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At the turn of 1806/07, French troops fought a series of battles and skirmishes with the Russian army in northern Mazovia. Wounded and sick soldiers were taken to field hospitals, often organized just outside the area of military operations. Determining the locations of such institutions allows for the verifi cation of the burial sites and, at the same time, for the commemoration of both the soldiers who died there and the staff employed.
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Hospital care in Vilnius has a long tradition, going back more than 300 years. Some people claim that one of the fi rst care and treatment facilities in Central and Eastern Europe was located in Vilnius. That institution was the local St. Jacob’s hospital, which after more than 90 years of operation, i.e. in 1799, received that name. The same hospital continued operation until the year 2005, when a decision was made to fi nally close it down. By mid 19th century, due to increasing demands in hospital care, as well as increased social needs, many other similar institutions were soon established, among them the “Sawicz” hospital and the Jewish hospital, which continued to operate and grow into the times of the Second Polish Republic. Władysław Zahorski wrote about the origins of the fi rst hospitals in Vilnius already in the interwar period, however his focus was on the early days of local treatment facilities. The article aims to describe the history of the oldest municipal hospitals in Polish Vilnius in the interwar period, up until the year 1939. The foundation of the article is established by using historic archives of the City Hall that are currently located in the Lithuanian Central State Archives (Lietuvos Centrinis Valstybes Archyvas) and in the Special Collection of the General Medical Library, together with old calendars, periodicals, and studies on the subject.
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The article is devoted to the proprietary clause in the documents from the territory of Greater Poland in 12th-13th c. The author presented the editorial patterns of this clause and the chronology of its appearance on the analyzed documents. The conducted analysis leads to the conclusion that the proprietary clause was formalized in the same way as other parts of the medieval document.
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The article discusses the beginnings of the process of the towns and villages of the Lublin province falling into devastation and ruin, which started with the outbreak of fighting in Ukraine in 1648. On the basis of mainly the Lublin municipal records the author tries to discuss the financial effort of the province in the first two years of the war, the war-wreaked material havoc and damage done by native military troops, as well as to describe the social effects caused by these events.
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On the basis of the analysis of “The Register of Incomes and Obligations belonging to the Castle L’ubovňa” from the National Archives of Hungary, which was previously dated to the 17th century, the author of the article established that it had been written ca. 1586. Owing to proper dating, the studied document may be regarded as one of the most important sources for the economic and political history of the pledged part of Spiš region in the 16th century.
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Pakistan’s political history since independence has been marked by periods of political, military, and economic instability. The Kashmir conflict remains a major point of contention between Pakistan and India. Therefore, Pakistan’s main reason for building nuclear weapons was as a deterrent against Indian conventional forces and a desire to gain a leading role in the Islamic world. The assessment of Pakistan’s nuclear potential is very difficult due to limited information and lack of transparency on the part of military circles. While all nuclear-weapon states generally aim to lower their capabilities, Pakistan, on the contrary, is developing its nuclear capabilities and is currently projected to have around 165 nuclear warheads. Pakistan’s nuclear policy is to have a full spectrum of nuclear weapons from tactical nuclear weapons to strategic ballistic missiles.The main task of Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal is deterrence. Pakistan’s nuclear doctrine is intended firstly to deter India from aggression against Pakistan and secondly to prevent India from being victorious in the event of war. The basis of the doctrine of the Pakistani armed forces is the current concept of offensive defense, which assumes conducting a counterattack, the purpose of which will be to transfer a possible armed conflict to the enemy’s territory.
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This article looks at the descriptions of games written down by Rosalie Ottesson, who lived in the Siberian Estonian community in Russia, mainly in the village of Ülem-Bulanka. The descriptions were sent to the Folklore Department (currently Estonian Folklore Archives) of the Literary Museum in the 1960s and 1970s. We will approach Ottesson’s descriptions of games and game situations through the concept of vernacular literacy. As a folklore collector, Rosalie Ottesson played a dual role in the village society – on the one hand, she had a traditional background similar to that of the villagers, and on the other, she was a member of the Communist Party who worked as a village council chairperson and as a teacher. Ottesson was a mediator between oral and written heritage, between the old (traditional) and the new (Soviet) ideology. In order to record folklore, Ottesson had to develop a way of both using linguistic tools and situating (oral) village culture in the context of folklore collection. Archivists used to criticize Ottesson’s collection for overemphasizing an irrelevant and personal point of view: commenting on the text, adding her own assessments. In the past, folklore collectors were required to describe the rules of the game, but also the context, as precisely as possible. Correspondence with the archive shows that Ottesson did not always understand what was expected of her as a folklore collector. Although Ottesson tried to accommodate the requests of the archivists, the nature of her notes and the choice of material remained unique. With the rise of performer-centered research and the expansion of the concept of folklore, Ottesson’s folklore texts have proved increasingly valuable.
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The Wacławik Family – the Family of Peasant Folk Writers from Silesia A number of peasant notes from the 18th and 19th centuries, whose authors are called “Cieszyn folk writers” (cieszyńscy piśmiorze) or “note takers” (zapiśnikarze), have been preserved in Cieszyn Silesia. In recent years, this phenomenon has been most extensively discussed by Janusz Spyra in the study: Historiografia a tożsamość regionalna w czasach nowożytnych na przykładzie Śląska Cieszyńskiego w okresie od XVI do początku XX wieku (Eng. Historiography and Regional Identity in Modern Times on the Exam¬ple of Cieszyn Silesia in the Period from the 16th to the Beginning of the 20th Century). This article brings minor factual supplements to the mentioned study. The author discusses the fate of “writers” from the Wacławik family. They were Andrzej (d. 1777) from Pielgrzymowice in Prussian Silesia, his (presumed) son Jerzy (d. 1780, 1792 or 1793), a cotter in Pielgrzymowice, and his grandson Paweł (1768–1850), who settled in Cieszyn Silesia (first he lived in Zamarski, later in Hażlach). Particular emphasis was placed on genealogical issues.
