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Kilka uwag na temat historycznej „perspektywy stołu”

Author(s): Jarosław Kita,Maria Korybut-Marciniak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The eleventh volume of the publishing series Private life of Poles in the 19th century, subtitled “Perspective of the table”, shifts attention to the cultural and social issues of eating food, thus it is part of the increasingly popular research trend – the history of food. It is an overview of the private life and everyday life of the era through the prism of eating practices and habits as well as the broadly understood food culture. The analysis of the private life of 19th-century Poles in the context of culinary culture, consumption rituals and social determinants of food has not been widely undertaken by researchers so far. The 19th century, viewed through the prism of the kitchen, seems particularly interesting. It was characterized by the rapid development of industry and communication (railway), which gave rise to the gradual elimination of famine on the European continent. In the Polish lands, “Polish cuisine” came into contact with the food cultures of the partitioning powers. Has the Polish table retained its identity? Did Polish cuisine have any influence on the survival of this identity? What have we borrowed from our invaders? What were the flavors of emigration – were they also associated with nostalgia for national dishes, or on the contrary – new taste sensations pleased Polish palates? What factors influenced dietary practices in particular social groups? These are just some of the questions worth seeking answers to.

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Ojczyzna smakami zapamiętana. Patriotyczno-literacka apoteoza polskiej

Author(s): Jolanta Załęczny / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

People who left their home base after the 19th century uprising, emigrated or sent to Siberia would take with them the most dear memories of people, places, and the tastes they remembered, and they will remind Poland at all times. Later, they described them in their diaries and memoirs, and the writers recorded them on the pages of a novel and in verses of poems. Away from their home country, they tried to recall Polish dishes, sometimes even trying to prepare them, thus creating a substitute for their homeland. Christmas Eve and holy ceremonies were organized in a Polish way. Some recipes entered the canon of Polish literature and inseparably inscribed in the patriotic and literary apotheosis of Polish cuisine, creating the canon of Polish national cuisine. The master here was Adam Mickiewicz, whose descriptions of dishes and tableware recorded in the pages of the national epic entered the history of literature for good, but also built the image of the homeland through the flavors and smells of dishes considered almost national.

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,,Pije Kuba do Jakuba…”. Co Polacy śpiewali przy stole w XIX i na początku XX wieku

Author(s): Kinga Fink / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The study is devoted to the investigation of the genesis of one of the most popular cantos among Poles in the 19th and early 20th centuries, sung during revels, feasts and social gatherings, and its functioning in social circles. The sources for the study are handwritten theatrical pieces from the Library of the Lviv Theatre, diaries and reminiscences, Polish songbooks published in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and etnohgraphic material from the whole of pre-partition Poland collected by Oskar Kolberg.

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Co każda panna o kuchni powinna wiedzieć? Rozważania teoretyczne w świetle XIX-wiecznych poradników dla młodych kobiet

Author(s): Kinga Raińska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The guide literature presented a very idealized vision of the cooking skills of nineteenth-century housewives. In fact, there were many ladies, especially in very wealthy courts, who prided themselves on never crossing the kitchen doorstep. In this era, it was believed that the future housewife should become thoroughly familiar with the kitchen, which did not mean that she should know how to cook. On the contrary, she hardly ever prepared the dishes herself. She was only supposed to have general knowledge about how individual dishes should be prepared, what products should be used for them, ensuring that the appropriate amount of food was delivered from the pantry or the necessary products of appropriate quality were purchased. She should also be able to give appropriate orders to the cook, arrange the menu, ensure punctuality at the table or make sure that her orders are properly carried out. In short, she should be able to manage all matters related to the kitchen. Of course, it was welcome for the housewife or her daughters to be able to prepare at least one dish by themselves, but usually it was a dish for special occasions. Usually housewives were assisted by housekeepers in their kitchen activities, as well as by residents, who often devoted most of their time to housework.As a result of changes in the social structure that took place in the second half of the nineteenth century, many women, even those from the highest social classes, began to be interested in the cuisine. More and more importance began to be paid to the quantity and quality of consumed food. Taking care of the kitchen, the appearance and behavior at the table, supervising cooking or personal preparation of dishes began to be identified with the so-called a good tone, without which it was impossible to pass by indifferently.

