"…Grobovi so zravnani in zaraščeni." (Seznam grobov sovražnikovih vojakov padlih iz časa 2. svetovne vojne na območju občine Ilirska Bistrica)

Author(s): Mitja Ferenc / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 1/2004

Julija letos me je poklical višji kriminalistični inšpektor Pavel Jamnik, ki na Generalni policijski upravi (GPU) vodi akcijo "Sprava". Slišal je za dogovarjanja o izkopu okoli 1500 nemških vojakov v Ilirski Bistrici in spraševal, če sem morebiti seznanjen s to informacijo. Ko sva poizvedovala na Sektorju za vojna grobišča na Ministrstvu za delo, družino in socialne zadeve (Ministrstvo za delo), sva med drugim izvedela, da naj bi na Upravni enoti Ilirska Bistrica hranili dokument, na katerem naj bi bil poimenski seznam okoli 1500 padlih nemških vojakov. Za izkop več deset nemških vojakov iz grobišča zasebnika v okolici Ilirske Bistrice naj bi se dogovarjalo podjetje Veking iz Celja. To je sicer podjetje, ki na temelju sporazumov med Slovenijo in Nemčijo ter Slovenijo in Italijo izvaja prekope nemških in italijanskih vojakov na ozemlju Slovenije. Izkop v Ilirski Bistrici bi po dogovorih že moral biti opravljen, a so ga preložili na 22. julij. [...]

"AUTOBIOGRAFSKI UGOVOR" RATNOG PISMA S POTPISOM ALENKE MIRKOVIĆ I GROZDANE CVITAN

Author(s): Miranda Levanat-Peričić / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 2/2016

This paper deals with the relationship of the wartime literature and the autobiographical discourse in the fictional and non-fictional texts written by two contemporary Croatian authoresses, Alenka Mirković and Grozdana Cvitan. From the receptional point of view, when the autobiographical discourse connects with the wartime themes, the importance of the social status of the author is substituted by the socially important topics, and the question of “who has the right to the story of his own life” (Velčić 1991) turns into a question of “what is a socially relevant theme?” Prevalence of topics that are important to collective memory in wartime literature is almost self-explanatory; this kind of topic is selected by Alenka Mirković in her Vukovar war chronicle 97.6 Mhz. Glasom protiv topova. Mala ratna kronika ((11996, 22011). While the novel written by Alenka Mirković meets the reader’s expectations by offering “autobiographical contract” (Ph. Lejeune) in which the name on the cover guarantees the identity of the author and the narrator, in short stories written by Grozdana Cvitan, Psi rata i druge bestije (2007), a war reality becomes awider framework of literary (self)reflection with an absence of documentarity. Although in her war stories there is no classic autobiographical contract (since there is no correspondence between the name of the author and narrator), the character of the narrator who listens leaving the others to become the main protagonists, guarantees an authentic cover for mediation of autobiographical testimony.

"Bleiburg" and the British Treatment of Croatian Collaborators 1945-48

Author(s): Bernd Robionek / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

This article highlights ways in which British military and political personnel acted towards Croatian refugees fleeing the Communist takeover in the final stages of World War II and thereafter. Although events relating to the surrender o f various pro-German and anti-Communist forces at Bleiburg, a town in south Austria near the border with Yugoslavia, and the following quarrel over "war criminals" from Yugoslavia is a complex affair, this contribution examines sources shedding light on British perspectives on the Croatian part, notwithstanding that the developments and problems treated here also affected Serbian, Slovenian and (ethnic) German nationals. As a result of this study, the changes in the intentions of the decision makers in London as well as the principal-agent problem become transparent.

"Detskí vojaci" na stránkach zahraničných učebníc dejepisu

Author(s): Adam Suchonski / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 1/2009

Despite the two great wars in the 20th century the world is still harassed by many war conflicts, mainly of regional character. In these conflicts, children soldiers are often involved. Owing to this fact we should attempt to answer a question whether this issue is given due emphasis in history course-books and how the issue is presented. The author examined a selection of foreign course-books, which was possible due to a collection assembled by the Georg Eckert Institute in Braunschweig. A selective analysis of them provides evidence that their authors often concentrate on this interesting issue. Presentation of children soldiers in history course-books has a positive impact upon sensitising young people, the future citizens of the world, to the tragic fate of their peers. Nevertheless, the adults still give guns to the juveniles and make them kill other people. Now it depends on them whether the term ‘children soldiers' will be sent to history.

