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За татарите от Североизточна България и техните забравени гласове
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За татарите от Североизточна България и техните забравени гласове

Author(s): Veneta Yankova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

This article aims to provide unknown information about the traditional culture of the Tatars from Northeastern Bulgaria. This ethnic community today is experiencing a process of active linguistic and cultural assimilation. The text analyses the two main cases. The first illustrates the role of the science and the work of researchers as an important tool against forgetting. The second provides the so-called аutosanction. In this example it means suppression and destruction of relics, which are valuable ethno-cultural characteristics of the community. The observations are the result of the analysis of publications in Hungarian ethnographic editions, of fieldwork in the region of Dobrich (Dobrich, Onogur, Yovkovo) and of archival work.

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Ленка Будилова, Марек Якоубек. Българските чехи. Случаят Войводово (Социалноантроположки ескизи). София: Парадигма, 2016
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Ленка Будилова, Марек Якоубек. Българските чехи. Случаят Войводово (Социалноантроположки ескизи). София: Парадигма, 2016

Author(s): Katerina Terzieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

Book Review

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Комшулукът (културно-историческото наследство на толерантността и съжителството)
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Комшулукът (културно-историческото наследство на толерантността и съжителството)

Author(s): Veselin Tepavicharov,Nadezhda Zhechkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2020

This article focuses on the daily experience of tolerance between different ethnic and religious communities in Bulgaria. The modern political uses of ethno-religious differences, in our opinion, do not lead to the need to discover new mechanisms of coexistence, but require the study of already acquired historical experience and the interweaving of these methods in new realities.

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Nationalization of the Russian Army on the Romanian Front in 1917 – 1918
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Nationalization of the Russian Army on the Romanian Front in 1917 – 1918

Author(s): Artem Papakin / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2020

At the end of 1917 and the beginning of 1918, the process of the nationalization of army units took place on the Romanian Front of the Russian army. In conditions of army disintegration, in order to keep the front fighting against the Central Powers, the Russian Command planned to create two Ukrainian, two Polish, one Muslim corps, as well as Belarusian, Lithuanian, Moldovan, and Siberian military units. During the nationalization of troops on the Romanian Front, the entire corps and divisions, as well as smaller military units were given over to Ukrainization, Polonization, Muslimization, etc. Based on archival documents, the article identifies the numbers of major military units, smaller units and subdivisions intended for nationalization, and traces the course of nationalization. The causes of failures of the nationalization process were determined, and the fates of the nationalized formations of the Romanian Front were traced.

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Синурнамето на Кричим от средата на XV в.
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Синурнамето на Кричим от средата на XV в.

Author(s): Damian Borisov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2020

The text aims to present a translation of a document from September 1451, defining the boundaries of the land of Krichim as mulk of the Grand Vizier Chanderli Khalil Pasha, contextualizing the information in it with the published and commented so far about the region as the economic base of the mulk. Waqf, as well as a horizontal structure in which interactions between the settlement and the network of religious infrastructure are visible.

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БНТ И БНР в социалните мрежи: новините по време на пандемията от Ковид-19

БНТ И БНР в социалните мрежи: новините по време на пандемията от Ковид-19

Author(s): Iliana Pavlova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 8/2020

The article presents the results of a survey of BNT and BNR news on social networks during the state of emergency in Bulgaria in connection of COVID-19 pandemic (March 13 to May 13, 2020). The aim is not only to explore how the both media are presented on the different social platforms for media activity, but also whether and how they build their social networks (including on their websites) and what news agenda they set in the conditions of crisis.

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Национален пазар преди националната държава. Има ли български национален пазар преди Освобождението от 1878 г.?

Национален пазар преди националната държава. Има ли български национален пазар преди Освобождението от 1878 г.?

