Трако-римски сюжети от съвременна България: (пре)договаряне на античното наследство в историческите възстановки

Author(s): Ivo Strahilov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2021

This paper explores the interactions between Thracians and Romans visible in historical reenactments in Bulgaria. Situated at the periphery of Classical Antiquity, Bulgarianhistoriography is strongly interested in the indigenous past. The idea of an alternative national Antiquity where autochthonous Thracians are imagined as equally important as Ancient Greeks and Romans has been promoted intensively through academic and cultural activities since the late 1960s. Beyond the official discourse, however, the Roman past appears to be more common among reenactors in Bulgaria than the Thracian one. Drawing upon ethnographic fieldwork during thematic festivals in several heritage sites, the article traces some of the contemporary representations of the Thraco–Roman relations. It examines the simultaneous heritagization of Classical and native Antiquity, and questions how modern identities are connected to living history and its ambivalent dependency on cosmopolitism and ethnonationalism.

Трактовка роли Лозаннской конференции в истории Константинопольского патриархата в греческой историографии ХХ в.: стереотипы и реалии

Author(s): Anastasiya Aleksandrovna Chibisova,Pavel Valeryevich Ermilov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2 (24)/2018

The authors analyze the attitudes of Greek scholars towards the role of the Lausanne Peace Conference held in 1922–1923 in determining the fate of the Patriarchate of Constantinople after the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire. Dealing with ecclesiastical as well as secular historiography, the authors single out a manifest tendency on the part of Greek historians towards subjectively viewing the historical data reconstructed by the authors of the present article on the basis of extant sources. The authors demonstrate that Greek scholarly literature abounds in assertions that the future fates of the Patriarchate were on the agenda of the Lausanne Conference from its very beginning, and that in the course of this Conference the terms upon which the Patriarchate could stay within Turkey and its new legal status were agreed upon; according to Greek scholars, the very fact of the Patriarchate issue emerging and being discussed during an international political conference claimed that this religious institution enjoyed a kind of international legal entity. The authors make it clear that the source of such attitudes is to be sought in the Greek government and in the stance of the leading hierarchs of the Greek Church who deemed it important to preserve at any cost the Greek ecclesiastical presence on the Turkish territory. It is precisely this goal that explains the attempt at raising the political weight of the Patriarchate of Constantinople using the authority of a major international event. In conclusion of their article, the authors cast doubts on the view that the Lausanne Peace Conference should be considered a chronological milestone in the history of the Church of Constantinople. Instead, they propose to postulate as such a milestone the emergence of the Turkish Republic and the concomitant transformation of political and religious institutions.

ТРАКТОВКИ ХАДИСА О РАСКОЛЕ УММЫ В ТРУДАХ ТАТАРСКИХ РЕФОРМАТОРОВ ИСЛАМА

Author(s): Damir Adgamovich Shagaviev / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3 (2)/2013

The article deals with the opinions of Tatar theologists who were the representatives of the so-called Jadidism – a reformatory movement of Tatar Muslims that took place in the 19th and early 20th centuries – in relation to the Prophet Muhammad’s saying about the schism in his community and the afterlife salvation of only one of its groups. The analysis is based on the theological works of four prominent Tatar scholars of Islam: A. Kursavi, Sh. Marjani, R. Fakhretdinov, and M. Bigiev. These works are studied in chronological order to reveal the evolution of the views concerning the entire Muslim reformatory movement among the Tatars in general. In addition, the question as to whether the Tatar theological heritage can foster tolerance among modern Muslims is considered.

Транскультурация эпохи бронзы по данным анализа гончарной технологии памятников Береговского археологического микрорайона в Башкирском Приуралье

Author(s): V. I. Mukhametdinov,Evgeniy Vladimirovich Ruslanov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2018

The paper presents the results of the technical and technological analysis of the ceramic material obtained in the course of the study of the monuments of the Late Bronze Age of the Beregovsky аrchaeological microdistrict located in the Meleuzovsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan. It is geographically positioned on the right bank of the Belaya River. The microdistrict is characterized by a dense concentration of archaeological monuments on a fairly compact and strictly limited territory of the right bank of the middle reaches of the Belaya River. From the north, the microdistrict is bordered by the Malaya Belaya. The western border is the channel of this river. The Nugush River is a natural southern border. From the east, the microdistrict is limited by the western spurs of the foremost ridges of the Southern Urals (200–400 m in height). The investigated territory occupies a part of the wide (up to 7 km) floodplain, which is divided by numerous dead river channels. The length of the microdistrict is 15–17 km, the total area is 136 km2 . The analysis of ceramics has been carried out within the framework of the historical and cultural approach, according to the methodology developed by A.A. Bobrinsky. In the course of the study, a large number of recipes of molding masses have been identified. This can be associated with the active processes of transformation of adaptive pottery traditions that occurred, probably, during the intercultural contacts between the representatives of the Srubnaya and Alakul archeological cultures.

