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In this work are presented: the subject of the relationship between military profession and Christian ethics by using the inspired phrase "The Christ loving Army"; the Relationship between Military Profession and Christian Ethics; the advantages of practicing Military Profession by applying the principles of Christian Ethics and suggestions.
More...arheološko dokumentiranje bojišča prve svetovne vojne ter oborožitev avstro-ogrske in italijanske armade na Rombonu
The following contribution describes the results of the archaeological survey of the high mountain range battlefield at Mt Rombon, where the Austro-Hungarian and Italian Armies fought between 1915 and 1917. An analysis of modern aerial photographs, revealing numerous fire and communivcation trenches as well as terraces for military barracks, was carried out, while the field survey involved the photographic documenting and mapping of the various positions with the aid of the global positioning system (GPS). The author shows the situation at the individual selected areas of the former battlefield, and he also focuses on the certain aspects of structuring the military positions and their adaptation to the natural circumstances in the high mountain enviroment. On the basis of selected finds from private museum collections, an analysis and presentation of the armament of the Austro-Hungarian and Italian Armies at Rombon was also carried out. This was one of the few examples of the archaeological research of the Soča Front, which would also deserve more attention from the archaeological science.
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On 1 August 1943, on the Ploieşti-Câmpina petroleum zone, the largest bomber formation of the period, opened the series of strategic bombing operations against Romania during the second world war. This action of vast proportions was determined by the idea that the destruction of Romanian oil sources could contribute decisively to the defeat of Germany and, consequently, to the reduction of war.The air attack on the Ploieşti oil field, for which the allies intended to double the manpower compared to what was deemed necessary, did not have the expected results concerning the destruction of Romanian oil sources and the reduction Of the quarry.Response and losses to the enemy
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This article talks about some memorable moments of the accomplishment, 95 years ago, of the Romanians' golden dream - Great Union, which represents the most important event in the Romanians' history.
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In the first years after the liberation, Varna became a centre of attraction for Bulgarians – refugees from Macedonia. Coming into the large port city of liberated Bulgaria, refugees were organized in societies, fraternities, committees.
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We can call it "coup d'état" for the removal of the ruling political entity in a country by force by the armed groups. The Republic of Turkey first encountered this situation on 27 May 1960. Later on September 12, 1980, the country, once again exposed to the same situation, faced the 1971 Muharra, the February 28 Post-Modern coup and the April 27 e-muhar, respectively. Similar to the situation in the Republic of Turkey on July 15, 2016, almost everywhere in the country, the people were standing on the streets and avoiding the coup attempt together with the unincorporated people. While these conditions affect the political balances of the country on the one hand, they also cause economic crises, inflation and devaluation on the other side. After all these negativities were overcome, the defense mechanism of the state became active and the coup supporters started to be taken into custody. This situation has not turned into the most important agenda item both in public and nationally and at the same time. During the study, 7 journalists who were broadcasting in Diyarbakır tried to examine the views of the ashlaresi who lived during the raid between July 15 and August 1.
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After Turco- Russian wars of 1768-1774, Crimea gained so-called independence from the Ottoman Empire. Because of a revolt that broke out in Crimea, Russia militarily intervened in 1782, then invaded the peninsula in 1783. The Ottoman Empire began military preparations to retrieve the first loss of Muslim territory, Crimea, and declared war on Russia. Kinburn Fortress given to Russia with the Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarja 1774, was located right across Ocakov Fortress which belonged to the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman forces, first, planned to retrieve this fortress from Russia to provide the security in western Crimea, then start a military operation to Crimea in this direction. To this end an assault was made to Kinburn Peninsula, a close combat took place, but Ottoman forces could not capture the fortress because of the strong defence. This unsuccesful assault cost the Ottoman Empire a lot and Russia, strenthened by the situation, captured the Ocakov Fortress in a short time. These incidents, changed the course of war to the disadvantage of the Ottoman Empire. on the other hand violent clashes took place in Odessa, ochakov River and eastern Black Sea. The Ottoman Empire unable to achieve success had to end the war, which it ventured in order to reclaim Crimea, with Iaşi Treaty.