Author(s): Ivan Roussev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

The article presents arguments in support of the claim that there was a process of integration on the Bulgarian national market even before the Liberation of1878 and that this process was more and more noticeable in the 1840s, 1850s, 1860s, and 1870s. The research methodology is based on data from the business history of the Bulgarian Revival, including my own explorations on the emergence of commercial companies as a manifestation of commercial modernity in the Bulgarian economic area during the era as well as on the trade networks established by them. The two largest companies, “Evlogiy and Hristo Georgievi” and “Hristo P. Tapchileshtov”, stand out as de facto legitimizers of the Bulgarian national market in the 1850s, 1860s, and 1870s. They represent two important Bulgarian national economic institutions, a state before the state in the economic sphere. Other larger or not so large commercial companies and the trade networks established by them also contributed to the process of integration of the Bulgarian national market: “ Robevi Brothers”, “Geshovi Brothers”, “Komsievi Brothers”, “Karaminkovi Brothers”, “Papazoglu Brothers”, “N. Minchoolu & E. Selveli and friends ”,“Stancho Arnaudov and son”,“Georgi Hadjidraganov”, “The Commercial Company in Kotel” and others. The article provides summary information about these companies, about their trade networks in the Bulgarian lands and abroad, about the movements of their capital, etc. The article compares the similar national processes in the economic and political development of Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century. According to a study published in 2012 (Schulze & Wolf, 2012), in late nineteenth-century Austria-Hungary there was an asymmetric intra-imperial integration, which led to the emergence of national markets within the various ethnolinguistic communities of the country. The same process took place in the Ottoman Empire earlier, already in the first half and the middle of the same century, under specific conditions facilitating the integration of separate national markets, including the formation of the Bulgarian market. In the third quarter of the nineteenth century, the Bulgarian Revival elite – economic, cultural, and political – gradually developed the idea of a Bulgarian national market and initiated some original projects with in this market. Another approach in studying the topic is also possible – tracking and comparing the movement of prices of major types of goods in smaller or larger areas of the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire, including the Bulgarian ethnic territory during this period. There is no doubt that serious future efforts on the part of a wider circle of researchers are needed, but this cannot happen if the discussion is not opened, if the topic of the emergence of the Bulgarian national market has not been drawn to attention. This article aims to provoke the interest of researchers on the topic.

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The Eagle from the Apse of the Church Saint-George in Karinia (1281). Puzzling Heraldry, Defaced Inscriptions, and Odd Iconographic Choices in Inner Mani after the Second Council of Lyon.

The Eagle from the Apse of the Church Saint-George in Karinia (1281). Puzzling Heraldry, Defaced Inscriptions, and Odd Iconographic Choices in Inner Mani after the Second Council of Lyon.

Author(s): Panayotis Katsafados / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