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In the last decade of the 19th century, the forms of celebrating St. Barbara’s Day were already developed and established in the Dąbrowa Basin. At that time, well-known writers of the time were active in Dąbrowa and So¬snowiec. In their works one can find numerous ethnological threads from the life of local miners. The research material here are the literary texts contained in three publications that were issued almost simultaneously: Zofia Bukowiecka’s Historia o Janku górniku (Eng. Story About Janek – the Miner), Artur Gruszecki’s Krety (Eng. Moles) and Andrzej Niemojewski’s short story: Święto podziemia (Eng. The Feast of the Underground). The subject of the study are the descriptions of customs cultivated on St. Bar¬bara Day by miners from the Dąbrowa Basin. The author compares the descriptions and lists common elements, including: bonfires on the hills, firing pyrotechnics, celebrations in underground chambers, underground dynamite shots, a march in front of the mine director’s house to give him good wishes, but especially religious celebrations in the mine undergro¬und chapels of St. Barbara.
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The article contains a short description of dowry chests in the collection of the Radom Village Museum and constitutes a preview of further research on the subject. The chests are divided according to their paint layer into painted and grained ones. In both categories, ornaments, their arrange¬ment on the front wall and decorative arrangements on the side walls are discussed in detail. The colours of the paints used to make the decorations are also described. Moreover, the analysis covers the profiles of the legs of the chests in the museum’s collection.
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The article presents an outline of the history of the peasant family named Mienciel/Mięciel, primarily focusing on the line settled in 1720 in Marklowice near Cieszyn. Its most famous representative was Paweł (born in 1881), a teacher in Międzyświeć and Hrušov and a headmaster of the Evangelical Elementary School in Lviv (German: Evangelische Volksschule in Lemberg; Polish: Ewangelicka Szkoła Ludowa we Lwowie), who before 1920 was an activist of the pro-German Silesian People’s Party. The collected material can be used for research, among others, over the peasant family names and the course of the Counter-Reformation in Cieszyn Silesia (the Mienciel family converted from Protestantism to Catholicism, but after 1781 one of the family members, probably under the influence of the Lutheran mother, converted to Protestantism).
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The study discloses the method that can be used for extraction of metals (Cu, Cu-Zn, Pb, Ag and Fe) by means of low temperature reduction of oxygen and carbonate ores in organic substances (peat or touchwood). The method presented herein eliminates errors of former attempts to extract bloomery iron. The discussed approach is based on the results of archaeological, mineralogical and geochemical surveys that were carried out in the region of Tarnowskie Góry – a town in the Southern Poland where ores of precious metals used to be mined in the past.
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Letters have always played an important role as means of communication. As a historical source, they convey information about various aspects of life of their period, including both public and private. In this paper, I analyse the methodological principles and possibilities of conducting historical research of early modern aristocratic correspondence. The first part of the study deals with the theoretical questions related to historical letters. The second part verifies the methodological approaches providing examples based on the research of correspondence of the family Koháry from the 17th century, while pointing out the possibilities and limits of interpretation. The aim of the study is not to present the results of complex research, but it rather serves as an analysis of characteristics and distinctiveness of historical letters, and demonstrates some of the methods of scientific approach towards historical correspondence.
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In 1878, Austria-Hungary received a mandate in Berlin to exercise power in Bosnia and Herzegovina. During this period, they pursued a policy of deosmanisation and Europeanisation of the country. Vienna’s actions, however, differed significantly from the policies of neighbouring Serbia or Bulgaria, where the deosmanisation processes resulted in the partial or complete elimination of Islamic culture from the public space. Therefore, the article aims to outline the cultural policy of Austria-Hungary in Bosnia and Herzegovina, primarily in the context of the culture of remembrance, and to show the Austrian visions of the approach to the local past. The capital city of Sarajevo served as an example of this policy, where the processes mentioned above are best seen in terms of the actions of the authorities themselves, the preserved archival legacy, and professional literature.
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The article contains a synthetic review of the most important subjects and directions of research in the field of the history of cities and townspeople in pre-partition Poland (to the end of the eighteenth century) based on scholarly publications from the last ten years. The author characterises the attitude of contemporary historians of cities towards questionnaires and research methods worked out in the second half of the twentieth century in the area of socio-economic history. He also outlines the prospects for the further development of Polish urban historiography, empha- sising the importance of taking inspiration from the achievements of cultural anthropology and the cooperation of historians with representatives of other humanistic disciplines.
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The article deals with the activities of the General Procurators of the Teutonic Order regarding the Polish-Teutonic dispute in the first thirty years of the fifteenth century. Based on their dispatches sent to Marienburg, it can be assumed that the Procurators were not passive executors of the Grand Master’s orders. Their frequently occurring disagreements resulted not only from their distinctive personal qualities but also from their different perspectives on assessing what was in the best interest of the Teutonic Order. The Grand Masters lacked professional knowledge not only of law (especially canon law) but also of how the Roman curia functioned.
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This article explores patterns of street renaming in two locations which over the last century were interchangeably controlled by Germany and Poland: Posen/Poznań and Dammvorstadt/Słubice. It examines how changes in the language of admin- istration influenced their urban streetscape. The results demonstrate that there are several different semantic categories of street names which show varied affin- ity to change. Commemorative street names inscribing personal names are most prone to alteration, while those based on topology and landmarks are often translated from one language to another and retain their meaning. Street names based on place names are a heterogeneous category with directional names showing more stability than those which represent the national geographical imagery.
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