"Kronika naše Kalvarije pod Italijo". Gradivo Komisije za ugotavljanje zločinov okupatorjev in njihovih pomagačev o obdobju 1918-1941

Author(s): Damijan Guštin / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 1/2000

The Committee Investigating The Crimes Committed By Occupiers And Their Accomplices was set up by the Slovenian National Liberation Movement in 1944 and continued working as a government body after the Second World War. Its task was not only to investigate the war crimes committed in Primorska, the Slovenian ethnic territory annexed to the Italian monarchy in 1918, but also to gather information on the specific, institutionalized violence exercised by the Italian state (through denationalization) and, in particular, the fascist forces between 1918 and 1941. In the paper, the author presents the scheme for ascertaining the various forms of pressure to which the population was subjected in the implementation of the denationalization policy, as well as the findings and their quantification.

"Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na Polakach w województwie tarnopolskim", Henryk Komański, Wrocław 2004.

Author(s): Józef Mandziuk / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 13/2006

"Manjše zlo" vnovič odmerjati ali (re)interpretacija zgodovine (Nekaj razmislekov ob knjigi Borisa Mlakarja Slovensko domobranstvo)

Author(s): Janko Pleterski / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 1/2004

Še kot magister je kolega dr. Boris Mlakar - ob izjavi Predsedstva RS o narodni in državljanski umiritvi - napisal 20. marca 1990 za uredništvo "Borca" anketo o spravi. V njej je nekatera vprašanja zastavil tako, da je že sam in vnaprej postavil tezo, da je revolucija kriva za pojav oborožene in politično-policijske kolaboracije dela slovenske politike v času sovražne zasedbe, in v tem okviru še tezo o državljanski vojni kot določujočem dejstvu za oceno vsega tega dogajanja. S tega vidika je postavil v središče presoje "revolucijo" in ugotovitev, da "je torej tedaj bila revolucija v teku". K temu je pristavil svoje prepričanje, da je ravno to povzročilo, da so se tisti, ki so se te prihajajoče revolucije "bali", odločili za "protirevolucionarni upor", in to tako, da so se naslonili na okupatorja in sprejeli od njega orožje, kljub temu da so vedeli, da bodo označeni kot narodni izdajalci. [...]

"PARTIZAN PLUS" IZ PRVE PROLETERSKE

Author(s): Omer Hamzić / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 16/2003

Otišao je još jedan, među posljednjim, iz stroja Prve proleterske brigade, one koja je formirana, kako su nas učili, “u malom bosanskom gradiću Rudom, 22. decembra, 1941. godine.” To smo slavili kao Dan armije, kojoj je pjesnik nekada ushićeno nazdravljao: “Stupaj, slavne zastave razvij, ponosna čelična zbita…” Tada smo slavili i tu vojsku i njenog vrhovnog komandanta Tita. Danas je sve manje njegovih saboraca među živima i sve manje sjećanja na njih. Odlaze tiho, zaboravljeni i ostavljeni od historije, koja se tako grubo poigrala sa idealima za koje su se borili i ginuli.

"Psi s cvetlicami": slovenski vojaki in vojna s slovanskimi nasprotniki v slovenskem političnem časopisju 1914–1916

Author(s): Jurij Perovšek / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 2/2016

For a vast majority of Slovenians and Slovenian soldiers there was no doubt that the Slavic opponents of the Monarchy were, due to their undisputed Austrian patriotism, nothing but enemies to the Monarchy. In the period from 1914 to 1916, such sentiments were encouraged by two Slovenian political daily newspapers, i.e. Slovenec and Slovenski narod, whose attitude allowed no ideas about interaction between Slovenians and the other Slavic nations. Regarding the issue of Slavic identity, they found the front lines which ran between Austria-Hungary and Germany on the one side and Slavic countries fighting them on the other to be the deciding factor. Despite some articles in which no harsh words were shared concerning Slavic opponents, the path to considering the mutual Slavic identity was decisively closed at both newspapers. There were only the Austrian sense of self-worth and its narrow attitude towards the Slavic identity and culture. Both Slovenec and Slovenski narod significantly consolidated the position that Slovenians – just like other Slavs in the Habsburg Monarchy – were Austrians, and those who did not feel the same came from a different planet. This attitude was the result of the war, which made Slavic affiliation inferior to the interests of countries fighting in it.