L’église de Saint-Georges à Karinia (Magne intérieur, Laconie, Péloponnèse) a été peinte en 1281. La présente étude est consacrée à l’analyse d’une représentation très rare des Maccabées ; de celle, grandeur nature, du couple de ktètors ; de trois inscriptions fragmentaires ; et d’un aigle héraldique peint dans l’axe du sanctuaire. Cet aigle d’inspiration évidemment occidentale n’a pas de correspondant dans la région. Les in*uences occidenta- les sont très faibles dans le Magne, occupé par les Latins pendant une brève période (1250-1262). Le programme iconographique de l’église est byzantin, témoignant sans doute d’une in*uence macédonienne. Saint Geor- ges ∆ΙΑCΟΡΙΤΗC est accompagné par l’enfant sauvé et saint Démétrius est identifié en rapport avec sa sépul- ture à Salonique : (Ο ΑΓΙΟC) ∆ΙΜΙΤΡΙΟC Ο ΕΝΤΕΘ[ΕΙ]C ΕΙC [ΘΕCC]Α /ΛΟΝΗΚΗΝ. Seule l’énorme représentation du groupe des Maccabées sur la paroi septentrionale pose problème. Le thème est rare, mais ce choix iconogra- phique peut être mise en rapport avec une communauté juive (ou de juifs chrétiens) a1estée par la présence de noms juifs dans une série d’inscriptions maniotes des 5Ie-5IIIe siècles. Malheureusement, une grande partie de l’Inscription A de Karinia, peinte sur l’architrave du templon, témoigne d’une destruction du type damnatio me-moriae. Les noms de l’empereur Michel VIII Paléologue (ΗΜων ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ΒΑCΙΛΕΟC) et du patriarche œcu-ménique Jean 5I Vekkos (ΑΡΧΙΕΡΑΤΕ[…] ΟΙΚΟΥΜ[…]) ont été détruits, de même que celui du métropolitain du Magne (Ο ΚΑΤΕΠΙCKΟΠΗC ΜΑΙΝΗC). Les seuls noms partiellement conservés sont celui d’un certain fteonikon, sacellaire d’un archevêché inconnu ([.]Ε[.]ΝΙΚΟΝΟC ΤΟΥ. Κ(ΑΙ) CΑΚ[…] ΕΠΙΣΚΟΠΗC) et le nom du peintre Georges(ΓΕω/[…]) dans le module chronologique, suivi par l’année (6789 = 1281), le mois et le jour ([..]ΝΗ ΜΑΡΤ΄Ϊω ΕΙCΤ(ΙC) ∆~ Η[…] / ΕΤ(ΟΥC) Я~ Ψ Π~ Θ~ :~), voire par le signe de l’indiction. L’Inscription B, peinte au-dessus de la repré- sentation des ktètors, mentionne l’archiprêtre Démétrius et son père Michel (ΚΑΓω` ∆ΙΜΗ΄Τ[ΡH]ΟΣ ΙΕΡ(ε)ασ Κ(ΑΙ`) Α~ΠΑΠΑC. υιKσ ΜΙΧΑΗΛ ΤΟΥ ∆ΕΥ[ΤΕ]ΡΕΒΟΝ/ΤΟC), le dernier étant probablement représenté dans le por-trait votif. Lant à l’Inscription C, très eMacée, elle constitue une prière de Michel et de son épouse. La compa- raison de ces inscriptions fragmentaires avec d’autres inscriptions contemporaines, peintes dans les églises de la région, permet la reconstitution d’une grande partie des données perdues. C’est en partant de ces acquis que l’analyse de l’aigle héraldique du sanctuaire doit être faite. L’oiseau peut être interprété en clé iconographique (latine ou juive), commémorative (en rapport avec une sépulture), purement héraldique (témoignant de la pré- sence d’une autorité latine) ou purement ornementale (comme une conséquence de l’évolution du registre infé- rieur de peintures). Formellement, l’aigle de Karinia n’appartient pas à la catégorie d’aigles byzantins utilisés pour désigner l’empereur. Il a été copié d’après un modèle occidental. Cela ouvre la voie à quatre interprétations possibles : 1-2) symbole impérial byzantin adapté (pour des raisons variables) à partir d’un prototype occidental (avec ou sans rapport avec une communauté locale juive) ; 3-4) témoin d’une présence latine après le Deuxième Concile de Lyon, 1274 (avec ou sans rapport avec ce1e même communauté). Le choix de représenter cet aigle ne pouvait pas être fait par le peintre Georges, qui peut être identifié avec Georges Konstantinianos, peintre local de l’église de Polemitas. L’aigle, les Maccabées et les inscriptions qui accompagnent les saints militaires té- moignent d’un niveau culturel éclectique de l’élite locale. Ce choix culturel pourrait être a1ribué à Michel, ostiaire de l’archevêché du Magne. Son fils Démétrius aurait pu poursuivre un telle initiative après la mort de son père. Lelque temps après (post-1282) les noms des personnes liés à l’Union de Lyon ont été eMacés.

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Philosofia Picta.On the Reception of the Neo-Platonism of Florence in Buda.

Philosofia Picta.On the Reception of the Neo-Platonism of Florence in Buda.

Author(s): Edina Zsupán / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

La présente étude analyse une enluminure du bréviaire de Domonkos Kálmáncsehi (Országos Széchényi Könyvtár, Cod. Lat. 446), daté vers 1481 et rédigé à la cour du roi Matthias Corvinus. Sur le f. 88v, une image décorative et surprenante a été insérée dans une série d’illustrations consacrées à la Vierge : deux couples nus font l’amour autour d’une fontaine. L’auteure considère qu’il ne peut pas s’agir de l’amour vulgaire et pécheur (nuditas criminalis), ni d’une fonction strictement ornementale. Puisque la cour de Buda était influencée par les modes de la Renaissance florentine, notamment par le néoplatonisme de Ficino, il est fort possible que l’image doive être décryptée selon l’interprétation de Panovsky sur la diffusion de la conception ficinienne de l’amour dans les milieux humanistes, surtout si l’on considère que l’un des amis de Ficino, Francesco Bandini, était arrivé à la cour de Buda en 1476. Dans ce cas, les deux couples enlacés ne représenteraient pas l’amour charnel en tant que péché, mais la force génératrice de l’amour sur terre. Selon l’interprétation ficinienne du Symposium, l’amour est l’expression même de l’émanation du pouvoir divin, qui crée le monde dans sa beauté.

