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კოსოვოს კონფლიქტი და ნატო-ს სამხედრო ინტერვენცია 1999 წელს

Author(s): Levan Tarieladze / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 5/2021

The end of the Cold War brought significant changes to the political map of the world. The Soviet Union collapsed, Germany was unified, and the ruling regimes in the countries of Eastern Europe changed. These processes were often peaceful, although bloodshed could not be avoided in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, where disintegration processes developed with unprecedented brutality and tragedy after the Second World War. A humanitarian disasteron ethnic and religious grounds in the middle of Europe shook the whole of Europe and the world.Among Yugoslavia’s wars, the Kosovo conflict stands out, which is a special and perhaps the most resonant event in world politics since the end of the Cold War. In 1999, after numerous attempts to resolve the extremely aggravating crisis diplomatically between the central government of Yugoslavia and the Serbian autonomous region of Serbia with a predominantly Albanian population,Kosovo, NATO made an unprecedented decision and, with a humanitarian motives, without a legal basis, waged military actions against the independent state Yugoslavia for 78 days. NATO managed to stop the humanitarian disaster with inhuman methods, while Serbia was unable to suppress Albanian separatism and lost its side within its recognized borders.This crisis, with its precedents and consequences, had a great impact not only on the parties directly involved in it, but also on the homeand foreign policies of completely different countries, including Georgia, therefore it deserves our special interest and attention.

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ხვითის  ისტორიიდან

ხვითის ისტორიიდან

Author(s): Giorgi Sosiashvili,Ioseb Alimbarashvili / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 6/2021

The article examines the political and socio-economic history of Kvemo and Zemo Khviti, two villages near the occupation line in Shida Kartli, its population dynamics, ethnic and religious composition, village antiquities, fortifications, material and spiritual monuments, lapidary inscriptions and epitaphs. The meaning and origin of the toponym "Khviti" is also researched, along with Khviti’s relationship with the Monastery of the Cross in Jerusalem. Khviti was the property of the Taktakishvilis’ from ancient times, but apart from them different numbers of serfs here and the lands were owned by Machabelis’, Kherkheulidzes’, Pavlenishvilis’, Tumanishvilis’. The village has been actively appearing in written sources since the 16th century. The population was mainly engaged in agriculture and horticulture. The church of the Virgin Mary is the oldest in the village. According to the inscription, in 1672, Mroveli Episcope Ioane Taktakisdze had built a church on his own lands for himself and his brothers: Ardashel, Philip and Elisbar, to "confess the sins", which had been a “Metoki” of the Virgin St. Mary church of Vredzi. It is noteworthy that the same persons built the chapel of the famous monastery of Tire, north of Khviti, in 1682, with the difference that the older brother Ioane it is not mentioned in the inscription. We have to assume that he is already dead by this time, so “Mroveloba” moves on to his next brother - Philipe.

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The area of the upper course of the Drina river (in Bosnia and Herzegovina) in the 2nd and 3rd century

The area of the upper course of the Drina river (in Bosnia and Herzegovina) in the 2nd and 3rd century

Author(s): Amina Šehović / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2022

The upper course of the Drina river was a part of the Roman province of Dalmatia – more precisely it was located in the eastern part of the province. The mentioned territory, which in present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina includes towns Goražde and Foča as well as smaller villages, belonged to the municipal unit whose center was in the village of Komini near Pljevlja – Montenegro. This administrative unit is known as Municipium S(...?). There is no mention of this administrative unit in the written source material. Accordingly, epigraphic monuments are the main sources from which the past of this administrative unit can be studied. They mention elements that testify to the administrative organization. As there is no information in the written source material, reconstruction can only be partially done. Many questions, starting with the name of the administrative unit, are still not clarified.

