Intelighentia ardeleană și mesianismul ei de dincolo de Carpați în secolul al XIX-lea

Author(s): Simona Nicoară / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 35/2019

Un thème important de l’historiographie roumaine est le rôle culturel et scientifique de l’intelligentsia transylvanienne, à l’est et au sud des Carpates, au cours du XIXe siècle, jusqu’à la Grande Union de 1918. Mémoires, correspondance, articles de presse, biographies sont des sources multiple, qui offre une explication importante des motivations, des sentiments, des attitudes et des actions de l’intelligence transylvanienne, afin d’intensifier le lien culturel et spirituel avec l’intelligentsia moldavienne, banatienne, bessarabe et bucovinienne. Les racines de cette connexion sont profondes, dans l’histoire des siècles précédents. La prise de conscience de la vision de la nation, depuis la période des Lumières, puis romantique, signifiait l’établissement d’identités communes, liées à l’origine ethnique, l’histoire, la langue, la patrie, la foi chrétienne, la culture, la tradition, les coutumes, etc. Les clercs, les érudits et les professeurs d’école étaient les plus réceptifs à l’établissement de liens concrets entre toutes les provinces habitées par les Roumains. Les raisons liées à la présence des Transylvains dans le sud et l’est des Carpates, afin de faire, notamment, un travail culturel et éducatif, ont été diverses : des persécutions des autorités, à l’appel de bonnes personnalités, par les dirigeants, boyards ou dirigeants des institutions public ou privé. Près de chaque grande ville des Principautés, un enseignant de Transylvanie a été établi : Ion Maiorescu à Craiova, Aaron Florian et Axente Sever à Bucarest, Simion Bărnuțiu et Alexandru Papiu Ilarian à Iași, Aron Pumnul à Cernăuți, et d’autres. Certains des Transylvains ou des Banat n’avaient que des initiatives éducatives, culturelles et publicistique d’autres se sont également aventurés dans le tourbillon d’actions politiques, risquant leur liberté et leur vie. Le militantisme national de l’intelligentsia transylvanienne visait à l’émancipation nationale, au-delà des frontières politiques, émancipation qui signifiait la préservation de l’identité nationale, en tant qu’acte de justice sociale et politique, dans des conditions de domination étrangère, incompatibles avec l’âge des nationalismes. Les polémiques, l’hostilités ne manquaient pas, causées par des divergences d’opinion ou la fierté personnelle. Le solidarité entre les représentants de l’intelligentsia était lié de leur compatibilités spirituelles, culturelles et politiques, au-delà des différences de mentalité entre les générations ou de la spécificité mentale régionale. L’esprit de l’intelligentsia transylvanienne, ainsi que celui de toutes les provinces historiques, s’est manifesté, non seulement par le partage des connaissances, par la vigueur et le courage des opinions, la défense des valeurs nationales, mais aussi par l’implication messianique « au sens de la mission, du saint devoir! » dans les affaires publiques. Leur activité publique dépendait, dans une large mesure, des lois, des normes et des décisions politiques des autorités, des autorités locales aux autorités gouvernementales et monarchiques.

Научные общества Петрограда и революция 1917 года

Author(s): Elena Fedorovna Sinelnikova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 30/2020

The article explores activities of Petrograd’s scientific societies and their relations with changing state power in 1917, especially legal and financial aspects of their functioning and everyday life in the context of an acute socio-political and economic crisis. The study uses different sources, in particular legislative and regulatory acts adopted by the Provisional Government to define procedures for the creation and functioning of such societies in 1917, ficing their rights and obligations and regulating their relations with the authorities. (These materials are housed in the State Archive of the Russian Federation, the Russian State Historical Archive, the Central State Historical Archive of St. Petersburg, the Central State Archive of St. Petersburg, and the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences and its St. Petersburg Branch.) The author also used materials from periodicals of scientific societies from 1917–1918. In 1917, scientific societies actively cooperated with the authorities, and the authorities in turn found it expedient to support their activities, assigning subsidies assisting in solving economic issues. Despite difficulties, scholars in that crucial period of history managed to preserve these societies as important organizational forms for pursuing scholarship. This study was funded by RFBR according to the research project № 18-011-00730 (Self-Organization of the Russian Science in the years of crisis: 1917–1922).

«Социалистический город»: идея и реальность.

Author(s): Evgenia Vladimirovna Konysheva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2020

Review of: МЕЕРОВИЧ, М. Г. – МЕНЬКОВСКИЙ, В. И. – ЖЕРЕБЦОВ, И.Л.: «Социалистический город»: идея и ее воплощение в Советском Союзе в 1920-е и 1930-е годы. Banská Bystrica: Belianum, 2019. 154 c. ISBN 978-80-557-1574-2

Чуждестранните почетни членове на Македонския научен институт от Централна и Източна Европа (1923 – 1947)

Author(s): Nikoleta Voynova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2019

The publication presents opinions on the Bulgarian national question of eight scientists from Central and Eastern Europe, incl. Czech Republic, Poland and Russia. They were elected foreign members of the Macedonian Scientific Institute because of their contribution to the promotion of the national cause. Attention is paid to the policy on the Macedonian question of the countries from which the scientists come. Their works in the field of language, history and ethnography are presented, revealing the Bulgarian national identity of the majority of the population in Macedonia.