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The Chronology of the Murals in the Râmeț Monastic Church (Alba County, Romania) Based on a Reevaluation of the Dating of the Narthex Inscription

The Chronology of the Murals in the Râmeț Monastic Church (Alba County, Romania) Based on a Reevaluation of the Dating of the Narthex Inscription

Author(s): Ana Dumitran / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

La découverte d’une inscription slavonne dans le narthex de l’église du monastère de Râmeţ (comté d’Alba) en 1966, sa relecture avec des moyens techniques spéciaux en 1978 et sa publication officielle en 1985 ont porté à l’attention des historiens le nom du peintre (Mihul du Criș-Blanc), le nom de l’évêque fondateur (arche- vêque Gélase), le roi régnant lorsque la nef de l’église était peinte (Louis d’Anjou) et l’année 1377. Les Ortho- doxes de Transylvanie auraient eu une hiérarchie ecclésiale organisée autour d’un archevêché et une école rou- maine de peinture en pleine affirmation. Toutefois, ces informations résultent incohérentes par rapport au con- texte politique ou ecclésiastique – les Roumains étant fréquemment invites a rejoindre le rite latin – et au con- texte artistique. À ce jour, Mihul demeure une figure singulièreet ses créations n’ont pas encore trouvé de termes de comparaison. La nouvelle lecture de l’inscription proposée dans cette étude part de la constatation que la dernière partie du texte, où se trouvent le nom, la mention du roi et la datation, demeure illisible (même après l’examen aux rayons ultraviolets, comme en témoignent les clichés pris en 1978, conservés dans le dossier de restauration et partiellement publiés en 1985). D’autres images ont été publiées pour soutenir la lecture proposée, en mettant en évidence les détails qui ont conduit à la lecture du nom Lodovic et de l’année 6885 (= 1377). Cependant, le type d’écriture et les traits linguistiques du texte de l’inscription suggèrent que les aspects paléographiques sont spécifiques à l’école d’orthographe fondée à Tarnovo par le patriarche bulgare Euthyme (1375-1393), plus tard diffusés par ses disciples en Serbie, en Moldavie et en Russie. La réforme d’Euthyme ne pouvait pas atteindre la Transylvanie en 1377. La prédisposition du peintre à écrire les mots tels qu’il les con- naissait dans sa propre langue témoigne du fait qu’il a appris le slavon quelque part en Transylvanie, très proba- blement auprès d’un moine serbe. L’inscription et, implicitement, les peintures de Mihul dateraient ainsi de la fin du xve siècle ou des premières décennies du siècle suivant. La comparaison avec l’inscription sculpté sur le socle de l’église de Feleac, datée de 1516, dont le texte contient des parties similaires à l’inscription de Râmeţ, suggère que le roi mentionné par Mihul était en réalité Vladislas II. Il est appelé LASL´U KRAL´ dans l’inscription de Feleac et le nombre de signes graphiques utilisés pour rendre ce nom s’inscrit parfaitement dans l’espace aujourd’hui illisible où le nom du roi a été transcrit dans l’inscription de Râmeţ. En utilisant la même méthode de distribution des signes dans l’espace afférent de l’inscription de Râmeţ, la période dans laquelle elle pourrait être peinte peut être réduite à l’intervalle 7011-7024 (= 1503-1516). Compte tenu du conflit entre Jean, évêque de Mun- kács, et Hilarion et Gélase, hégoumènes du monastère de Peri, il est fort possible que l’hégoumène Gélase ait été élevé au rang d’archevêque de Transylvanie. Un acte royal de 1494 semble d’ailleurs le suggérer. La résidence était censée se trouver à Feleac, mais il s’avère qu’elle aurait pu fonctionner en parallèle avec le diocèse de Feleac, sans nécessairement être unie à Rome. La possibilité d’installer Gélase à Râmeţ offre un point d’appui pour l’anti- quité de l’évêché de Geoagiu de Sus, évoqué dans l’acte de nomination de l’évêque Christophore en 1557, le mo- nastère de Râmeţ étant en fait la véritable (ou du moins la première) résidence de l’évêché ayant juridiction dans les parties méridionales de la Transylvanie. Un document de 1622 le désigne, en effet, comme « monastère de Geoa- giu (situé) à la limite du domaine Geoagiu (de Sus) » (Giogi klastrom s ez Giogi hatarban vagion). Un archevêque arrivé du nord, d’un espace familier avec l’art des Ruthènes, peut également expliquer le type de Deisis avec ar- changes et saints militaires représenté sur le mur oriental du narthex de Râmeţ. Le fait de peindre cette scène au début du XVIe siècle pose à nouveau le problème de la datation de la première couche de peinture, conservée dans la niche de la Proscomidie et à la jonction de l’iconostase avec le mur nord de la nef, pour laquelle la présente étude propose l’année création du monde 6895 (= 1386-1387). L’inscription en roumain, sculptée dans la pierre et placée au XVIIIe siècle à l’extérieur, sur le côté nord, au-dessus de l’entrée propose d’ailleurs cette date. La mention du nom du roi Matthias (Matiiaș crai) dans la même inscription peut fournir la limite inférieure d’une troisième étape de décoration de l’église, sa limite supérieure étant le milieu du XVIe siècle, étape où la nef, l’iconostase, et peut-être une peinture murale extérieure, furent repeintes. La dernière étape importante est liée au nom l’évêque Inocenţiu Micu-Klein, à l’initiative duquel l’autel a été repeint en 1741