Транснационални наследства: селският дом и историята в Югоизточна Европа

Author(s): François Ruegg / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2021

Paradoxically enough, our present times combine conservation with the destruction of architectural heritage. The preservation of this heritage is closely related to the foundation of the nation state and serves to show the “national genius” embodied by the peasant. Simultaneously, the different disciplines that study the issues of architectural heritage show that there is a tendency of mutual disregard. Nevertheless, the transnational concept of the rural home in Southeast Europe (mainly Romania and former Yugoslavia) which I have studied and documented in the 1970-s, displays similar features in close geographical zones, and also in zones that are marked by the culture and history of imperial colonization: Austrian in the first case and Ottoman in the second. The perspective from the point of view of regional heritage makes possible to apply a trans-border approach in order to reveal connections of kinship between neighboring villages separated by political boundaries. In the article, the differences between certain cultural areas are explained with the support of history.

Трансформации на фолклорната и религиозната култура в Странджа през призмата на обичая Еньова буля и култа към св. Модест

Author(s): Mira Markova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2020

Over the last decades, the Strandzha region suffers a serious demographic crisis and the outflow of population results in significant change in the local culture. The empirical data of the current research is based on fieldwork in villages of Fakia (Central Strandzha, Sredets Municipality). The aim is to give a picture of the current condition of the folklore and religious culture through symbolic and specific phenomena. Enyova bulya custom is widely spread in Strandzha region and is conceived as an accent in the Enyovden (Yanovden) celebrations that take place on the 24th of June and is one of the main summer feast days until the ’60s of the 20th century. Enyova bulya is associated with fertility, maiden's transition and the well-being of the settlement community. Today, the custom is disconnected from the context of the festive life of the researched community as far as the world view of the main actors has been changed. Main doers are elderly women, the time of the celebrations is not exactly fixed thus the sacredness of the actions is automatically degenerated. A conclusion can be made that the custom nowadays has the characteristics of a tourist attraction in some aspects. Keeping the celebrations is perceived as a need to declare local identity and local diversity. The transformations in the religious culture of the researched community can be analysed in a similar direction. St. Modest cult (celebrated on December 18) is seen as “typical only for Strandzha region”. In the past, the cult is related to the local livelihood – livestock-raising and agriculture. For example, in Fakia village is believed that the woman that gives out ritual bread first will be the first to finish harvesting. Today, as a result of drastic changes in livelihood, the cult exists as a characteristic of local religious culture – grounds for the local dimensions of cultural identity. Anyway, ritual practices serve the local identity. Searching a motivation in tradition keeps alive a local peasant community in process of dramatic demographic and social crises in Strandzha region.

ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЈАТА НА ВИЗАНТИСКИОТ ВОЕН СИСТЕМ НА БАЛКАНОТ (VII – IX ВЕК)

Author(s): Dragan Ǵalevski / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 1/2016

The seventh century was a period when on а military-political plan Byzantium faced with several external challenges that could lead to its collapse. Although the first, the one with Persia, was successfully avoided, still the second, the conflict with the Arabs, inflicted serious damage. The substantial territorial losses that resulted from this war led to a drastic reduction in tax revenue in the imperial treasury. It had dictated the need for change not only of the Byzantine administrative and financial system, but also the army. The restructuring of the Byzantine military system that began at time of Emperor Constans II represented an administrative overhaul on a massive scale. The Thematic military system which the sources from IX and X century depict was not a result of one “radical” reform done in a short period of time and by one Byzantine ruler. It was a long-term process of gradual evolution and transformation that was under strong influence of many different internal, but also external factors, and represented an administrative response of the state to the difficult military, political and financial situation in which it found herself from the middle of VII century onwards, and in fact allowed Byzantium to survive on the international political scene for many centuries.