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HISTORICAL STRATIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE IN THE CITY OF TUZLA

HISTORICAL STRATIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE IN THE CITY OF TUZLA

Author(s): Tijana Veljković,Mevlüde Kaptı / Language(s): English Issue: 7/2021

A region's socioeconomic and political conditions greatly influence the interaction between human settlements and natural landscapes. The relationship between man and landscape is, to a great extent, evident in regions where economic development relies on mineral sources. In that regard, the city of Tuzla in Bosnia and Herzegovina offers a unique narrative about the value of salt as an administrative and economic tool. In addition, regime changes conditioned the formation of an industrial network that emerged around salt and coal deposits. The coal and salt industries, thus, gained a leading role in Tuzla's economic development between 1884 and 1992. After 1992, war destruction and changes in society contributed to the transition from secondary to the tertiary economic sector. The resulting high unemployment rate became the primary problem. Therefore, the significance of the buildings and sites, which make up the historically and technologically connected network of Tuzla's industrial heritage, has not yet been determined. Guided by international principles for the valorization of cultural and historical heritage, this article aims to identify industrial heritage in the municipality of Tuzla and holistically evaluate their cultural and historical significance for preserving the identity of its population.

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Două planuri ruseşti ale ansamblului Episcopiei Buzăului

Două planuri ruseşti ale ansamblului Episcopiei Buzăului

Author(s): Mihail Anatolii Ciobanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 68/2022

In the present study, we continue the analysis of urban plans discovered at the Military-Historical Archive in Moscow, more precisely two plans of the Bishopric of Buzău. In the campaigns of 1771 and 1809-1810, the Russian officers showed interest in the “monastery” where the bishopric was based, because its walls could easily be used for defense in the event of attacks from the Turks. In this text we analyze the two plans, the context of their realization, details and comparison with other sources.

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„La Révolution de la Grèce n’est qu’accidentelle...”: o versiune inedită a relatării prinţului Gheorghe Cantacuzino despre acţiunea Eteriei în Principatele Române la 1821

„La Révolution de la Grèce n’est qu’accidentelle...”: o versiune inedită a relatării prinţului Gheorghe Cantacuzino despre acţiunea Eteriei în Principatele Române la 1821

Author(s): Alexandru-Florin Platon / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 68/2022

Membre de la haute noblesse moldave, descendant d’une illustre famille d’origine grecque, le Prince Georges Cantacuzène (1786-1845) a joué un rôle de premier ordre dans l’insurrection grecque de 1821, organisée et menée par l’Hétairie dans les Principautés Roumaines. La relation qu’il a laissée sur cet événement a été conservée jusqu’ici dans deux versions. La première, en allemand, publiée en 1824 à Halle et intitulée Denkschrift des Fürsten Georg Cantacuzeno, a été insérée dans une brochure (Briefe eines Augenzeugen des griechischen Revolution vom Jahre 1821. Nebst einer Denkschrift des Fürsten Georg Cantacuzeno über die Begebenheiten in der Moldau und Walachey in den Jahren 1820 und 1821. Mit Rigas Portrait) à coté de 33 lettres anonymes sur la révolution grecque. Cette version n’a jamais été republiée depuis. La deuxième version, datée 1828 et écrite en français, destinée au colonel russe Ivan Petrovici Liprandi, a été publiée en 1960 par l’historien roumain Andrei Oţetea dans un volume de documents concernant le mouvement insurrectionnel de Tudor Vladimirescu qui a eu lieu à la même année (1821) en Valachie, de connivence avec le soulèvement grec. La troisième version de cette relation (ou « journal », d’après l’intitulé que lui donne l’auteur) – celle que nous avons découvert et que nous publions ici – est inédite. Écrite aussi en français, elle a été conservée dans l’archive de Léonard Revilliod (1786-1867), un Suisse originaire de Genève, qui a passé plusieurs années à Odessa, en Russie, et qui, pendant ce long séjour de 25 ans, s’était vraisemblablement lié d’amitié avec le Prince Cantacuzène, dont la famille avait une propriété non loin de la même ville. Il s’agit d’une copie faite d’après l’original perdu, mais qui, par rapport aux autres relations, est plus exhaustive, avec maints détails concernant les préparatifs de l’insurrection, les circonstances de la nomination du Prince Alexandre Ipsilanti comme chef de l’Hétairie, la politique ambiguë de la Russie envers la révolte qui se préparait, la campagne militaire des Grecs en Moldavie et en Valachie (22 février / 6 mars – 17 / 22 juin 1821) et, finalement, le rôle que le Prince lui-même a joué dans ces événements. Georges Cantacuzène a écrit ce « journal » pour faire mieux ressortir ses mérites au cours de la campagne militaire, mais, surtout, pour se justifier d’avoir abandonné l’armée qu’il commandait avant la dernière bataille (celle de Scouleni, sur le Pruth) contre les Turcs – geste qui a été qualifié par la postérité comme trahison et lui a valu une sorte de « légende noire ». En plus de tous ces éléments, cette version inédite de la relation du Prince Georges Cantacuzène sur les événements de 1821 est au plus haut point intéressante parce qu’elle nous montre de plus près la réalité chaotique et souvent contradictoire d’un événement historique également important tant pour les Roumains, que pour les Grecs.

