ARISTONIK I "DRŽAVA SUNCA”, I. DIO

Author(s): Salmedin Mesihović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2016

The transitional epoch from the period of the Middle Republic to the Late Republic (centered on the year of the plebeian tribune Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, 133 BC) abounded with social and democratic movements.Some of these movements acquired very radical forms. One such movement was led by Aristonicus, who claimed the crown of the Pergamon kingdom. He gathered those who wanted to change the social order and establishment. In the ϐirst part of the article about Aristonicus and his„Sun State”, original epigraphic and literary sources are discussed.

Václav Havel: Posthumous Reclamation of a National Hero?

Author(s): Barbara J. Falk,Daniela Bouvier-Valenta / Language(s): English Issue: 03/2024

A playwright, philosopher, and president, Václav Havel was well known at home and abroad for all his “careers” and contributions. This article compares and contrasts the recognition accorded to Havel at home and abroad, examining differing assessments and aspects of his legacy - his key contributions to politics, history, and the history of ideas. Within the Czech Republic, we refer to processes and types of memorialization such as local media, exhibitions, how Havel is and was referenced in protest, and more “official” memorials. This national process of reclaiming Havel increasingly brings his domestic profile into accord with his long-standing international stature—which was decidedly not the case while he was in political office. By following avenues of evidence and example from institutional and official levels to more decentralized, local, and unofficial initiatives, we explore which aspects of Havel’s own usable past are referenced, which in turn illuminates how collective memory is shaped. The process of memorializing Havel and paying tribute to his ideas and legacy is necessarily unfinished. Although he died in 2011, how Havel is remembered will continue to evolve, along with larger national and international discussions of dissidence and the impact of Charter 77, as both he and the Velvet Revolution continue to resonate in movements for political change in authoritarian regimes.

THE CAUSE OF NAVIGATION ACCIDENTS ON THE ROMANIAN COAST OF THE BLACK SEA IN THE 20TH CENTURY

Author(s): Anca Gabriela Glogoveanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 38/2024

Over the years, the Romanian Navy, both in the Black Sea and on the seas and oceans of the world, has not been spared by storms, catastrophes and naval accidents, resulting in the sinking of dozens of ships and significant loss of human life. An integral part of the history of our country, the history of the Romanian navy has a rich, complex and interesting past in its specifics. The Romanian means of navigation on the Danube and the Black Sea have developed and perfected over the years, in relation to the evolution of the naval technique specific to South-Eastern Europe, in accordance with the Romanian geographical and relief conditions. Thus, the seas and oceans of the world have always had a vital importance for mankind, they represent the ways through which commercial maritime transports were carried out, an important part of the world economy.

Jak indián (ne)přišel o I aneb Dilema pojmu v současném diskurzu: Několik poznámek na úvod

Author(s): Monika Brenišínová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 70/2024

The text is an introduction to a series of seven studies and essays dealing with the use of the term indián/Indián (Indian) in the Czech language as well as in the Anglo-Saxon and Latin American contexts. The editorial first briefly introduces the main problems of the use of the term indián/Indián and related terms both in the domestic and in the Anglo-Saxon and Latin American contexts. It then presents the problems of the grammatical use of the word indián/Indián in the Czech language. It also sums up the discussion related to the use of the term indio in the Anglo-Saxon and Ibero-American environment. Furthermore, it discusses the meaning and genesis of the term indio in the Spanish language and the environment of the former Spanish overseas colonies. The issue of the use of the term indio/indígena in contemporary discourse, academic in particular, is also examined.

Jak používat pojem INDIÁN a jak jej psát?

Author(s): Kateřina Klápšťová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 70/2024

The paper defends the opinion that the term “Indián” should be written with a capital initial letter in the Czech language, despite the latest edition of the Czech Spelling Rules, which classify this term among anthropological names like “běloch” (white person) or “černoch” (black person) etc., which use a lowercase initial letter in Czech. The author criticizes this classification, as well as the incorrect reasoning behind it, arguing that “Indian” is a demonym designating the first inhabitants of the continent. Although the term originated from a historical error — confusing America with India — it has been widely recognized and used in the Czech lands. The paper suggests that the romanticizing term “Indian” should be reserved only for popular scientific discourse aimed at the general public. However, in academic contexts, the term Indians should be replaced by the term “Původní obyvatel/é Ameriky” (Native peoples of America).