Трансформация на места на памет – местността „Паметниците“ при Свищов

Author(s): Iskren Velikov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2018

The preservation of the memory for the past is part of the system that forms identity.“The sites of memory“ (after Pierre Nora), which surpass the frames of the physical space of the event and also include the characters-participants and the event itself as a phenomenon, are building a symbolic construct, which is often comprehended bylocal communities as heritage. The present research examines the development and transformation of places of national memory in Bulgaria. Case-study of the report is the “Monuments“ Park of the town of Svishtov in Northern Bulgaria – the original site of the landing of Russian troops in 1877, the beginning of the Liberation War. Duringits 140 years of history, the “Tekir-dere / the Monuments“ area witnesses three stages of development. In the initial years following the Liberation the area is affirmed as a site for commemoration and homage to the bravery of the Russian soldiers. OnБългарска етнология, бр. 1 (2018) / 91occasion of the celebrations for the 100th anniversary of the war, the narrative was expanded with the presentation of the Bulgarian volunteer troops in the process of achieving Freedom. In the beginning of the 21st c. the process of “acquiring“ the historical territory continues by introducing the revolutionary Filip Totyu and his detachment in 1867. With the expansion of the urban territory, the space also acquires the functions of a town park. Thus, despite the physical distance from the settlement,the area has turned nowadays into a place for relaxation and walk for the citizens of Svishtov, which is assisted by the activities for the socialization of the park.

Тренчев, Георги. Учебното дело в Разлог и Разложкия край през Възраждането. София, 1999, 307 стр.

Author(s): Veselin Traykov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2000

Три години народополезна дейност на Македонския научен институт - София

Author(s): Ivan Kochev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/1996

On 29 May 1996 a General Assembly of the MacedonianScientific Institute (MSI) was held which was attendedby 39 out of 70 members. The Assembly elected its GoverningBody composed of: Prof. S. Radev - Chairman, Res. Assoc.A. Grebenarov and Sen. Assist. V. Kitanov - Secretaries, andMariana Vitanova - Mutine-Writer.

Трибуна на македонските българи в Новия свят (80 години от създаването на в. „Македонска трибуна")

Author(s): Trendafil Mitev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2007

This article discusses the story told by „Macedonian Tribune" newspaper, published in the town of Indianapolis (1927-1949) and in Fort Wane (1949-2007), state of Indiana, USA. Established some 80 years ago, on 10,h February, it turned into the publishing stand of the Macedonian Patriotic Organization in the USA, Canada and Australia (MPO).

ТРИПТИХ ИЗ МАНАСТИРА СВЕТЕ КАТАРИНЕ НА СИНАЈУ – НЕПОЗНАТО ДЕЛО СТАРОГ СРПСКОГ ИКОНОПИСА

Author(s): Miloš Živković / Language(s): English Issue: 58/2021

A triptych with Slavic inscriptions from the monastery of St. Catherine in Sinai, composed of icons depicting St. Stephen, the Mother of God and St. Nicholas, is published in the paper. Based on the stylistic analysis and consideration of iconographic features, the opinion is expressed that it is a work of Serbian medieval painting. In addition, such an attribution is explained through the light of intensive and continuous contacts between the medieval Serbian lands and the famous monastery at the foot of Mount Sinai. Finally, a possibility is opened for the interpretation of the work in question in connection with certain, very interesting source material about the ktetorial activity of the Serbian rulers in Sinai.

Тритомно издание за фолклора на българите в Албания

Author(s): Natalia Rashkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2018

Book Review

Труд на турския тюрколог и алтаист Талят Текин. Talat Tekin. Volga Bulgar Kitabeleri ve Volga Bulgarcasi. Ankara, 1988, p. 212 + Kitabelerin fotograf ve kopyalari -№1-91

Author(s): Emil Boev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2003

Трудовая миграция китайцев в Россию в годы Первой мировой войны

Author(s): Michail Viktorovich Khodyakov,Zhiqing Zhao / Language(s): Russian Issue: 18/2017

The article, based on archival materials, discloses the process of hiring of Chinese workers and their transport from Harbin to Russia during the First World War. The main objective, pursued by the Russian government, was an attempt to alleviate the labor crisis in the economy. That policy of organized import of Chinese workers into Russia had a lot of opponents. Despite this, the Russian government recognized the need to “temporarily” allow free passage of the borders of Russia by Chinese nationals who were hired to work in the steel and coal companies. By the resolutions of the Council of Ministers the passport privilege was provided for recruited workers for the crossing of the border. By 1916, government circles were fully aware that the task of transporting a large number of Chinese in the European part of Russia would not be solved by none of the organizations created for this purpose. Minister of Finance P. L. Bark suggested to unite the efforts of all structures on hiring Chinese and their transportation to Russia. These functions were assigned to the control of the Chinese Eastern Railway and General D. L. Horvath. The city of Harbin became the main center for shipment of recruited Chinese workers to Russia and a special sanitary and observation post were established there. However, the management of the railway, that was in charge of the transportation of Chinese workers, faced with a large number of problems (organizational, medical, social) and was not fully prepared to solve it. However, during the years 1915–1917 over 74 000 Chinese workers passed through Harbin to Russia. They have been involved in railway construction and many industrial sites. However, this did not save the Russian economy from the impending collapse.