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A Proposal for Reclassifying Causes of Death in Transylvania (1850–1920): The HCDT System

A Proposal for Reclassifying Causes of Death in Transylvania (1850–1920): The HCDT System

Author(s): Elena-Crinela Holom,Nicoleta Maria Hegedűs / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Our research explores issues related to the process of classifying causes of death, using information from parish registers of burials included in the Historical Population Database of Transylvania (HPDT), and covering the period between 1850 and 1920. In the first phase, causes of death were subjected to several processes of standardization, English-language equivalence and accommodation according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10), a system often used in the field of historical demography. At a later stage, we developed a classification scheme suitable for the Transylvanian population in the past. Consequently, the Historical Causes of Death in Transylvania (HCDT) system has a narrower taxonomy, comprising only eight chapters with several subgroups, which take into the account the historical realities of Transylvania. Therefore, the HCDT system can be used as a research tool that meets the specific needs of historical demography and of the history of medicine, being also capable of providing pertinent answers to fundamental questions about historic mortality. The scheme proposed in our research could potentially be used for comparative analyses with other regions and historic populations.

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Urodzenia pozamałżeńskie w społeczności rzymskokatolickiej parafii Trzebieszów w latach 1815–1867

Urodzenia pozamałżeńskie w społeczności rzymskokatolickiej parafii Trzebieszów w latach 1815–1867

Author(s): Marcin Maciej Krasuski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The article discusses issues related to the occurrence of illegitimate births in the rural Roman Catholic community of Trzebieszów parish in the Łuków region, in the years 1815–1867. This article addresses issues related to the number of births out of wedlock, the social and territorial origin of the illegitimate children, the mothers’ marital status, and the children’s gender. The source basis for the analysis was the parish registers from 1815–1867. The results of the analyzes showed that the births of illegitimate children accounted for 3.29% of those recorded in the parish. The research showed that children born out of wedlock came predominantly from the working population of peasant origin, who most often lived on farmsteads (‘zaścianki’) and estate villages, where a manor house or grange (‘folwark’) was located, among other things.

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Spisy ludności rzymskokatolickiej parafii Bończa z pierwszej połowy XVIII wieku

Spisy ludności rzymskokatolickiej parafii Bończa z pierwszej połowy XVIII wieku

Author(s): Jarosław Roman Marczewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

Population censuses from before the second half of the 18th century are rare in Poland. Therefore, an exceptional find in the parish archives of the former Latin rite Chełm diocese is the confessional register from Bończa, dating from 1728–1750. Its publi- cation, which is the inclusion into academic circulation of valuable source material, provides an opportunity for specialists in historical demography to study the data it contains, especially with regard to house- hold structure and the developmental cycle of domestic groups. Wider research is also made possible by the parish registers of bap- tisms and deaths preserved from that period.

