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Ukončení studené války a změny v globální politice po roce 1989 přinesly též proměny mezinárodního normativního systému, nenaplnila se však očekávání spojená s šířením myšlenek liberální demokracie, univerzalismu norem a posilování globálního vládnutí v čele s Organizací spojených národů (OSN).
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Uplynulo 70 let od doby, kdy začaly krystalizovat myšlenky na stíhání německých válečných zločinců. Tyto úvahy předznamenaly velký zlom, který měl v nejbližších letech otřást dosavadními představami o roli jednotlivce v mezinárodním společenství a mezinárodním právu. Přestože regulace ozbrojených konfliktů nabývala své kontury už od druhé poloviny 19. století, je to teprve odkaz Norimberského tribunálu, dle něhož osoby porušující zásady vedení války nejsou jenom nemorální barbaři, ale také zločinci.
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International relations (IR) as an autonomous academic discipline was eventually formed in the interwar era and it set quite an explicit goal– to contribute to the studies of wars and especially to prevent their re-occurrence. Hence the new discipline responded to the existing demandin a society recovering from the horrors of World War I. It had a purely practical task that could hardly be questioned in the social atmosphere of that time. Then as well as nowadays, to fulfill this ambition, it is necessary to pay attention to the study of the causes of wars. Therefore, theories dealing with the studies of the causes of wars are an essential part of the tradition of international relations.
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This paper looks at these so-called “war brides” (Sensou hanayome) in the post-war Philippines, and their experiences upon migration to the Philippines in the 1950s to the 1960s. More specifically, I examine how ethnicity has become stigmatized in Philippine society of that time due mainly to wartime experiences. I also explore their how they lived their lives in varied degrees of discrimination, inclusion and exclusion. I particularly use the ascribed ethnic marker “Haponesa” or Japanese woman, in the Filipino vernacular, to illustrate how ethnicity has been stigmatized. I utilize life stories of those women who lived decades of their lives in the Philippines. While several of them choose to go back to Okinawa, many of them made the Philippines their home. Semi-structured interviews were done in 2009 and 2012, both in Okinawa and in the Philippines. I also use data I gathered in late 2011 to 2013, when I was doing on-and-off fieldwork in Okinawa.
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Savaşlar sebepleri, çeşitleri ve özellikleriyle ne kadar farklı olsa da hepsinin sonucu aynıdır. Dünyanın dengesi bozulur, milyonlarca insan ölür, şehirler dağılır, topraklar işgal edilir. İnsanların esaret, işkence, sürgün vb. pek çok olayla hayatları bir anda mahvolur. Savaşlarda bir süre sonra ahlaki, insani manevi değerler önemini kaybetmeye başlar.
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The study deals with the process of construction of so called engineering measures in the area of one of the Border Guard brigades – the 12th Border Guard brigade whose command was in Planá. It discusses the different types of measures: trap lights, control zone, clearings, three-wall barricade and its electrification and mining. The construction started in the second half of the year 1951. The time schedule of the action proved the work was done in haste. Many tasks had to be performed again, either due to a partial destruction of the barrier walls after trunks and stumps had been pulled out from the inside of the wired barricade or after mines had spontaneously exploded. We can conclude that the so called engineering measures were completed by the end of 1953, though not entirely without problems in the forest parts.
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In Lombard cemeteries there are numerous burial pits containing horses, confirming that this animal was the sacrificial victim par excellence among Germanic and Nomadic cultures in the Early Middle Ages. The majority of horse burials found in Italy shows similar deposition methods to some discovered in the cemeteries of Central and Eastern Europe, which belong to both Lombards and other Germanic peoples. This permits tracing of the main characteristics of the Germanic funerary custom, and its differentiation from another ritual recognised in the Italian cemetery of Campochiaro (Southern Italy, Molise), where horses were buried in a manner similar to that observed among the Avars, a nomadic population who settled in the Carpathian Basin in the last decades of the 6th century AD. This paper describes the main archaeological discoveries in Italy, with the aim of clarifying the distinctions between the two cultural heritages identified there, and providing some explanations thereof.
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Transkript okruglog stola “Antiratna Kampanja 1991. – 2011.: Dvadeset godina ispred svoga vremena” održanog 4. srpnja 2011. u Kući ljudskih prava, Zagreb Govornici: Mirjana Bilopavlović, Goran Božičević, Dejan Jović, Katarina Kruhonja, Vesna Teršelič
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The paper presents the motives of cultural memory which were recorded in the oral epic poems and in the tradition in Dalmatia (the Neretva Valley and Boka kotorska). The territory of Dalmatia bordered with the Ottoman Empire at the time of the Croatian-Ottoman wars, thus the oral literature of this area produced oral epic poem as a reflection of forced war and fateful contacts. Living on the frontier of Christianity and Islam has brought up a special frontier mentality which can be traced in modernity, not only through the preservation of the heritage festivities, but also through collective memory which defines the importance of the survival of everything that is geologically and culturally on margin with the threatening “other”.