ТРУДОВИТЕ МИГРАЦИИ НА БЪЛГАРИТЕ ОТ ЮГОЗАПАДНА МАКЕДОНИЯ В НАЧАЛОТО НА ХХ В.

Author(s): Naoum Kaychev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2017

The article, based on documents from Bulgarian Exarchate’s archive and other sources, analyses the trends of temporary labour migration of Bulgarians from the region of Kastoria and the adjacent areas of Florina, Bitola, Prespa and Ohrid. While the traditional patterns involved destinations within the Ottoman empire or newly established states Romania, Bulgaria or Greece, at the turn of the century the flow was gradually directed also towards North America. For example, in 1911 38% of migration from Kastoria area was to the New World, 34% – to other regions of the Ottoman empire, including its capital Constantinople, and 22% – to the Kingdom of Bulgaria. The local village or micro-regional factors greatly influenced the migrants’ choice. However, the labour migration to both traditional and new destinations until the Balkan wars of 1912–1913 was temporary (up to several years), and involved only working-age men, between 50% and 80% of them in most of South West Macedonia.

Тургенев и испанская культура

Author(s): Adriana Cristian / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2008

Turgenev spent almost three decades close to the Garcia-Viardot family. The famous singer and musician Pauline Viardot was “the only woman he (Turgenev) loved for all his life”. The Russian writer was a polyglot and he also knew “magnifica lengua castillana”. He was able to read in Spanish the dramatic works of Lope de Vega, Tirso de Molina and Calderon de la Barca. Turgenev considered himself as being completely “calderonised”. He used to permanently re-read “the immortal novel” of Cervantes and he intended to translate it. Don Quijote together with Shakespeare’s Hamlet highly influenced Turgenev in depicting his characters. The Russian writer was familiar with the paintings belonging to Velasquez, Goya, El Greco, Zurbaran, Ribeira, Murillo, which were exhibited in Paris at Louvre, the Spanish Museum and the Pourtales Galleries. His interest in Spanish culture was also linked to the fact that in the middle of 19 century “the Spanish genius took refuge in France”, as Baudelaire wrote. The French painters could not avoid “the Hispanic atmosphere”, and their paintings were “impregnated with Spanish charm”. Eduard Manet painted in this manner and Turgenev was a permanent visitor of Manet’s workshop. It is interesting that Spanish art is often mentioned in Turgenev’s novels, short stories and correspondence.

Туризъм, антропология и местно икономическо развитие

Author(s): Miglena Goranova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2020

The article offers an analysis of the relationship between tourism and local economic development from an anthropological point of view. The development of tourism is a result of local community policies for the purpose of economic development and the deployment of potential on the ground. The article examines a specific case, Sapareva Banya Municipality, and tracks the changes in the choice of natural and cultural resources for the construction of a tourist destination.

Турски дипломатически документи за проблемите и характера на населението в Европейска Турция през 1910 година

Author(s): Radoslav Mishev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2000

ТУРСКО-ЈУГОСЛОВЕНСКО ЦЕНТРАЛНО ОПИУМСКО БИРО (1934–1941)

Author(s): Vera Goseva / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 1-2/2012

Turkish-Yugoslav central opium bureau was established on the basis of Turkish-Yugoslav agreement for the export of opium, signed in April 1932. Need for these two states, a major supplier of industrial alkaloids on the world market, to mutually agree to jointly protect their economic interest has been instructed by the provisions of the international opium conventions adopted in the period between two world wars. Turkish-Yugoslav opium central bureau, which is sold Turkish and Yugoslav opium on the pre-agreed ratio, worked from 1 January 1934 to 30 June 1941. During its existence the Bureau has failed to facilitate the sale of opium from these countries to increase and stabilize its price in the European market and to improve the liquidation of opium. At the beginning of his work that was exposed to the boycott by the European drug cartel factory. Although the Bureau encountered and other problems during its existence it has achieved the objectives for which it was founded. Its existence was also evidence of the close mutual relations that existed between the Republic of Turkey and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and the intention to realize a strong co-operation not only politically, but also on an economic level.