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Alexandru Hangerli – un principe filolog (Αλέξανδρος Χαντζερής: 1759-1854)

Alexandru Hangerli – un principe filolog (Αλέξανδρος Χαντζερής: 1759-1854)

Author(s): Vlad Mischevca / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 7-12/2022

In the line of Phanariot fi gures Alexandre Hangerli (Handjeri, Αλέξανδρος Χαντζερής: 1759-1854) was a ruler of Moldova, about whose reign nothing else can be said other than – an ephemeral, nominal and short-livedreign, but which left a mark in the development of oriental lexicology in the 19th century, being highly appreciated also for his long life and full of events and political implications. Al. Hangerli was born in Constantinople in 1759 or 1760, (although there are other birth dates) and was a Greek Phanariot – scholar, writer, prince («hospodar») of Moldova and Dragoman(interpreter) in the Ottoman Empire. He knew French thoroughly and spoke it fluently, which encouraged him to devote his free time to writing a French-Arabic-Persian-Turkish Dictionary, which was published in Moscow in 1840 (in three volumes). This work, which achieved well-deserved success in Turkey and throughout Europe as the literal translation of the Dictionary of the French Academy (1798), was a difficult achievement and required not only special knowledge but long and hard work. Thus, thanks to perseverance and hard work, this personality of our common history – Romanian-Hellenic – became one of the Phanariot prince, who stood out not so much for their political role, quite effervescent and contradictory, moreover, but ephemeral, but for serving in the realm of muses, philological and lexicographical research. Alexandre Hangerli was the ruler who had not actually reigned in Moldova (1807), but who stands out for his longevity (about 95 years), in an era full of wars and social and political transformations in Europe, of the transition to modernity in The Romanian Principalities, but especially through his magisterial work – the Multilingual Dictionary, published in the middle of the 19th century.

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Urban Planning and Urban Lots in Cluj during The Modern Period. A Historical-Archaeological Perspective on the Emmanuel de Martonne, Hermann Oberth and Gaál Gábor Streets

Urban Planning and Urban Lots in Cluj during The Modern Period. A Historical-Archaeological Perspective on the Emmanuel de Martonne, Hermann Oberth and Gaál Gábor Streets

Author(s): Oana Toda,Keve László,Florin Mărginean,Zsolt Csók / Language(s): English Issue: 59/2022

Over the past two decades, the accelerated development of historical urban centers in Transylvania has determined an increase in archaeological rescue interventions. The phenomenon was also documented in Cluj‑Napoca. However, the legislative framework and the attitude of local decision‑makers remain deficient in protecting and capitalizing on the built historical heritage and archaeological remains in the urban area. The lack of complex research programs focusing on Transylvanian urban environments has also enabled widespread ignorance regarding the archaeological remains of the modern period. The development of the entire field of study of urban historical archaeology has thus been inhibited. This field of archaeology provides the theoretical framework and methodological background for the research carried out in the second part of 2021 on three of the secondary streets of the historical center of Cluj: Gaál Gábor St., Hermann Oberth St. and Emmanuel de Martonne St.The contextualization of the discoveries in the three streets adjacent to the famous Platea Luporum intra muros (Farkas utca, Mihail Kogălniceanu St.) has facilitated the analysis of urban planning efforts throughout the modern age, as well as their antecedents and origins. The research has highlighted different situations for each of the streets in question, regarding their period of origin, possible mutations, and connections with the associated urban lots. Emmanuel de Martonne St. is a late modern creation, planned and executed in two stages during the second half of the nineteenth century. Unlike it, Hermann Oberth St. is considerably earlier in date, possibly medieval, with a well‑defined and documented trajectory since the seventeenth century. Furthermore, Gaál Gábor St. was originally an obscure footpath that originated in the first half of the eighteenth century. It now has a partially altered trajectory due to urban systematization works dated to the beginning of the twentieth century. Their simultaneous research has allowed us to follow a long process of reconfiguration and multiplication of the street network in this micro‑area of historical Cluj.