Potřebujeme v češtině I/indiány?

Author(s): Ondřej Pivoda / Language(s): Czech Issue: 70/2024

The paper discusses the appropriateness of using the word Indian in the Czech language and gives reasons why it is correct to spell it using a capital letter. The second part of the paper deals with the naming of the various Native American ethnic groups in Czech.

Sto let po brazilském Týdnu moderního umění: „Manifest současné indiánské literatury“ od Trudruy Dorrico

Author(s): Karolina Válová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 70/2024

In 2022, Brazil commemorated two crucial moments in its historical and cultural development. Two hundred years have passed since independence from Portugal and one hundred years since the socalled Modern Art Week (Semana de Arte Moderna) in Sao Paulo. In addition to celebrations, the year 2022 was also a year of new perspectives on both anniversaries, especially through the lens of the First Nations of Brazil. One of the significant efforts was the article “Centenary of Art Week Mobilizes Indigenous Artists” (Centenário da Semana da Arte mobiliza artistas indígenas) and the “Manifesto of Contemporary Native Brasilian Literature” (Manifesto da Literatura Indígena Contemporânea) contained in it. The text by the Brazilian writer Trudruá Dorrico was intentionally published a week before the anniversary, on February 9, 2022, in the online magazine Ecoa. The analysis of several slogans of the manifesto will focus on the issue of tribal ancestors and “Macunaíma’s grandchildren”.

Terror, Literature, History: Michel Foucault and Ann Radcliffe

Author(s): Josef Fulka / Language(s): English Issue: 70/2024

The object of the present study is a particular literary reference that repeatedly appears in Michel Foucault’s work — a reference to the work of Ann Radcliffe. We present a close study of the passages where Foucault, in one way or another, deals with Ann Radcliffe’s novels (or novels that he believed to be written by Radcliffe), and attempt to show that Foucault’s interest in the “literature of terror” is not at all accidental. For Foucault, Gothic fiction is a literary “embodiment” of the historical transition from classicism to modernity.

Kafka Unchained: Returns beyond Biofiction

Author(s): Benno Wagner / Language(s): English Issue: 70/2024

Against the background of the 100th anniversary of Franz Kafka’s death, the article explores a branch of author-as-character fiction that escapes the generic restraints of biography and biofiction: unchained writer fiction. Using Steven Soderbergh’s film Kafka (1991), filmmaker Gil Kofman’s novel debut aKa (2023), and Haruki Murakami’s global bestseller Kafka on the Shore (2002/2005) as a provisional sample, different modes of unchaining Kafka from the fetters of biography and biofiction are brought to light and contrasted against each other.

Sluch má dějiny: obrat ke zvuku a případ hluché reformace

Author(s): Anna Kvíčalová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2024

The paper introduces sound studies as a field of interdisciplinary historical research and demonstrates how the history of sound and hearing can be explored in the historical record, using the example of the early Calvinist Reformation in Geneva. It argues that hearing difficulties were the central theme of early Calvinism that significantly shaped the character of its religious and material culture, and proposes to study the Reformation as a process of systematically creating a new culture of attentive listening. It shows that the Calvinist Reformation played an active role in constructing historical categories such as deafness as well as in defining distinctions between good and bad hearing and sound, contributing to the broadly defined history of acoustics.

Paměti a vzpomínky jako neopomenutelný historický pramen? Emil Kellner a jeho „železničářské“ vzpomínky

Author(s): Klára Fabianková,Ivan Jakubec / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2024

The paper focuses on a hitherto untapped source of a subjective nature, which is on the borderline between private and institutionally requested provenance. Two manuscript memoirs of Emil Kellner, a long-time railway employee, can be found in the State Regional Archive in Prague within the fund of České dráhy, a. s., Prague [Czech Railways, JSC]. They were written in 1954 and 1955 at the instigation of the Railway Archive and the Ministry of Railways. They cover the period from the last third of the 19th century with gaps until 1941. The memoirs provide some interesting facts that were not previously known or, on the contrary, confirm some things already known. The memoirs give an insight into the (everyday), routine life on the railway. The characteristics of the employees and their fates, not excluding the social dimension, are extremely interesting. The memoirs also provide details of dealings with superiors (requests, personal presentations, interventions, patronage, visits to railway management in Vienna or Prague) and transcribed documents (correspondence) depicting railway administration during the monarchy.