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Papers on the topic of the 1992-1995 war in Mostar, published in the period from 2001 to 2017, were primarily represented in works of memoir character, in which the authors write from the perspective of their own point of view on events, or they were directly involved in them. Certain works are of high quality and very useful from a scientific and professional perspective, and there are also those which are solely of classic memoir character, written from a purely personal perspective, which represent some contribution to looking at events, but which necessitate caution. From the scope of military-historiographical literature, the volume of the written works is modest and highlights the works of former commanders, which represents an important complement to reviewing military activities in the area of Mostar municipality, along with a mandatory critical approach to these works because of the author’s efforts to emphasize their role in the war. This topic was also addressed by individuals from different non-history professions, attributing themselves the right to be called experts in this field. In one part of such research and published works, erroneous methodological, unscientific and subjective approach was observed. Although a small number of historians have written on this subject, a large number of them still choose to remain silent, which on the one hand was justifiable in the initial years after the war, because of the lack of clarity and inaccessibility of archival material, but also because they were waiting for the necessary historical distance. The historical distance is already considerable, and it is time for objective and professional historians to tackle the topics related to the war period in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Some historians are also waiting for better political circumstances in the country. Any silence on the part of expert and objective historians is no longer justifiable, and thus poses a problem for historiography, which has been dealing with a number of problems lately. While some are silent, historical topics are being taken up by individuals from other professions, but also by historians who write commissioned texts, and thus bring historiography lasting and incomprehensible consequences and harm.
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On the basis of the reference literature and diplomatic sources, the author considers the plans and activities of the international community to end the war in the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the period from the Washington to the Dayton Peace Agreement. Special attention is devoted to the events that had influenced the change of former US policy and its more active engagement. The analysis of international diplomacy and attitudes of various countries towards the developments in the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, pointed to the complexity of achieving a peace agreement for which the United States had to try out various strategies and seek different solutions, whereby a significant role was played by the situation at its inner-political scene. Author pays special attention to the events that paved the way for a peace agreement, as well as the military and political means that had played a key role in achieving peace. Based on the analysis of the provisions and implementation of the Dayton Peace Agreement, author believes it had ended the war, but did not allow the establishment of a functional state, because the ideologies that had caused the war continued to live and deepen the divisions in BiH society through propaganda and rhetoric. He believes that re-enabling normal life in Bosnia and Herzegovina requires the removal of these structures and the consequences that they have produced and continue to produce, which is why Bosnia and Herzegovina is waiting for support for its European path. He claims that it can only work if the democratic settings, if needed, be even imposed by the international community, which left the project of building the institutions unfinished. If the international community consistently supports this, author believes that the path of accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the modern European societies will be much shorter and much faster.
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NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), Ugovor o sjevernoatlantskoj zajednici, po mnogo čemu je poznat i značajan, po dobru ili po zlu, kako hoćete. To je organizacija koja je u prošlom vijeku profilirala međunarodne odnose, i za koju svakako možemo reći da je i danas jedan od važnijih aktera međunarodnih odnosa.
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Na osnovu završetka mape uma može se zaključiti da je ishod postignut. Na osnovu rada u grupama i donošenja njihovog zaključaka, može se zaključiti da su učenici usvojili novo znanje. Time je dokazano da je ovaj način rada primamljiv za djecu.
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Učenici/e unose procjenu kvaliteta časa i postignuća u krugu evaluacije, koji je podijeljen na četiri dijela, ocjenjuje se predavanje, tema, atmosfera na času i angažovanost učenika/ca, primjenjena metoda.
