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Opportunities for Revitalization of Rural Areas in Poland and Bulgaria after the War in Ukraine

Author(s): Daniela Tsvyatkova,Agnieszka Wrzochalska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

As a result of the armed conflict in Ukraine, nearly a third of Ukrainians have been forcibly displaced from their homes. This is one of the largest displacement crises in the world and in our time. Bulgaria and Poland were among the first EU countries to welcome the migrant wave in the early hours of the war. The aim of this paper is to identify the current problems and certain socio-economic prospects of Ukrainian migrants in Poland and Bulgaria after the start of the military conflict The article also aims to try to answer the question of whether it is possible to revive rural areas in Poland and Bulgaria, given the potential that incoming foreigners (mostly Ukrainian citizens) represent for our countries. To achieve the set goal, the authors use quantitative and qualitative methods, representative official statistical data from the NSI, migration services, non-governmental organizations, results of primary research, office studies, Internet sources etc. The application of the scientific method, as well as the inductive and deductive methods helps to analyze demographic and socioeconomic processes in their dynamic development and highlight their impact on the socio-economic environment in Bulgaria and Poland. The authors reveal the need to make more effective use of the economic and social potential of migrants and the opportunities for rural revitalization in both host countries. The integration of migrant business into the economic environment of Bulgaria and Poland requires not only training of the migrants themselves, but also of the institutions and society as a whole regarding the benefits of this activity. This is definitely an underestimated area with huge potential that is underutilized for the socio-economic development of rural areas and ensuring a normal and peaceful existence for Ukrainian families in the chosen host country.

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Innovative Marketing Solutions and Value Creation in Agribusiness: The Case of Slovak Winery

Author(s): Elena Horská,Dana Országhová,Radomíra Hornyák-Gregáňová,Ľudmila Nagyová,Iveta Košovská,Eva Dreveňáková,Dominika Kucbeľová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The creation of added value in the agro-sector is an essential part of the strategy of any business entity interested in a competitive position in the food market in a local, national, and international context. In the framework of the European Green Deal, the European food system known as the „Farm to Fork“ strategy, must bring the benefits to the climate, biodiversity, and health of population. One way how to achieve is the way of innovations in terms of technological or marketing progress or value added. The value created in the product creation process can be supported by appropriate innovative practices, with the effective involvement of modern marketing tools and the application of market segmentation. Each market segment and each level of the food system need different added value and innovations are perceived differently. Consumer perception we consider as an important aspect in successful implementation of the „Farm to Fork“ strategy at the level of consumer. Using the example of a Slovak wine producer, we point out the possibilities of using innovative marketing approaches to increase the value of a locally produced product (segmentation, marketing communication, event marketing and using social media). We used Google analytics to evaluate the quality of marketing communication. We chose the period from 01/04/2022 to 31/10/2022 as the monitored period because it is the period when the winery is most active from marketing point of view due to many wine tours and wine tasting that take place in observed period. Moreover, the observed winery, Frtus Winery, is trying to reach a very specific target group (searching for luxury products) within in market segmentation process, so marketing communication and social media must consider this aspect. To increase the value of using social media for marketing communication, we recommend to create a content plan, use of storytelling and story selling, and to create video content. Using video as a marketing tool can be significant to the marketing strategy. Email marketing is not very new, but still interesting tool of digital marketing. The goal of email marketing is to increase customer loyalty to the brand and encourage repeated purchases. The key is keeping emails relevant and interesting. Last, but not least, we mention the marketing position of ambassador as a person who represents company/brand and cooperates with brand continuously. Ambassador can be an expert in certain field or influential figure. They have significant impact on brand reputation and sales.

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Impact of Demographic Factors on Economic Activity in Bulgaria's Rural Territories

Author(s): Julia Doitchinova,Elitsa Lazarova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Bulgaria has one of the fastest rates of population decline in the EU and the world. In 2021, the value is observed to be 21.6% lower compared to the value recorded in 2001. Changes in rural areas are even more dynamic and have a negative impact on their development opportunities. This paper aims to examine and analyse the economic activity of the rural population using statistical data obtained from population censuses. The analysis is mainly focused on the interdependencies between economic activity, employment in agriculture and their implications for the rural economy. Correlation and regression analysis were applied to test the research hypotheses. The summary of the obtained results shows that the coefficient of economic activity rises until 2020, but activity is uneven and at different rates in different regions, with the coefficient being lower in villages at the expense of economic activity in cities; • The unemployment rate in Bulgaria has gone through three stages: until 2013, it was in double digits, then it dropped to 4.2 (in 2021), and in 2019, an increase began, which varied greatly by region. The unemployment rate is significantly higher in the villages, with the most significant differences in the younger age groups; • The correlation analysis revealed a weak, positive, and insignificant relationship between the rural population and the coefficient of economic activity, as well as the presence of a medium, positive, and significant relationship between the rural population and the agricultural labour force; According to the regression analysis, Annual work unit has a positive and significant influence on the population in rural areas, indicating that agricultural specialization and automation are still in their early stages in Bulgaria, and the workforce in the industry is structure-determining Demographic processes have a negative impact on rural development. A cyclical pattern emerges wherein a declining local economy and depopulation coexist and mutually reinforce one another. A decline in demographic potential and a lack of human capital may limit investment flow. For these reasons, investing in human capital is regarded as a critical means of reversing unfavourable trends in demographic structures and processes in all countries affected by accelerated aging and depopulation. This includes improving the health-care system, education, and other social services, as well as raising the living standards of rural inhabitants. To achieve this goal, regional demographic policies must be developed that take into account the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of each region.