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Les peintures de l’église Saint-Sauveur de Berestovo

Les peintures de l’église Saint-Sauveur de Berestovo

Author(s): Vera Tchentsova / Language(s): French Issue: 4/2020

In the autumn of 1643, Greek painters completed the frescoes decorating the Berestovo church in Kyiv on behalf of metropolitan Peter Moghila. The iconographic program relied on a specific tradition whose origin can be traced to 14th-century Northern Balkans. fte chief features of this iconography are the ‘Imperial Deesis’, combined in the Kyivan church with an iconography inspired by Psalm 44 [45]:9 (“Upon thy right hand did stand the Leen…”). It represents Christ “King of Kings”, dressed as an emperor and flanked by a crowned Virgin and a depiction of King David, identified with Grand Prince Vladimir. The church decoration mirrors contemporary theological debates on the Eucharist, reproducing the similar 14th-century controversies on liturgy.

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Съвременната детска благотворителност в Смолян – институции и прояви
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Съвременната детска благотворителност в Смолян – институции и прояви

Author(s): Elya Tsaneva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2020

The article results from fieldwork research and presents three forms of charitable activity in the town of Smolyan, which take place in three institutions: 1. A secondary school in Smolyan, 2. An emblematic Christian temple in the city, and 3. An organization with a non-governmental profile – all three with the involvement and participation of children/ pupils/ youth. The choice to study these charitable activities within the Cultural Heritage, National Memory and Social Development National Research Programme was inspired by the need to document these events. They have already existed for several years and deserve promotion and validation because of their high educational and civic purpose. Additionally, valuable messages could be found in these activities from the period of the Bulgarian Renaissance – a complicated transitional time similar to the present, when young people became citizens through the suggestions of public charitable and donor formats.

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Седефът – природа, източници и употреба. Седефени пафти от фонда на Регионален исторически музей – Кърджали
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Седефът – природа, източници и употреба. Седефени пафти от фонда на Регионален исторически музей – Кърджали

Author(s): Lidiya Kirilova,Sonya Kostadinova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2020

Known to man since time immemorial, nacre is one of the most popular and most highly valued material that are still in use nowadays in the creating of different pieces of jewelry and decorations. Subject of the study are some of the most attractive and beautiful belt buckles (pafti) which are property of the Regional Museum of History in the town of Kardzhali. Additionally, nacre is described as a raw material in regards with its composition and structure, its natural sources and the ways in which it is used. The article is an attempt to view the subject from an interdisciplinary perspective and give a complex picture, using the resources of different disciplines. Its goal is to interpret the messages encrypted in the images on the belt buckles, and also to answer a series of questions about the type, nature, biogeographic origins and the way of processing the raw nacre.