За немскоезичното издание на „Македония“ от 1918 г. на Владимир Сис

Author(s): Nikolay Poppetrov,Nikolay Poppetrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2019

In 1918, the Czech journalist and public figure Vladimir Sis published his book on Macedonia, originally published in Czech in 1914 in German, in neutral Switzerland. The publication aimed to present to a wide European audience the characteristics of Macedonia in ethnographic, linguistic, educational, cultural and historical terms. Sis pleaded in defense of the Bulgarian national cause and for the accession of Macedonia to Bulgaria. The purpose of this edition is particularly clear in the preface and conclusion, published here in Bulgarian translation.

ОТ ИСТОРИЯТА НА АМЕРИКАНСКОТО ЗДРАВЕОПАЗВАНЕ

Author(s): Hillary Clinton / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2019

135 години Варненско медицинско дружество – юбилейна книга

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2019

Przychylność rzeźnika. Wizja ładu stowarzyszeniowego Edwarda Abramowskiego

Author(s): Andrzej Waśkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2019

This article presents Edward Abramowski’s vision of an order based on associations such as cooperative businesses and self-help friendship unions. Abramowski imagined the new, grassroots-derived order to be the answer to the permanent disorder produced by capitalism and state coercion. Cooperatives are necessarily guided by the aim of economic profit, but that profit is divided equally among the cooperative members; friendship unions are guided by empathy and rely on reciprocity. Voluntary associations can provide nearly everything society needs in order to function. They can thus replace the state, including the socialist state, in which the institution of coercion – even if democratic – is inscribed. Abramowski thought that partitioned Poland could be reborn in this form, even while the nation remained formally under the sovereignty of the Russian tsar. The author of the article describes Abramowski’s vision of a reborn Republic as part of the current of “a-capitalist” utopias which derive from the Aristotelian concept of utility-based friendship. In the form of the sharing economy this current reappeared after the economic crisis of 2008.

Zmiana w Kościele

Author(s): Filip Łapiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2019

Nowoczesność i zbawienie

Author(s): Tomasz Herbich / Language(s): Polish Issue: 16/2019

The comparative analysis of Lithuanian manorial-serf economy and hacienda economic system of Latin America in the context of capitalist world system: from the second half of the 18th to the second half of the 19th centuries

Author(s): Darius Žiemelis / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 2/2018

The paper compares for the first time in historiography the Lithuanian manorial-serf economy and Latin American hacienda economic systems of the second half of the 18th century to the second half of the 19th century in the context of the capitalist world system (CWS). The main focus will be on the explication in macro level of similarities and differences of structures and development trends of these systems. The analyzed period corresponds to the stage of both the dominance and intensification of manorial-serf economy in Lithuania and predominance and intensification of hacienda economy in Latin American countries and it was determined by the same factor of the industrial revolution. The study confirms the thesis that these economic systems belonged to typologically closed economic kind (they were focused on the serfdom method of production) in the global division of labor. It shows that both Lithuanian manorial-serf economy and haciendas of Latin America were not typical feudal enterprises, but displayed only peripheral (agrarian) capitalism features.

Versagen, Wegschauen und neue Weltbilder

Author(s): Michael Roick / Language(s): German Issue: 04/2020

It is a quarter of a century since the war in Bosnia reached its climax (Srebrenica)and finally its end (Dayton). To this day, however, the wars in Yugoslavia leavemany open questions and, above all, a shameful picture of international inabilityand unwillingness to act. The writer Peter Schneider is one of the few Germanintellectuals who intensively studied the developments in the Balkans during the1990s. In this interview, he describes how his world of thought changed as a resultof very personal experiences as an observer on the ground in besieged Sarajevo.Additional excerpts from previously unpublished diary entries provide a vividpicture of the events of that time.

Generation ’68 in Poland (with a Czechoslovak Comparative Perspective): Introduction

Author(s): Krzysztof Jasiewicz / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2019

This is the introduction to a special section “Generation ’68 in Poland (with a Czechoslovak Comparative Perspective).” The author analyzes the concept of “generation” and introduces the articles that compose this collection.

“Down with 1989!”: The Peculiar Right-Wing Backlash against 1968 in Poland

Author(s): David Ost / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2019

Whereas much of the European right greeted the fiftieth anniversary of 1968 with a critique of its legacy, Poland’s ruling Law and Justice party was largely silent, both because 1968 did not usher in a counterculture and because the protests were directed against the communist party. And yet the Law and Justice party detests the legacy of 1968, for three reasons: 1968 was shaped by the left, ’68 activists and their values played a key role in the ensuing opposition, and because the right actually sympathizes with the communists of 1968, then dominated by nationalists. The right thus traditionally attacks the legacy of 1968 by attacking 1989 instead, when ’68ers played a central role and new left progressivism could finally emerge. That began changing early in 2018 when Poland’s parliament passed its Holocaust-speech law banning calumny against the “Polish Nation.” The resulting criticism brought 1968 back with a vengeance, with the right openly inhabiting the role of the national-communists, and beginning to attack Poland’s 1968 directly. Shedding new light on the diverse meanings of 1968 and the relationship of the right to national communism, the piece ends by looking at developments through Bernhard and Kubik’s theory of the politics of memory.