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Statistické modely ve výzkumu holokaustu

Statistické modely ve výzkumu holokaustu

Author(s): Tomáš Jelínek,Tomáš Fedorovič,Štěpán Jurajda,Matěj Bělín / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2022

This interdisciplinary article demonstrates the wide-ranging possibilities of the use of quantitative methods in historical research, specifically in the study of the Holocaust in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. The authors present the first results of their research focused on the Jewish prisoners of the Theresienstadt ghetto, in which they applied multivariate statistical models to analyse the unique database of Theresienstadt prisoners, the basis of which is the Terezín Memorial Book (Terezínská pamětní kniha), created by historian Miroslav Kárný (1919–2001). They first introduce some examples of these innovative approaches, which have only appeared in Western historiography in the last two decades. They then present the prisoner databases maintained by the Terezín Initiative Institute (Institut Terezínské iniciativy), which they believe still hold great research potential for new statistical methods, especially in the context of their digitisation. The methods can help not only to verify certain historical narratives or filter out the influence of factors that distort the results of the historical analysis, but they also bring completely new insights to these narratives. At its core, the article shows how the influence of socialties on the survival of prisoners from the Theresienstadt transports who were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau can be assessed using statistical models, which include multiple parameters such as sex, age, nationality, occupation, length of stay inTheresienstadt, and their time of assignment to a transport. As a suitable sample for testing the hypothesis of the significance of these ties for survival, the authors process a database of prisoners who passed through the Lípa labour camp near Německý Brod before arriving at Theresienstadt. They verify their hypothesis by performing the analysis, quantifying the effect of social ties in relation to other variables. At the same time, they refute another hypothesis, anchored in prisoner memories, regarding discrimination against certain groups of prisoners when they were assigned to transports to the East. The article includes two appendices that demonstrate, with the help of graphs, how the risk of death of Jewish prisoners at Theresienstadt depended on specific factors and also illustrate the use of a logistic proportional hazards model.

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Historie krušnohorského uranu v nesouměrné české a německé optice

Historie krušnohorského uranu v nesouměrné české a německé optice

Author(s): Tomáš Dvořák / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2022

The publication by Czech historian Zbyněk Zeman and his German colleague Rainer Karlsch "Na uranu záleží! Středoevropský uran v mezinárodní politice 1900–1960" is a translation of the English edition "Uranium Matters! Central European Uranium in International Politics, 1900–1960" (Budapest – New York, Central European University Press 2008). The original was published in German in 2002. As a result of this time gap, the work is, in some respects, outdated compared to current research. It deals with the history of mining and processing of uranium ore in the Erzgebirge region near the Czech-German border, but as the review points out, notin a comparative perspective. While the central Czech chapter mainly describes the forced labour camps, the life of political prisoners and the communist persecution associated with uranium mining in the Jáchymov mines after 1948, the parallel German chapter is more comprehensive and focuses on the activities of the Soviet uranium joint-stock company Wismut in the political and social context of the German Democratic Republic. Nevertheless, the merging of Czech and (East) German uranium history into one volume, from its very beginnings, and setting it into the context of international security policy, is considered by the reviewer as the book’s greatest contribution.

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Slučaj srpske škole u Kumanovu u svjetlu dokumenata Osmanskog arhiva

Slučaj srpske škole u Kumanovu u svjetlu dokumenata Osmanskog arhiva

Author(s): Amina Lila,Merjema Imamović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 51/2022

In addition to many problems of the 19th century, it was the Macedonian Question at the end of the century that sparked considerable interest. Finding a solution required inclusion not only of the leading World powers but also of the regional Balkan countries Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria.The Macedonian Question vastly manifested itself in the educational and ecclesiastical sphere which led to the intangible cultural war between the countries involved. In this paper, we will discuss the shutdown of the Serbian school in Kumanovo and it’s reopening through diplomatic ways. Kumanovo is a remarkable example of the Macedonian Question, where the educational and ecclesiastical affairs were highly influenced by the excharhists and patriarchists. We aim to elaborate on the efficiency of the Ottoman Empire’s bureaucratic mechanism, which solved and prevented possible crises and conflicts in writing. The Ottoman archive, one of the greatest legacies of the Ottoman Empire, abounds with many materials that are still unexplored. Finding a document means nothing without knowing the administrative mechanism of the Empire, the structure of the Archive and its functionality. More often than not, the documents are of the bureaucratical essence, but it is its content that includes the name of the department, office or the addressed individual, as well as various details and elements of the issue discussed, that can draw a rather extensively broad picture of the event withnin its particular time frame and political circumstances. By using the example of the Serbian school in Kumanovo we will expand on the idea of the Ottoman system solving the Macedonian Que stion. From the local superintendent of education, through the wali, ambassadors and ministers of foreign affairs and education, to the Grand Vizier and the Sultan, everyone was involved and engaged in parallel intercourse, without any hindrance in communication and conveyance.