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L’art médiéval est-il contemporain? Acte IV

L’art médiéval est-il contemporain? Acte IV

Author(s): Cécile Voyer / Language(s): French Issue: 4/2020

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Many Ways to Die, One Resurrection

Many Ways to Die, One Resurrection

Author(s): Cristina Beatrix Bogdan / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

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Културното наследство на Странджа – богатство, рискове, предизвикателства
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Културното наследство на Странджа – богатство, рискове, предизвикателства

Author(s): Denitsa Petrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 41/2020

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Документални свидетелства за годината на раждане на Васил Левски
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Документални свидетелства за годината на раждане на Васил Левски

Author(s): Grigor Boykov,Plamen Mitev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

Bulgarian historiography did not find to date a documentary source based evidence that firmly establishes 6 July 1837 as the birth date of Vasil Levski. Therefore, other hypotheses placing the birth of Levski in 1846 or 1843 have lately been put forward. The present article examines data from the population registers of Karlovo, kept in the Ottoman archives in Istanbul, and argues that 1840 is Vasil Levski’s most probable birth date.

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За деня на раждане на Васил Левски
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За деня на раждане на Васил Левски

Author(s): Vidin Sukarev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

The article concerns the recently published study by Plamen Mitev and Grigor Boykov about the year of birth of the Bulgarian national hero Vasil Levski. The authors firmly established 1840 instead of hitherto accepted 1837. The new evidences about the birth year of Levski require also a revision of the birth day. The article proposes that the Apostle of Freedom was born on 9/21 of July 1840.

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Пространствена структура и хронологическо развитие на праисторическия солодобивен комплекс Провадия-Солницата
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Пространствена структура и хронологическо развитие на праисторическия солодобивен комплекс Провадия-Солницата

Author(s): Vassil Nikolov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2021

The prehistoric complex of Provadia-Solnitsata is located close to the modern-day town of Provadia in Northeastern Bulgaria. The remains represent the oldest salt-production site in Europe (5600 – 4350 BC) from which emerged the earliest prehistoric urban settlement on the continent (4700 – 4350 BC). The complex occupies an area of approximately 30 hectares. The emergence and development of the site were closely related to the largest and in fact the only rock salt deposit in the Eastern Balkans, the so-called Mirovo salt deposit on which the settlement sits. Salt production on the site was based on the brine (thick saline water) that flowed out of this salt deposit. Brine boiling in ceramic pots at Provadia-Solnitsata is the earliest example on record in Europe for the use of this technology in salt production. It was practiced on this site for longer than one millennium. The heat needed for the process was generated in advance in a special installation or alternatively, was directly provided мby an open fire, in both cases by burning firewood. At the end of the Chalcolithic, a change of technology had to be introduced – the water from the brine was then evaporated in a large ‘basin’ by using heat from solar radiation. The development of the five parts of the complex is presented: the tell with deposits from the Late Neolithic and the Chalcolithic, a cemetery from the Early Bronze Age, a Thracian ‘ruler’s residence’ from the 2nd – 1st centuries BC and a very large tumulus on top; a salt-production center from the Late Neolithic and the Chalcolithic together with ritual facilities from that time; a Late Neolithic pit sanctuary and a cemetery from the Middle Chalcolithic over it; a pit sanctuary from the Late Chalcolithic; a cemetery from the Late Chalcolithic.

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Vojvodovo – ein vergessenes Kapitel der tschechischen Gegenwart in Bulgarien
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Vojvodovo – ein vergessenes Kapitel der tschechischen Gegenwart in Bulgarien

Author(s): Lenka J. Budilová,Marek Jakoubek / Language(s): German Issue: 1-2/2021

The contribution is devoted to the history of Vojvodovo, a Czech village in North-western Bulgaria, sixteen kilometres from the Danube port town of Oryahovo. It was founded in 1900 mostly by migrants from another Czech village, Svata Helena, located in today’s Romanian part of the Banat region. The history of Czech Vojvodovo was a short one: it lasted only for fifty years until 1950. At the end of the period, following post-war inter-state agreements on ‘returns of co-nationals to their fatherland’, Czech Vojvodovans left the village and settled in the region of south Moravia in Czechoslovakia. A local legend says that it was Tsar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria who invited Czechs to come to Bulgaria to show local villagers how to work their land. True or not, the fact is Vojvodovans were living as if they sought to fulfil Ferdinand’s wish – during the Czech period, Vojvodovo became an exemplary village (not only) in the regional context. It had become well-known for tidiness and orderliness of the communal space as well as of the inhabitants. Vojvodovans were renowned for their diligence and ascetic ethic of Protestantism, for being outstanding farmers, horse breeders and stallholders.

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