Czechoslovak Generational Experience of 1968: The Intellectual History Perspective

Author(s): Kristina Andělová / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2019

1968 is universally considered as the year that Marxism and socialism achieved significant political legitimacy amongst the younger generation. This is only partly true for Czechoslovakia, where the younger generations—students in their early twenties, but also young intellectuals, artists, and political activists entering their professional careers—brought about the emancipation of non-Marxist political thinking in public discourse. In this article, I demonstrate the intellectual clash of the generations of 1968: the older generation that represented Dubček’s famous “socialism with a human face” and that made the Prague Spring liberalization possible by introducing a set of reforms, and new political generations—of students and young intellectuals who rejected the idea of Reform Communism as insufficient for real democratic order. Examining each generation’s understanding of key political concepts such as “opposition” or “political pluralism” reveals that the younger generations had vastly different expectations of “socialism with a human face.”

Claiming the Shipyard, the Cowboy Hat, and the Anchor for Women: Polish Feminism’s Dialogue and Struggle with National Symbolism

Author(s): Agnieszka Graff / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2019

This article examines the evolving role of national symbolism in Polish feminist discourses and activist practices since 1989. Three case studies involving symbolic appropriation are presented; in each, cultural signs of great importance to the national imaginary are put to work for women’s equality in acts of resistance to nationalist rhetoric. The first case is the graffiti reportedly seen on the wall of the Gdańsk Shipyard during the 1980 Solidarity strike: “Women, do not disturb us, we are fighting for Poland.” The sign and the story behind it came to play an important role in feminist debates about national belonging and exclusion. The second example is the 1989 election poster featuring Gary Cooper, twice transformed by feminists. Finally, the article examines the struggle between nationalists and feminists over the “fighting Poland” sign associated with the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. The Black Protest of 2016 creatively transformed this symbol, which led to much public debate and several court cases. This article argues that Polish feminism is engaged in contestation of the dominant understanding of nationhood imposed by right-wing, male-centered forces and the Catholic Church. Responses to the post-1989 resurgence of nationalism have constituted key dividing lines between strands of feminist activism and thinking in Poland. The two competing strategies have been pathos and irony. The Black Protest seems to mark a new stage in these developments—one that corresponds to Victor Turner’s communitas, with its characteristic turmoil and symbolic intensity.

Серското българско мъжко педагогическо училище 1895–1913 г.

Author(s): Georgi Trenchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

The high schools opened by the Bulgarian Exarchate could not solve the problem of training teachers for the Bulgarian schools in Macedonia and Edirne Thrace. That is why the Exarchate decided to open pedagogical schools. The Serres Men's Pedagogical School is one of them. This publication, based on archival and published sources, discusses the emergence and development of this school. The curricula, the organization, the teachers, the students, the base of the school and its results during the years of its existence are revealed.

Originea muncii reflectată în Biblie și în folclorul românesc

Author(s): Andrei Prohin / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 31/2019

The paper is dedicated to the traditional regard on labour, a regard based on two fundamental domains of the traditional society: the main book of Christianity (Bible) and the literary creation, both having a great age and a considerable impact on the social representations. The author analyses how labour is presented in the Holy Writ: as a duty that was assigned by God to the first humans, in Paradise. It later became a means for supporting life and a source of pain due to the original sin, committed by first humans, and their expulsion from Paradise. The author traces this biblical motif in several Romanian folk creations – wedding orations, Christmas carols, creation legends. In the traditional imaginary world, the episode of the original sin sometimes misses or it contains extra-biblical details. One of the frequent ideas is that God has taught Adam and Eve the main domestic occupations and has given them the necessary implements. Labour proves thus the Creator’s care for humans. The folk sources also support the idea that when humans, during their earthly life, had broken God’s commands, their labour became a tiresome occupation that does not always culminate with results corresponding to the invested effort.

Class and Social Structure in Hungarian Sociology

Author(s): Ágnes Gagyi,Márk Áron Éber / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2015

The article follows changes in the paradigms and institutional context of Hungarian sociology of social structure, as formed by Hungary’s double dependence on Soviet and Western cores throughout the second part of the twentieth century. It demonstrates that as a result of those changes, the concept of class has been absent from the sociology of social structure from the early 1970s on. Thinking towards a possible reconstruction of twentieth-century Hungarian social formation in a class-sensitive perspective embedded in the dynamics of the capitalist world system, we point at a typical effect of global hierarchies on the description of local social structure: the tendency to identify a “double structure” in local society. This gesture places various characteristics of local society on two different ontological levels—for example, Western versus Eastern, future versus past. We argue that in order to conceive of local social formation as part of an integrated global history, this internalized effect of global hierarchies needs to be transcended.

В новите броеве на списанията на издателство ,,Aз-буки“ четете

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2020