Османският „феодализъм“ и пречките пред развитието на българското земеделие през ХІХ век

Author(s): Petar Dobrev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The malign influence of the Ottoman “feudal system” on the economic development of the Balkan region is a persistent theme in Bulgarian historiography. Like any empire that established its structures in the Middle Ages, the Ottoman state did not give much economic freedom to the rural population in its development, although there are serious historical disputes as to whether the existence of timars can be equated with European feudalism. Without entering into this debate, my paper examines developments in the late Ottoman Empire, most notably after the Land Law of 1858. While formally preserving the supreme ownership of land in the hands of the Sultan, the law in practice legitimized private property, which in turn legitimized a long-standing practice. The population of the Bulgarian lands began to accumulate land en masse, and the number of chiftliks held by Christians increased. Some of these chiftliks evolved into modern capitalist estates, but in the mass case the changes in agriculture were slow and geographically isolated. But to what extent can the reasons for this be traced back to alleged Ottoman “feudalism”? To what extent was the role of the state a hindrance, or were there other global factors that impeded the transition to capitalism in agriculture? Accordingly, was it the Ottoman legacy that hindered agrarian capitalism in post-1878 Bulgaria, where modern chiftliks remained an isolated phenomenon?

An Introduction to the Topic ‘Copernicus and Astrology’. A Commentary on the Theses of Robert S. Westman

Author(s): Michał Kokowski / Language(s): English Issue: 23/2024

This article is an introduction to the subject of Copernicus and astrology. It presents an overview of a set of facts and positions of researchers exploring the relevant ideas of Copernicus, as well as the author’s own perspective. A key role is played by a critique of R.S. Westman’s theses.

Wprowadzenie do tematyki ‘Kopernik a astrologia’. Komentarz do tez Roberta S. Westmana

Author(s): Michał Kokowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2024

The article is an introduction to the subject of “Copernicus and astrology”. An overview of the set of facts and positions of researchers of Copernicus’s thought related to this topic is presented, as well as the author’s position. A key role is played by the criticism of R.S. Westman’s theses.

Was Copernicus an Astrologer?

Author(s): George Borski,Ivan Kolkov / Language(s): English Issue: 23/2024

The question ‘Was Copernicus an astrologer’ is prima facie very clear, while in fact being quite ambiguous. This question should rather be regarded as a vast topic covering lots of more concise questions such as ‘Was Copernicus thoroughly educated in astrology?’, ‘Did Copernicus believe in astrology?’ or ‘Did a mature Copernicus practice astrology?’Unfortunately, thus far, consensus has not been achieved among historians on any of them. Accordingly, the topic has been for some time, and still is, a battlefield of the most acrimonious debates in Copernicology, nay, perhaps in the whole history of science.Carefully made distinctions and subsequent analysis of the common pro et contra arguments enabled this paper to arbitrate the different perspectives. None of the arguments has been found to have a decisive force. In general, while the pro lines of reasoning are normally based upon insecure or even faulty inductive logic, their contra counterparts often suffer from ex silentio inferences or even ad ignorantiam fallacy.Two new, subtle arguments have been introduced instead. They can be considered as genuine new evidence allowing for the resolution of some lingering doubts. First, the natal charts of Copernicus that were cast in the middle of the 16th century have been studied. The excessively exact birth hour of Copernicus at 4:48 PM has quite naturally been expected to be a result of a preliminary astrological rectification. However, apparently it was not rectified by the algorithms most popular at the time. The findings suggest the number-symbolic rather than astrological inclinations of Copernicus.Further, a careful analysis of Copernicus’s annotations in the Alfonsine Tables revealed a link between the misprints corrected by him and the ancient observations he included in De Revolutionibus. Consequently, an extensive astrological use of the tables by him can be excluded with a high probability. Moreover, Copernicus likely never used Regiomontanus Tables on a regular basis either.The conclusion integrates all the available arguments pertinent to the relationship of Copernicus with astrology.