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Negustori străini stabiliți în Galați și moșiile lor de la Șendreni și Dănceni, ținutul Covurluiului: Rustea din Șarhorod. Documente

Negustori străini stabiliți în Galați și moșiile lor de la Șendreni și Dănceni, ținutul Covurluiului: Rustea din Șarhorod. Documente

Author(s): Costin Clit / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2021

The study deals with the fate of the family of the merchant Rustea, who came to Moldova from the Podolian town of Sharhorod (modern-day Ukraine) around 1648, during the Cossack uprising. He fled the country during the reign of Gheorghe Stefan (April 1653; July 1653-March 1658), became the „friend” of Eustratie Dabija. By his generous consent, he returned to Galati, together with other merchants who have taken refuge. Rustea bought the village of Șendreni and a part of Dănceni, from Archimandrite Theona, former abbot of the Galata and Cașin monasteries. Together with the other merchants, he prepared a donation to the church in Sharhorod, without being able to materialize it. Some objects were brought and stored at the Probota monastery, then donated to the Church of the Holy Sepulcher, in Jerusalem. The merciful spirit the merchant Rustea had towards the places of worship was reflected, in 1671, by his donation to Cetățuia monastery. He donated a part of Șendreni and Dănceni, the rest being sold in 1817 to Brazi monastery by the nun Anastasia (in myrrh, Anița Rustea, Ioan's wife). The documents documents comprised in this article reveal the evolution of Șendreni village, from the 17th century to the first half of the 19th century.

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Město Brušperk v kontextu biskupských měst na severovýchodní Moravě

Město Brušperk v kontextu biskupských měst na severovýchodní Moravě

Author(s): Kateřina Knopová,Tomáš Kocourek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 17/2022

The study deals with the development of Brušperk, which lies in northeastern Moravia. The town was founded in 1267—1268 by the Bishop of Olomouc, Bruno of Schauenburg. Brušperk was located in the territory that belonged to the Olomouc bishopric and since the 14th century was a part of the Hukvaldy manor. The first written mention of Brušperk comes from the founding charter of the town, which is, however, the medieval forgery. On the basis of other documents, we came to the conclusion that the dating of the founding document, namely 6 December 1269, is incorrect. The town was probably founded in prior to this date. Brušperk was founded as a town on the green land. Brušperk was the centre of jurisprudence for the surrounding villages: Fryčovice, Stařič, Paskov, and Stara Ves nad Ondřejnici. This area is delimited by the so-called Brušperk vikbild to which these villages belonged. The town of Brušperk was endowed with important privileges, such as the privilege called in Czech odumrť, the granting of which was very valuable to Brušperk. However, Brušperk was no exception; this privilege was granted by Bishop Mikulaš to most episcopal towns. The office of township reeve in Brušperk was most of the time hereditary and he was vassal of Bishop of Olomouc. The possibilities for where to conduct research in the future are still wide. In Brušperk itself, there is still a lack of detailed archaeological research in the city centre and its immediate surroundings, namely, the square, the cellars of old houses in the square, and the area around the church and the historic town centre. This archaeological research could bring new knowledge to the question of the fortifications of the town in the Middle Ages. Although the shape of the square has remained virtually unchanged since the Middle Ages, there is still the opportunity to learn, as no view or plan has been preserved from earlier times that the original appearance of the town would suggest (the oldest veduta Brušperka dates back to 1727).