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During the five centuries from the 15th to the end of the 20th century, the City of Sarajevo developed into a historical, social and urban entity. In the second half of the 20th century, the City of Sarajevo, as the capital of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, established and developed its self-governing autonomy in the management of urban, economic and cultural development. The city of Sarajevo reached new heights of urban and economic development during the realization of the project of holding the XIV Winter Olympic Games in 1984. After the announcement of the results of the citizens’ referendum on the sovereign and independent status of the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992, the city of Sarajevo was exposed to a military siege from 1992 to 1995. The Dayton Peace Agreement established peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the City of Sarajevo was constitutionally designated as the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina. With the establishment of the Sarajevo Canton in 1996, the property and jurisdiction of the City of Sarajevo was transferred to the Sarajevo Canton. Amendment I to the Constitution of the Canton of Sarajevo established the City of Sarajevo without specific responsibilities and with a reduced territorial organization. Based on the conducted research, published in the study “Sarajevo city and region in time and space-study” (Pejanović et al., 2020), the paper provides a complete elaboration of the constitutional and legal position of the City of Sarajevo, within the basics of the concept of full jurisdiction of the City of Sarajevo and its new territorial organizations.
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Građani Sarajeva su kroz historiju prošli svašta, sve što se može proći u 560 godina. Većina nas živo pamti prve višestranačke izbore nakon doba socijalizma, koji se održavaju po tadašnjim socijalističkim republikama, u Bosni i Hercegovini 18. 11. 1990.
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Mada je pripadao prvoj generaciji pjesnika poslije Drugog svjetskog rata, koje je obilježilo ratno i poratno vrijeme, zajednički ideali, posebno u periodu obnove i izgradnje razrušene zemlje, Izet Sarajlić je, kako istinskom pjesniku i priliči, bio i ostao sam. Prve pjesme napisao je 1947., a objavio 1948. prvu knjigu, U susretu, 1949. godine. Uspomene na rat bile su najjači razlog što je u svojoj poeziji, sa željom da se rat ne ponovi, neprestano zagovarao mir. Onako kao što se, naglašenim intimizmom, pedesetih godina prošlog stoljeća, odupirao socrealističkoj, horukaškoj, udarničkoj i prekomjerno optimističkoj poeziji, isto tako se, potom, odupirao bezličnosti, hermetičnosti, nekomunikativnosti i uniformnosti modernističke poezije. A sve vrijeme je, samosvojnim senzibilitetom, branio čovjekovu osjećajnost, koja je bila izložena svakojakom nasilju, grubostima i otuđenosti, branio potrebu za iskrenošću, toplinom, ljubavlju, druženjem i prijateljevanjem. Umjesto vedre i vesele akcijske ili, kasnije, jezički eksperimentalne i hladne poezije, pisao je tankoćutnu, sivovikendaški sjetnu i elegičnu poeziju, te od pjesničkih početaka nadalje branio pjesnikovo pravo na tugu, kao što je, u tako naslovljenom tekstu, koji je preusmjerio poslijeratnu bosansko-hercegovačku kritiku, zapisao Ivan Fogl. Upravo njegove elegične i baladične pjesme, melanholične i sjetne tugovanke, kako među ranim tako i među kasnijim pjesmama, potvrđuju da ga je, usprkos podsticajnim uticajima Jesenjinove harmonično oblikovane duševnosti, Whitmanove lavine dugih, vitalističkih i čovjekoljubivih stihova, Prévertove anegdotične ljubavne lirike i Brechtove, jednostavnim riječima izricane, društvene kritike, trajno obilježila lirska atmosfera stražilovske linije pjesništva, od Branka Radičevića, preko Miloša Crnjanskog i Milana Dedinca do Stevana Raičkovića.
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U svom radu autorica prati zakonodavnu aktivnost ZAVNOBiH-a i vlade koja je nastala u okviru njega i prati proces stvaranja nukleusa kasnijeg bosanskohercegovačkog pravnog sistema, ukazujući na njegova načela, postepeni rast i preciziranje pravnih odnosa, vrsta i sadržaja zakona koji su donošeni, te daje ukupnu sliku koju je takva aktivnost ZAVNOBiH-a proizvela u oblasti o pravnog poretka u zemlji.
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U svom prilogu autor obrazlaže historijsku utemeljenost nove bosanske heraldike i upotrebe heraldičkih znakova i simbola koji su se pojavili sa pojavom državne samostalnosti Bosne i Hercegovine kao države, a koji se temelje na ljiljanu kao heraldičkom znaku. On ukazuje na utemeljenost i prirodu te nove heraldičke prakse do koje je došlo nakon osamostaljivanja bosanske države 1992. godine.
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Autor u svom prilogu obrazlaže sve bitne razloge i izlaže argumente na temelju kojih se odluka o obnovi državnosti Bosne i Hercegovine donijeta na Prvom zasjedanju ZAVNOBiH-a mora smatrati za najvažniju i najdalekosežniju odluku tog zasjedanja, kao što ukazuje i na njeno značenje u današnje vrijeme njenog ponovnog osporavanja.
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