"Sve što smo imali, sve što smo bili, svelo se na uspomene". Osobne Pripovijesti i pisma prognanika iz istočne Slavonije

Author(s): Irena Plejić / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 15/1992

Based on three personal narratives and three letters of refugees from war struck regions of Croatia, the author investigates how such accounts can be approached as ethnographic data, the structure and contents of these accounts reveal that the war and refugee experience have influenced the way the refugees see themselves and think about certain core values of their culture. The author brings some insightful observations about the war as a period of reversed order, about gradual transformation of the cosmopolitan attitude of the inhabitants of Vukovar, about photographs and other mementos saved from the family house, which is seen as an irreplaceable determinant of the identity of the refugees, and finally, about the iconography of the refugees' current living quartos.

"THE CHRIST LOVING ARMY" BETWEEN WISH AND REALITY

Author(s): Mihai Bruma / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2009

In this work are presented: the subject of the relationship between military profession and Christian ethics by using the inspired phrase "The Christ loving Army"; the Relationship between Military Profession and Christian Ethics; the advantages of practicing Military Profession by applying the principles of Christian Ethics and suggestions.

"Tod sekla bridka bodo jekla"

arheološko dokumentiranje bojišča prve svetovne vojne ter oborožitev avstro-ogrske in italijanske armade na Rombonu

Author(s): Uroš Košir / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 1/2014

The following contribution describes the results of the archaeological survey of the high mountain range battlefield at Mt Rombon, where the Austro-Hungarian and Italian Armies fought between 1915 and 1917. An analysis of modern aerial photographs, revealing numerous fire and communivcation trenches as well as terraces for military barracks, was carried out, while the field survey involved the photographic documenting and mapping of the various positions with the aid of the global positioning system (GPS). The author shows the situation at the individual selected areas of the former battlefield, and he also focuses on the certain aspects of structuring the military positions and their adaptation to the natural circumstances in the high mountain enviroment. On the basis of selected finds from private museum collections, an analysis and presentation of the armament of the Austro-Hungarian and Italian Armies at Rombon was also carried out. This was one of the few examples of the archaeological research of the Soča Front, which would also deserve more attention from the archaeological science.

"Ковачница за мъже" или ... задължителната наборна казарма в представите на българина през Социализма

Author(s): Iliya Valev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 2/2014

One widespread proverb in Bulgaria, knowing some different versions, says that “Man, who did not passed conscription is not a man”, “A boy, who failed to enter military service is second-hand man”, “A man, who has not walked as a soldier knows nothing”. What exactly is conscription according to public understanding of Bulgarians? What attitudes have the society to compulsory conscription? Frontier of what is the portal on the military unit? These and other issues related to conscription during socialism will be explored.

(Не)възможната близост между двореца и българското военно командване в края на XIX и началото на XX век

Author(s): Peter Stoyanovich / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 1/2020

Taking the Bulgarian throne in critical years for the country, Prince Ferdinand I was forced to ensure not only his personal survival, but also to quickly prove his great diplomatic and psychological skills in order to win the battle for the hearts of the largest and most influential stratum – the officer corps. In less than a decade, he was able to displace the talented dictator Stambolov and make dependent on his judgment the bulk of senior army command without directly interfering with army work and training. With this success, Prince Ferdinand proved his talents as a psychologist, ruler and tactician.

100 aastat Eesti sõjamuuseumi kogu

Author(s): Airi Herm,Aivo Põlluäär / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 1/2018

Sőjamuuseumi kogud said alguse 19. jaanuaril 1919. aastal Eesti Vabastamise Sőja Muuseumi asutamisega. Alguses asus muuseum Tallinnas sőjaväe peastaabi majas Pagari tn 1. Muuseumi asutamise initsiaatoriks peetakse staabi ülemat polkovnik Jaan Sootsi, kelle esialgne idee oli luua sőjaajalooline arhiiv Eesti Vabadussőja sündmuste dokumenteerimiseks. 1 Laiema publiku kőnetamiseks otsustati luua aga muuseum, kus eksponeerida Vabadussőjast kogutud esemeid. Muuseumi algusaastatel tegelesid kogutud materjalide korrastamise ja süstematiseerimisega peastaabi ametnikud oma igapäevatöö kőrvalt, mistőttu muuseumikogu ei täiendatud süstemaatiliselt, st esemeid koguti juhuslikult. Korrastamisel käis abiks August Pulst Eesti Rahva Muuseumist.