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Австрийското вицеконсулство в Русе и Унгарската революция през  1848 – 1849 година
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Австрийското вицеконсулство в Русе и Унгарската революция през 1848 – 1849 година

Author(s): Simeon Simeonov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The present study reveals the activities of the Austrian vice-consulatein Rousse along the Danubian coastline in the wake of the Hungarian Revolution(1848 – 1849). The Austrian vice-consul in the city, Emmanuel von Rössler, developed diligent intelligence and public service activities in Rousse, Vidin and Shumen, with which he privileged Habsburg loyalists and hindered the activity of separatist defectors in the Ottoman Empire. In the spirit of “new” diplomatic history, the contribution pays particular attention to the relationship between thevice-consul and the many disaffected soldiers and emigrants who relied on his instructions and resources in the tense political situation after the revolutionary1848. Also, the article rethinks the place of consular institutions in the world of international relations through the lens of transnational history, emphasizing their relative independence and presenting a more accurate picture of the active interactions between different consular missions and units. Last but not least, the study uses the methodology of “entangled” history to rethink the role of local events in the Ottoman lands between Stara Planina and the Danube in the context of the global Age of Revolutions, analyzing the processes in this region as an integral part of revolutionary and counter-revolutionary dynamics in the middle of the “long” XIX century.

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Demokratyczne rządy prawa versus klanowo-plemienne prawo zwyczajowe – bałkańskie odniesienia na przykładzie Albanii i Kosowa (wprowadzenie do dalszych analiz)

Demokratyczne rządy prawa versus klanowo-plemienne prawo zwyczajowe – bałkańskie odniesienia na przykładzie Albanii i Kosowa (wprowadzenie do dalszych analiz)

Author(s): Magdalena Ickiewicz-Sawicka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 31/2022

Statutory law based on the philosophy and doctrine of Roman law is the basic principle of organization, management and functioning of modern state bodies, assuming the form of a democratic state ruled by law. At the same time, the alternative (already existing in antiquity) organization of social life was primeval communities, the identity of which was shaped and sustained by clantribal rules of a hierarchically shaped community. The text consists of four parts. The first one presents the concept of the democratic rule of law (basic assumptions). The second part contains considerations on tribalism and neotribalism, i.e. a return to the idea of clan-tribal communities. The third part, in turn, was devoted to discussing the Albanian tribes being an example of clan-tribal culture in southern Europe, along with empirical research. The last part presents information on Kanunu, Besa, Gjakmarrji – the basic concepts of Albanian customary law. The text includes an introduction and ending as well as relevant literature on the subject.

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«А здесь я никому не нужен»: Послевоенные годы Николая Зарецкого в Праге

«А здесь я никому не нужен»: Послевоенные годы Николая Зарецкого в Праге

Author(s): Fedor Poljakov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 9/2022

In his article, Prof. Fedor Poljakov of the University of Vienna focuses on the last years a Russian émigré painter, graphic artist and art collector Nikolai Zaretsky spent in the Socialist Czechoslovakia before escaping to Paris in 1950. It also contains an overview of Zaretsky’s pre-war exhibitions in Prague and tells the story of his major unfinished project — an illustrated book Risunki Russkikh Pisatelei (Russian Writers’ Drawings).

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Teatrul „Satiricus”: dramaturgia contemporană ca formă de rezistență în republica Moldova

Teatrul „Satiricus”: dramaturgia contemporană ca formă de rezistență în republica Moldova

Author(s): Alexandru Grecu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2022

The article presents the contemporary dramaturgy in Moldova, as well as the possibilities of stage exploitation. The author starts from the premise that the serious social-political realities of Moldova are suggested in every show at "Satricus I. L. Caragiale" National Theater in Chisinau. After 1990, censorship in the theatre disappeared and it would have been expected that this new situation would contribute to the formation of a new generation of playwrights. However, the situation is much different from expectations, and one of the conclusions of the article is that it is advisable for the playwright to be in a close collaborative relationship with all the decision-makers who contribute to the birth of a theatre performance, strongly anchored in social realities.

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