Was Copernicus an Astrologer? From the Perspective of a Historian of Astrology

Author(s): Sylwia Konarska-Zimnicka / Language(s): English Issue: 23/2024

Nicolaus Copernicus’s achievements in the field of astronomy are widely known and undisputed, but few people know that he also studied astrology – in his time recognised as a science and a subject of academic lectures. Evidence of this activity, though scarce, is preserved in the margins of one of the popular astrological treatises of the 15th and 16th centuries, which was owned by Nicolaus Copernicus. Thanks to these marginal notes it is possible to undertake a consideration of the scale and reasons for the involvement of the astronomer in the exploration of astrology.

Первостепенное значение нравственности в «Этике» Петра Кропоткина и в его отношении к революции (по книге Вячеслава Маркина «Неизвестный Кропоткин»)

Author(s): Sergey Saytanov / Language(s): English,Russian Issue: 2/2024

In his last major work, "Ethics", Pyotr Kropotkin summed up the reflections of his entire life, both on the future construction of an anarchist society, and on setting the main priorities in matters of paramount importance of moral values for its emergence and existence. And he considered the emergence of a new ethics, which should be based on a new high morality, to be the main such priority. Morality for Peter Kropotkin is the most significant part of ethics; it is both beauty and harmony, both in nature and in the future anarchist society. In his book “Ethics”, Pyotr Kropotkin intended to outline only the main ideas, but he laid the foundation for the whole direction of the new anarchist morality.

Изложба „Истории“ на Лаура Димитрова и Стефан Алтъков

Author(s): Marieta Konova / Language(s): Bosnian,English Issue: 2/2024

The text is an interpretive analysis of the artworks of the artists Laura Dimitrova and Stefan Altkov, created in the period 2022–2023 and presented in a general exhibition “Stories” in various gallery spaces in the country. The exhibition takes on a different look in each exhibition area, it is rearranged and its individual components and details are added, removed or replaced in order to achieve a spatial arrangement of the “narrative”. The artworks are characterized by a unique plastic language for each of the artists, individual preferences of means of expression and materials, but the exhibition acts as a dynamic andcomprehensive work of visual arts in the spirit of postmodernism of the XXI century.

Символизмът в творчеството на Александър Мутафов (1879–1957)

Author(s): Ivo Raykov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024

Alexander Mutafov is one of the most recognizable names in Bulgarian fine art. He began his creative career as a painting student at the Royal Academy of Art in Turin. After completing his education in Italy, he went to specialize in painting in Munich. In Turin and in the Bavarian capital, Mutafov became part of the contemporary artistic pursuits of the era. It is inspired by the modern discourse of symbolic poetics. In the solitude of individualism and in decadent culture, he discovers that personal and intimate path to selfexpression, to the materialization of his inner world and the depths of his creative emotionality. The symbolistic searches in his work can be divided mainly into two directions: on the one hand, there are those in which we find the clear parameters of individualism (lonely human figures by the sandy shore, violinists overhanging the sea abyss, portraits of his relatives presented in the characteristic symbolism external forms mourning lonely grave women), on the other hand are those in which the author looks into the mythological image and the supernatural world (demons, mythical deities, sea sirens, the image of death, personifications of heavenly bodies and natural objects). As one of the significant representatives of marinism in Bulgarian art, Mutafov’s symbolic works unfold in front of the sea or in its depths. Forever inspired by the beauty of the Bulgarian Black Sea, the artist looks into the mytho-poetic topos associated with it. The vastness of the sea itself will take the form of a symbol, be sometimes alluring, sometimes sinister, and often beguiling to doom, or compassionate and kind, like a close friend. The sea often comes alive, through its turbulent and dark waters or through the calm reflections in the frozen water, in an experienced and deeply felt work.

Свидетелство за събитията в Албания от навечерието на Първата световна война. Jan Fabius. Six mois en Albanie fevrier – juillet 1914. Traduction du neerlandais et notes de Bernard Lory, Postface de Nathalie Clayer.

Author(s): Nikolay Poppetrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2024