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The 1877-78 Turko-Russian War, which the Ottoman state fought under very difficult circumstances, necessitated mobilization of all available sources. Meanwhile, Egypt provided an important military support. This war ended with Ottoman defeat due to generally lack of military force and equipment, and particularly to the very strategic mistakes. The Egyptian troops were accustomed of the hot clime of the south, and, thus, they were in great difficulty during the winter of the Northeast Balkans, where they were stationed. However, it is factual that they served good during the battles.
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The revolt in Herzegovina in 1875, constituted the beginning of a new crisis in the Eastern Question. Within the balance of European Powers, this crisis had become an international problem with the intervention of the Great Powers. The course following the revolt had left Ottoman Empire in a difficult position and Pan-Slavism made feel the full weight for Ottomans during the period with the events like the Bulgarian Rebellion of 1876, Ottoman-Serbian-Montenegrin War of 1876, The Conference of Istanbul (Tersane) in 1876, and finally, these events caused to the “War of 93” known as the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878. During the war time, British intelligence officer Captain F.C.H. Clarke informed his country with his reports regarding the Ottoman Balkan frontiers. In this paper, the military position on both sides of the frontier between the Ottoman Empire and Montenegro will be discussed within the framework of Captain Clarke’s memorandum dated as October 1st, 1877.
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120 years ago, from 19 to 28 March 1895, a unifying Congress was held in Sofia, which established the Macedonian Committee (MC) as the governing body of a general organization which was joined by the Macedonian societies in Bulgaria and Romania and student societies in Western Europe and Russia.
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The most strategic demand of the First World War was inarguably the oil. The places which the “Big Powers” mostly focused on for the supply of oil was East Europe, Black Sea, The Caspian Sea region. The operations which aimed to gain the dominancy over the region had continued after the war in 1919 as well as during the war times. The English who knew the strategic importance of the Caucasian Region, did not only control the oil regions in Baku but also caused major industrial losses in Soviet Russia. Apart from the Caucasian Region, the English also tried to gain the unilateral dominancy over the Black Sea, Sea of Azov and the Caspian Sea. The Soviet rulers who were trying to displace the Czarist Russia, also set eyes on the same region for it was vital for their future and to this respect fired the start of an extensive battle. On one hand, while the political, economical and military conflicts were going on, on the other hand, the ideological arguments had become the fundamental element of the expansionist policies. As the main sources of this study, Die Rote Fahne (Vienna), Pester Lloyd (Budhapest), Wiener Zeitung (Vienna) were thoroughly reviewed
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The anti-Semitism of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin became, at the beginning of the Cold War, an anti-Semitic paranoia and took on the most radical form during the campaign against Western influence on Soviet society. Soon after the destruction of the Jewish Antifascist Committee, the Doctors’ Plot campaign was launched at the end of 1952; it soon became a perfect basis for blaming all Jews as disloyal to the Soviet regime. In the republics of the USSR the local Communist leaders supported the anti-Semitic campaign in Moscow with allegations about Jewish medical crimes at the local level.Despite much circumstantial evidence and many testimonies there still is no strong basis for the conclusion that the anti-Semitic campaign of 1952-1953 would soon turn into a large-scale repression campaign or wholesale genocide of the Jewish population in the USSR, but the clear anti-Jewish policy and the Soviet practice of the mass repression of nations leaves little doubt that the Soviet society was mentally prepared for the deportation of Jews to Siberia. The Soviet regime practiced constant archive purge campaigns, and documents about politically sensitive issues or regime crime were destroyed on a regular basis. Despite all regime efforts, some traces of anti-Semitic campaign preparation, control, and coordination may be found not in the central state institutions of the USSR but in the Communist Party archives of the republics. At the republican level Communist party Central Committees some top secret documents of the anti-Semitic campaign of 1953 were preserved in specific archive units, the so-called Osobaja Papka.In the USSR the reports of local party leaders to Moscow always described never-existing enthusiastic popular support for Soviet policies; thus the true scale of anti-Semitism in society can’t be determined on the basis of such sources. But they demonstrate that local Soviet institutions supported the spread of anti-Semitism during the infamous Doctors’ Plot campaign of 1953. They also permit the conclusion that any anti-Semitic campaign would not be limited to negative propaganda and at least part of Soviet society was ready to accept some repression of Jews.Joseph Stalin’s death in 1953 put an early end to the anti-Semitic campaign. Soon Stalin’s political heirs quashed charges against the doctors and even punished a few distinguished instigators of the campaign, but there was no official and public condemnation of that anti-Semitic campaign. Thereupon anti-Semitism became less aggressive but still remained very strong in the USSR.