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Dietetyka lecznicza w polskich uzdrowiskach w drugiej połowie XIX wieku

Author(s): Jarosław Kita / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In the second half of the 19th century, the Polish lands under the Austrian and Russian partitions witnessed a rapid development of spa culture. The inhabitants of these areas not only decided to go to recognized foreign resorts, but at the same time began to use “native” health resorts, many of which were experiencing their heyday. At the same time, a process of democratization of spa culture took place. In Polish health resorts, a number of different types of treatment procedures were used, which did not differ from those carried out in the most famous European resorts. Simultaneously with the treatments, various types of therapeutic diets began to be introduced. Initially, they did not differ much from the point of view of different diseases and ailments of patients. However, with the progress of spa treatment, its “scientific” and the development of dietetics in the last decades of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, a number of specialized therapeutic diets appeared. In addition, in some health resorts, special diets adapted to the therapeutic profile and character of a given town were introduced. This was an attempt to attract patients and guests. In the text, based on sources of various provenance, I intend to show selected, most characteristic curative diets of the time. In addition, I try to trace whether spas put emphasis on advertising dietetics and good cuisine. The analyzes concern the so-called “national” health resorts, i.e. Galician and those located within the borders of the Kingdom of Poland and in Cieszyn Silesia.

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Pożywienie i jego wpływ na stan zdrowia mieszkańców Mazowsza Północnego w drugiej połowie XIX i na początku XX wieku

Author(s): Marta Milewska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The type and quality of consumed food has always had an impact on human health. The aim of the article is to analyze the products consumed by particular social groups in Northern Mazovia and to assess the impact of diet on health. The article describes the food products consumed by the inhabitants of Northern Mazovia. This analysis showed insufficient value of nutrients in the diet, irregular meals and the dominance of plant-based products over animal products. The above-mentioned factors negatively influenced the general health of the inhabitants of Northern Mazovia. Malnutrition of the inhabitants of Northern Mazovia should be perceived as a social problem with health, demographic and economic repercussions. The article is therefore an attempt to assess the impact of nutrition on the health condition of the inhabitants of Northern Mazovia.

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„Jarskie uzdrowisko” w Bojarowie i jego twórca Konstanty Moes-Oskragiełło

Author(s): Anna Śmiechowicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In the second half of the nineteenth century, a vegetarian movement appeared in Poland, referring to the ideology of healing oppressed nations by renewing the spirit and body. Konstanty Moes-Oskragiełło was the propagator of this innovative idea under the partitions, who looked for a remedy for his deteriorated health in this idea. He was tenacious in promoting vegetarianism in Warsaw and Krakow, especially in Bojarów near Otwock. He created a spa there in 1883, where one of the methods of treatment was a diet devoid of meat products.

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„Żołnierski wikt” w wojsku polskim w 1807 roku

Author(s): Tadeusz Srogosz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

While stationed in the barracks or in the quarters, with regular deliveries, the daily food ration in the Polish army was sufficient. In field conditions, especially in winter and in the pre-harvest season, the nutrition of soldiers deteriorated rapidly. The country, devastated by war and requisitions, could not feed a large number of soldiers concentrated in a small area. The lack of detailed data does not make it possible to determine the amount of alcohol consumption by soldiers, but it can be assumed based on indirect sources that it was higher than in the entire society. The feeding of soldiers in the field hospitals was similar to the shape of the stationing.

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Żywieniowe strategie przetrwania. Polscy uchodźcy polityczni w Anglii wobec perspektywy niedożywienia i głodu w latach trzydziestych i czterdziestych XIX wieku

Author(s): Krzysztof Marchlewicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In the 19th century, one of the consequences of the emigration was often breaking direct contact with the culinary culture of the home country. This break-up gave rise to longing and discomfort, which the emigrants tried to alleviate by recreating the flavors of their homeland in exile. However, for many poorer refugees the fundamental threat was disturbance of the very foundations of their material existence and the need to deal with the perpective of malnutrition and hunger. This text analyzes the strategies used by Polish refugees in England after the November Uprising to avert the risk of starvation. Various methods were discussed successively, which allowed the less wealthy ex-insurgents to compile a daily menu – which was not easy task in 19th century Britain, characterized by high cost of living. Among these methods were indicated both those that were the initiatives of the emigrants themselves and those that resulted from the imitation of poorer Britons by Poles.

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Kuchnia ubogich. Elity intelektualne Wilna wobec zjawiska głodu w pierwszej połowie XIX wieku

Author(s): Maria Korybut-Marciniak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is an analysis of the problems of malnutrition among the lower social strata in the Lithuanian-Belarusian territories after the partitions. It characterizes the causes of poverty and the development of charitable activities, one of the main goals of which was to eliminate hunger. The source basis are articles by social activists published in Vilnius magazines as well as reports and annual accounts of the Vilnius Charity Society from the first half of the 19th century, which present the diet of pauperized groups covered by philanthropic help.