1219 m. taikos sutartis tarp Lietuvos ir Volynės kunigaikščių: teksto interpretavimo problemos

Author(s): Tomas Baranauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 3/2019

The article discusses the peace treaty of 1219 between the Lithuanian and the Volhynian dukes retold in the Chronicle of Galicia-Volhynia, and reviews the historiography of this treaty. Te retold treaty is compared with contemporary and later treaties, proving that the treaty of 1219 must have been in a written form; the article also discusses its structure. Special attention is paid to the group of the Lithuanian first five dukes: based on the grammatical analysis of the formulas of the 13th–14th century treaties, the article concludes that the word старѣшеи, written in its forefront, applies only to Živinbutas, listed as the frst among the five.

1957 – Militari francezi în România după 40 de ani

Author(s): Petre Otu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1-2/2017

This study analyses the manner in which the political regime in Bucharest, which was installed following Romania’s entry into the Soviet sphere of influence, commemorated in August 1957 four decades since the Battle of Mărășești by inviting a group of former members of the French Military Mission who were active on the Romanian Front between October 1916 and March 1918. The group of the former French combatants was led by General Victor Pétin, the chief of staff of the French Mission and subsequently the military attaché in Romania.The visit of the French veterans highlighted a certain openness of the regime in Bucharest towards Western countries and especially towards France, for whom Romanians had a special fondness. At the same time, the organizing of the commemoration of the Battle of Mărășești, marking four decades since the largest Romanian military confrontation during the Great War, symbolizes the beginning of a delimitation from the Stalinist vulgate of the 1950s regarding the character of Romania’s participation to the confragration and the events that eventually led to the establishment of the national unitary state in 1918.

93 Harbi ve Sonrasında Artvin

Author(s): Zemzem Yücetürk / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 65/2020

Together with the Turkish army, the people of Artvin resisted with all their might In the 1877- 1878 Ottoman-Russian War, which was the 93 War. During these invasions, migrations from the eastern region, including Artvin, to the interior of Anatolia, were the main situations that put the people of the region into trouble. Kars, Ardahan and Batum has been abandoned to Russia with the Berlin Treaty signed in 13 July 1878 after the Ottoman-Russian War. Artvin, Ardanuç, Borçka, Şavşat districts which are connected to Batumi Sanjak were left to Russia. The people of the region, including Artvin, have been subjected to many Russian persecution during the forty years of Russian rule until the reunification of the region to the Ottoman Empire in 1918. After the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 in Russia, the Ottoman Empire and Russia signed the Treaty of BrestLitovsk on March 3, 1918. A vote was held in accordance with the decision taken in the Treaty. As a result of voting, Kars, Ardahan and Batum were connected to the Ottoman Empire. However, the Ottoman State was withdrawn from Artvin with the Mondros Armistice signed on 30 October 1918 as a result of the First World War. Artvin was then occupied by the British on 17 December 1918. After the withdrawal of the British in April 1920, the Georgians took over the region. The Georgian occupation continued until the beginning of 1921, and Artvin and its surroundings joined the territory of the Turkish State in 1921. In this article, we tried to reveal what happened in Artvin and to the struggle of the people of Artvin in 93 War and after that in the light of documents.

A Dangerous Nexus? History, Ideology and the Structure of the Contemporary Chetnik Movement

Author(s): Nejra Veljan,Maida Ćehajić / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

During the Yugoslav era (1945–1992), the Serb ethno-nationalist Chetnik movement and its motivating ideology were unambiguously condemned in public discourse. This followed the defeat of foreign occupiers, including Italian fascists and German Nazis, who had been aided by collaborationists within Ustasha (Croat ethno-nationalist and fascist) and Chetnik ranks. Thus, in the period after World War Two, public accusations of Chetnik membership were levelled pejoratively in Yugoslavia, and it was clear: to be a Chetnik was to be a traitor. Many former members of Chetnik detachments tried to conceal or minimize their participation in the movement, but some continued fostering Chetnik ideals in the privacy of their homes, even as a shared Partisan/Yugoslav identity was publicly nourished.

A deltiology of memory

Author(s): Kinga Anna Gajda / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2020

Review of: Kinga Anna Gajda - The Geopolitics of Memory. A Journey to Bosnia. By: James Riding. Publisher: Ibidem Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany, 2019