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The year 1968 was one of crisis, both for Eastern and Western Europe. There was a similarity in student-riots (in France, Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia), but mutual differences were much greater. An attempt at revamping the social system which had been established after WWII under Soviet influence was made in Eastern Europe in 1968. The new leadership of the Czechoslovak Communist Party, headed by Alexander Dubček undertook a reform with the goal of making the state socialism more democratic, in order to weld social security with human rights („socialism with human face”). In connection with reforms in the neighboring Czechoslovakia, Polish students stood up to protect intellectual freedoms. However, the government managed to stir up anti-intellectual and anti-Semitic sentiments and supress the dissatisfaction. Władisłav Gomułka came out against reforms. The changes in Czechoslovakia – abolition of censorship, preparation of the Action program with the aim of making socialism more democratic, economic reforms of Oto Šik – led to troubles in the relations between the countries of the Eastern Bloc. At meetings in Dresden (March 23), Moscow (May 8) and Warsaw (July 14–15), the leaders of the Warsaw-Pact countries increasingly criticized Czechoslovak reforms and demanded increasingly more determined that they be rescinded. Finally the danger of a reformist spill-over led to the decision to intervene militarily in Czechoslovakia on August 21, 1968. The military intervention changed the relations in Eastern Europe. Yu goslavia and Romania felt endangered and they reacted sharply. The suppression of the ”Prague Spring of ‘68” influenced mostly the attitudes of Eastern Europeans. They realized the preservation of the system and power was more important in the Eastern Bloc than the interests of the society.
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According to the European tradition, soldiers fallen in battle are either buried in their home cemetery or a military cemetery. In addition to cemeteries,memorials have been erected in places where there are no actual remains. However, at the behest of the central government of the Soviet Union, an opposite practice emerged in post-World War II Estonia: mass graves along with the memorials to mark them were also constructed outside of cemeteries. Thus, the memorials erected in those places are not monuments in a symbolic sense, but grave markers. As the people buried there are victims of war, they are also war graves. (Longer version of this abstract is included in the article, starting from p 229.)
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Ovaj Zbornik radova je rezultat konferencije koju je Institut za istoriju u Sarajevu organizirao 12. i 13. maja 2005. povodom 60 godina od završetka Drugogsvjetskog rata. Smatrali smo da je šezdeset godina od završetka Drugog svjetskog rata prilika da se o tome događaju povede naučna rasprava iz perspektive onoga što je slijedilo u kasnijem povijesnom razdoblju.
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The present paper presents some considerations on the Romanian military history between 1916 and 1919, and Armed Forces' role in the process of Romania’s Great Union realization, drawing conclusions and lessons valuable both now and in the future. There are also presented the Romanian military actions for the accomplishment of the union between Bessarabia and Romania in March 1918.
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The study analyses the creation, organisation and activities of the 99th SS-Standarte, one of 126 regiments of the Allgemeine-SS established on the territory of Southern Moravia and the north-eastern part of Lower Austria following the occupation of the borderlands. A general introduction to the Allgemeine-SS is followed by an outline of the incorporation of those parts of Southern Moravia into Lower Austria and a brief characterisation of the SS in Austria. The author analyses the composition of the 99th SS-Standarte, the location of individual units and the command structure, introducing the most important officers. He also describes service in the Allgemeine-SS and the Znojmo regiment, which predominantly involved doing sports, ideological training and participation in Nazi celebrations. With the outbreak of war most members of the 99th SS-Standarte were transferred to the Wehrmacht and armed SS units. The remaining men had two main tasks: the recruitment of young men to the Waffen-SS and looking after conscripts’ families. The study concludes with an exploration of Czechoslovak (and Austrian) judiciary’s post-war efforts to punish members of the Znojmo Allgemeine-SS regiment.
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