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Urzędniczy wikt. Sytuacja materialna urzędników administracji państwowej w Imperium Rosyjskim w XIX wieku

Author(s): Jolanta Kowalik / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The world of government officials of the Russian Empire was full of legal regulations. From the start of the career path (which had its course according to the rank table), to the outfit and the salary of the employee, all these aspects had to be approved by the tsar himself. The increase in the number of civil service in the Russian Empire in the nineteenth century was not proportionate to the increase in state spending on office administration. This resulted in low salaries, especially for employees who came in large number offices to ministries and central offices. Their barely ‘subsistence’ payments ensured only the minimum necessary for the living, and therefore the expenses for basic means of life necessities, including food, were also modest and often did not satisfy the basic physiological needs of a human being.However, officials of higher positions taking up ministerial or provincial posts enjoyed dif­ferent material situation. Their salary allowed them to lead a more affluent standard of living, which also involved consumption of varied meals, not only at home, but also in restaurants, clubs and parties organized by them.Research on the cuisine of officials of the Russian Empire in the nineteenth century will become a pretext to trace their everyday living conditions and costs of living, which will prove the prevailing economic inequalities in this social group. The analysis of the topic will be carried out on the basis of available archival sources, memoirs and literature.

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Stół w życiu codziennym uczniów Gimnazjum i Liceum Wołyńskiego w Krzemieńcu

Author(s): Andrzej Szmyt / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In the Volhynian Gymnasium and Secondary School in Kremenets, which functioned in the years 1805–1831, attention was paid to students’ maintenance. The quality and the sort of nutrition depended on pupils’ wealthiness. The table-board was related to an individual’s living place. Therefore, housing and feeding were diverse. The proper regulations controlled the students’ living conditions. It was necessary to respect them. The mealtimes as well as daily and weekly bill of fare were regulated by school rules. Thanks to students and their parents who resided in Kremenets social life developer there. One of its elements was diverse and very often rich sustenance. It differed from daily feeding. On the basis of bill of fair applicable in boarding schools and vocational schools it is known that table-board was galore, varied and nourishing.

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Wokół tradycji wielkopolskiego stołu: przedmioty, ludzie, obyczaje

Author(s): Emilian Prałat / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is devoted to presenting the table and dining room in the perspective of the material legacy related to the Wielkopolska landed gentry. Attention was paid to objects and places of historical importance, associated with figures important for the culture. There are also fragments of memoirs and correspondences devoted to, inter alia, tables at which spiritistic séances were held. Through the analysis of individual testimonies, attention was drawn to the multi-level importance of the table in the culture of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

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Варна след Освобождението – кръстопът на етноси и религии

Author(s): Vanya Tonkova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

I present to you the ethnical diversity in Varna during the years after the Freedom, as well as their lifestyle, culture and self-awareness, however I will first begin by telling you a short history about Varna. It is well-known that even during the Osman slavery the city maintained its commerce and strategic identity. At the time the Turkish and Greek were dominating the population, however the Bulgarians have maintained their spirit and traditions. Considering the fact that the population was very diverse in terms of religion and personal beliefs, they have managed to live peacefully for many years. There were conflicts, however none of them were due to ethnical reasons, but mainly political. The majority have managed to organise and carry out their lives without interfering with others. Everybody knew where their place was in the society, resulting in respecting and valuing other members in society accordingly – this been maintained till present days. The Bulgarian nation has always been tolerant towards “the others”, however has kept true to their roots and traditions. It is well known that our sea capital has hosted many music and dance competitions and festivals will continue to do so. Varna is a perfect example of how different cultures and ethical people can live, work and find joy together, and this should be appreciated and respected by all of us.

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Демографски и стопански облик на Сливен в средата на XIX век (по новооткрити архивни документи)

Author(s): Nikolay Todorov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The study aims to trace the historical development of Sliven in 19th centuries. In the first half of 19th century the Ottoman Empire faced periodic crises that affected its economic development in different parts of its territory. In fact, from the end of the 18th century until 1829 the Ottoman Empire had several wars with Russia and this military situation directly affected the Rumeli provinces. The rule of Sultan Mahmud II (1808–1839) is associated with particularly active reform activities, which affected all aspects of political and social life of Ottoman society. On the basis of unpublished Ottoman register material from 19th century the focus of this study is concentrated on the economic development of Sliven in the 1830s. The information about demographic development is extracted from nüfus defters dated in 1831, 1833, 1837, 1841 from Ottoman archive in Istanbul. The article reconstructs the professional characteristics of the Sliven population in the 1830s. The place that Sliven occupied in the Ottoman provincial administrative system is determined by its demographic and economic development. The geographical location of Sliven and its role of an important economical center predetermined the place that the city occupied in the economic infrastructure of the Empire. Again, on the basis of new source material, the parameters of local government functioning are outlined.

