, Human Potentials and Shared History

Author(s): Henelito A. SEVILLA jr / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2023

The Philippines and Iran are two important players in the geopolitical transition of Asian and the Pacific region. The geopolitical values that these two countries held over many decades exposes them to rivalries and competition among regional and international powers. In some part of history, they became a closed ally to the United States, while regime change in Iran in the late 1970s had created some sort of difficulty for both countries to improve bilateral relations amidst normalization. This paper therefore seeks to investigate existing domestic and external factors that can help explain the underdeveloped state of their bilateral relations. In doing so, the paper advances the idea that although the Philippines and Iran are sovereign and independent countries, the course and direction of their relation since the post-1979 event was heavily affected by the US policy vis-à-vis the Philippines and Iran.

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Co to jest Naród?

Author(s): Michał K. Pawlikowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 32/2022

Przed wiekiem [XIX w.] zaczęła się w Europie wielka dyskusja dokoła nazwy czegoś, co jakoby wtedy dopiero zostało odkryte, a nawet jakoby wtedy dopiero w ogóle powstało: dokoła problemu narodu. Tymczasem istota narodu była stara jak świat, bez względu na to, jaką miała nazwę – i nie można o niej nawet tego powiedzieć, iż dopiero w XIX w. została odkryta. Prawdą jest tylko, że wiek ten dopiero wysunął na pierwsze miejsce problemy społeczno-polityczne, a wraz z nimi problem narodu.

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Što pišem, to (ne)mislim? Riječi vs misli intelektualca u NDH - slučaj Josipa Horvata

Author(s): Tomislav Kardum / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 7/2022

In the paper, the author deals with the neglected activities of Croatian journalist and author Josip Horvat during the Independent State of Croatia (NDH). Horvat’s activities can’t be explained properly if we, as previous researchers have done, look upon them as just the marginal aspect of the Horvat opus. The author compares Horvat’s views from his posthumously published diary and numerous texts written during the Second world war. Casting doubt about the authenticity of certain parts of the diary, the author concludes that „private” views are secondary, while the public sphere is primarily relevant when studying the intellectuals. Namely, during the NDH, Horvat wrote numerous texts from a clearly articulated Croatian nationalist, conservative and pro-Axis perspective. He praised the state leadership, for which he received an award from poglavnik Ante Pavelić in april of 1945. In articles and the book Kultura Hrvata kroz 1000 godina (Croat Culture Through a 1000 Years) Horvat espoused conservative criticism of economic liberalism, praising the conservative way of life of Croatian peasants, as well as the institution of zadruga. His views about recent political history are in line with the views of the ruling ustasha movement in the NDH, while he espoused many views in line with the Croatian interwar nationalism. Also, he defended the foreign policy of the NDH, as well as the participation of Croats in the Battle of Stalingrad, which he dubbed a battle for European culture against bolshevism.

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Pukovnik Ivan Babić - život i djelo

Author(s): Đuro Škvorc / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 7/2022

In the following article, I will summarize and reconstruct the life and work of Ivan Babić based on sources, literature, and memories of his cousin Srećko Solar from Sveti Ivan Žabno. He was born in 1904 in Sveti Ivan Žabno and died in 1982 in Torremolinos, Spain. He is best known to the public for escaping from the Independent State of Croatia to the Allies in early 1944 to Italy by plane. The overall activity in the homeland was marked by military service in the Royal Yugoslav Army and the Croatian Home Guard, and abroad by political activity in emigration. In 1941, as an adjutant to military commander Slavko Kvaternik, he was one of the most important officers in the organization of the Croatian Home Guard. On behalf of the Home Guard and the Croatian Peasant Party, he led unsuccessful negotiations with representatives of the partisan movement from June 1943 to the beginning of December 1943. Fearing that the Croatian people would see the end of the war alongside the defeated Germans, he tried to establish cooperation with the Allies in agreement with the Croatian Peasant Party in early 1944. It was too late because they had already opted for the partisans led by Josip Broz Tito.

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Dražen Kovačević, Ivanićgradski križni putovi

Author(s): Stipo Pilić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 7/2022

Review of: Dražen Kovačević, Ivanićgradski križni putovi, Sisačka biskupija, Sisak, 2022.

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Ramiza Smajić, Migracije i Bosanski ejalet 1683–1718.

Author(s): Safet Bandžović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2023

Review of: Ramiza Smajić, Migracije i Bosanski ejalet 1683–1718., Sarajevo: Univerzitet u Sarajevu – Institut za historiju, 2022. 390 str., ISBN 978-9958-649-54-7s engleskog prevela Azra Mulović, Sarajevo: Centar za napredne studije, 2018. 207 str., ISBN 978-9958-022-95-1.

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Šibenski kršćanski robovi u Napulju i otkup šibenskoga plemića Ivana Krstitelja Zavorovića iz turskoga zarobljeništva: prilog poznavanju porobljavanja na Jadranu i u Ugarskoj u 16. i 17. stoljeću

Author(s): Iva Kurelac / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 64/2023

Starting from the insufficient scholarly research of enslavement and slavery in Šibenik and its district during the Renaissance and the early modern period, which coincided with intense Ottoman incursions, this article analyses and presents two historical sources from the first half of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th century. These sources offer first-hand testimonies regarding the fate of individuals who were enslaved and taken from the border areas to the Ottoman Empire, specifically from the Šibenik Hinterland and Hungary. The first document (National University Library, Zagreb, Collection of Manuscripts and Old Books, shelf mark: R-3931/4, Šibenik. Documenta ad illustrandam historiam civitatis Sibenicensis) focuses on a group of Christian slaves (Morlacs) from Šibenik and the part of its district under Ottoman administration, who were forcefully taken to Naples, probably in the first half of the 16th century, where they were considered Turks. The second source (Šibenik Diocesan Archive, Šibenik, 18/1: Šibenik Diocese, Diocesan Curia, vol. 48, Liber diuersorum) presents the testimony of the Šibenik Chapter concerning the redemption of Šibenik’s nobleman Iohannes Baptista Zavoreus, the son of Šibenik’s humanist and historian Dominicus Zavoreus (ca. 1540-1608), from Turkish captivity in 1606. He had been captured while involved in the Hungarian military forces defending Esztergom against Ottoman attacks in 1605. Both sources are contextualized within the historical circumstances of their creation and then examined in the broader scholarly knowledge of enslavement in the Adriatic and Hungary during the Renaissance and early modern period. The research aims to determine the extent to which the fate of slaves and captives from the Šibenik area aligns with the general treatment of slaves and prisoners during that time. The findings confirm the hypothesis put forth by N. Budak that individuals from all social classes were at risk of being captured and that despite legal prohibitions in the Eastern Adriatic communes, including Šibenik, enslavement remained a widespread activity aimed at profiting from the sale or purchase of enslaved individuals. The document from the Šibenik Diocesan Archive about the redemption of Iohannes Baptista Zavoreus from Turkish captivity also reveals previously unknown facts about his life, contributing to a better understanding of the history of the Šibenik noble family Zavoreus and their involvement in anti-Turkish wars.

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