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Гимнастическо стрелково дружество „Лев“ в Сливенското реално училище

Author(s): Vitan Stoyanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The article focuses on a relatively short historical period – 1878/1879, i.e. the first two years after the Liberation of Bulgaria and the creation of the Third Bulgarian State. The topic is intricately related to the processes that instilled the Bulgarians with confidence to defy the Great Powers in the name of their national ideal and paved the road for the unification of the Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia. The arming of students is a perfect example of the transformation of chaotic youth into a new order holding promises for the future. To outline the historic framework of the events that led to the establishment of the gymnastics societies in Southern Bulgaria I would briefly review the preliminary Treaty of San Stefano and the agreements of the Congress of Berlin. Having established the international mise en scėne I would then move on to the local scene and the Unity Committees (1878-1879), focusing on the creation, the activity and the legacy of their extreme factions – the gymnastics and shooting societies, especially the Sliven society “Lev” in the Sliven (male) Gymnasium. This period is a challenge to historians due to the scarcity of primary sources and the fact that the ensuing political struggles and changes have affected historical research traditionally subdued to politics. This paper analyses and tells the stories behind authentic photos, documents and memories from the time period and scientific studies from the 20th to the 21st. c.

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Владимир Друмев Върбанов – Ботевият четник с неспокоен дух

Author(s): Veselina Beleva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This article tries to represent the image of Vladimir Drumev Varbanov, the revolutionary in Botev's armed company, an Isperih resident with a sleepless spirit, avoiding the mythologising characteristic of the era of the Bulgarian revival: ‘revivalist – rebel’, ‘sleep–wakefulness’, ‘disgrace – glory’. Therefore, the chosen research approaches are anthropological and comparative: looking into history through memory, personal history, and what has been preserved as artefacts in a Bulgarian museum – the Historical Museum – Isperih. As artefacts and people are witnesses of time through which history becomes more tangible, the article compares the (mis)coincidence between memory and artefact without observing the chronological principle in portraying one of the most interesting personalities who lived in Isperih. The memory and the artefact look at each other to reconcile the ‘revivalist’ and the ‘rebel’.

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Султана Горова-Петрович и четническото знаме

Author(s): Mariya Dzhurkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This article constitutes a historical study, whose goal is finding the historical reality in regard to the sewing of one of the iconic objects of the revolutionary movement in Romania - the flag of Stefan Karadzha’s band of rebels. The author uses an analytical method of chronological research and historical description in order to reach the conclusion that Sultana Ivanova Gorova-Petrovic was the person who sewed the flag of the rebel band flag. As a result of this historical study, there is a well-argued, systematised narrative which outlines and analyses a series of chronologies, in which the author objectively seeks, studies and reveals the objective cause and effect links which define them as truth. Attention is paid in this work to the family tree and the links between Sultana Petrovic, the revolutionary movement in the 19th century and the revolutionaries in Bulgaria and Romania. Through studying various historical data, literature, testimonies of contemporaries and scientific publications, the author reaches the conclusion that there is irrefutable historical evidence showing that the studied person is the one who sewed the rebel band flag. Photographs, letters, written evidence, family trees and testimonies of contemporaries for the period 1814-1975 are used in the work. The wide temporal scope of the study gives an opportunity to present a well-argued and influential role not only of the studied person but the participation of Bulgarian women in general in the Bulgarian Liberation movement. A successful attempt has been made to perform a comparative analysis of the possibility of error in the translation of historical data by using transliteration from Romanian to Bulgarian. Due to the characteristics of the study conducted in the article, the goal, the nature of the gathered data, the analysis and the development of each of them, it is certain that the result is representative and there is every reason to claim that it reflects the reality.

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Дарителската дейност на Петър Матеев за котленци

Author(s): Martin Dinev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This article aims to present the wide donation activity of Petar Mateev Mateev from Kotel. Objects donated by him are presented. Some of them are part of the Kotel Revival Exhibition, while others are conserved in the museum's collection. Petar Mateev left much of his inheritance to Kotel residents and was called not by chance the Benefactor of Kotel.

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„Спомените” на сопотските възрожденки Неделя Петкова и Съба Вазова

Author(s): Nadezhda Georgieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Nedelya Petkova and Saba Vazova are famous women born in Sopot - one as a teacher and the other as the mother of Ivan Vazov. But along with these well-known facts, there are some not-so-popular ones. Both have described their lives, and have their "Memories". I will consider the peculiarities of their autobiographical books in my report.

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