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Building a Sustainable Future by Implementing the Green Economy Concept in Bulgaria and Bulgarian Agricultural Sector

Author(s): Albena Miteva / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The concept of a green economy has gained significant traction as societies worldwide seek to balance economic growth with environmental preservation. Bulgaria, a country known for its rich cultural heritage and diverse natural landscapes, stands at a crucial juncture in its development journey. By capitalizing on the nation's strengths and addressing its challenges, Bulgaria can forge a path toward economic growth while preserving its natural heritage for generations to come. Through collective effort, informed policies, and innovative practices, Bulgaria can serve as a shining example of a country committed to harmonizing economic advancement with environmental stewardship. Embracing a green economy offers Bulgaria the opportunity to foster sustainable growth, reduce environmental degradation, and enhance overall well-being. The transition to a Green economy allows Bulgaria to transform its own economy – from a low-efficiency and resource-intensive one to an economy based on knowledge, digitalization and green growth, generating high added value and guaranteeing long-term sustainability. The green economy concept centers on the integration of economic development, environmental protection, and social well-being. It emphasizes resource efficiency, the minimization of waste, and the shift towards renewable energy sources. A green economy is characterized by sustainable and environmentally friendly practices that promote economic growth while minimizing negative impacts on the environment. A green economy is an economic system that aims to reduce environmental risks and ecological scarcities while promoting sustainable development. It focuses on creating a balance between economic growth, environmental protection, and social well-being. In the context of agriculture, a green economy involves implementing practices that minimize negative impacts on the environment, conserve natural resources, and promote sustainable food production. It encompasses sectors like energy, transportation, industry, and agriculture, among others. The concept revolves around the efficient use of resources, reduction of pollution, and conservation of biodiversity. This approach aims to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation, promoting sustainable practices that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The successful transition to a green economy requires collaboration among government, businesses, and civil society, along with strategic investments and supportive policies. This report delves into the theoretical basis of a green economy, explores its pros and cons, identifies obstacles to its implementation, discusses challenges in the agricultural sector, highlights promising sectors, provides examples of green initiatives in Bulgaria, and on this basis offers guidelines for a more efficient transition.

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Bioeconomy – Present and Future

Author(s): Monika Sabeva,Diana Kopeva / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The pressure on ecosystems has intensified as a result of excessive pollution, overexploitation and depletion of natural resources. This imposes the need of a radical change in the existing methods of processing, storage, recycling and disposal of biological resources by establishing sustainable production and consumption models. The need to step up the transition to both clean energy and sustainable, resilient and equitable food systems has never been stronger and clearer. Future implementation of the EU Bioeconomy Action Plan will need to take into account the implications for food and energy prices, as well as the prices of energy-intensive products and global supply chains, and address the resulting additional pressures on natural resources at ecosystem boundaries. Activities in the bioeconomy sectors are especially reliant on healthy ecosystems to ensure a sustained production of biomass, but at the same time activities along the bioeconomy supply chains generate environmental impacts which can damage local and global ecosystems. The bioeconomy is directly related to 11 of all 17 Sustainable Development Goals but though the EU undertakes the steps necessary to achieve sustainability, there is still a wide range of actions to be taken in order to ensure the transition towards bioeconomy and to mitigate and eliminate the negative impacts on the environment. In the study we have focused on three important indicators that give insight about current state and trends in EU and Bulgaria about bioeconomy, respectively employment in the bioeconomy, turnover in bioeconomy, and value added at factor cost in the bioeconomy. The trend in Bulgaria follows that of the EU for those indicators which indicates the continuity of the measures adopted at the EU level and the consistency of the actions at the supranational level. The paper is based on a thorough review of available reports, analysis of official documents as action plans, communications, programs, strategies and data related to bioeconomy at EU level, reviewed in the context of global efforts for achieving sustainability. The main objective of this research is to represent the international efforts aimed at the protection of natural resources and to evaluate the measures taken to stimulate the EU transition towards bioeconomy.

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PRINCIPLES AND PREMISES

Author(s): Vojin Dimitrijević,Ljubomir Krstić,Miroslav Hadžić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The document is about the state of human rights in Yugoslavia at the end of 2000, discussing the historical background, political parties, and conflicts within the country.

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Идеалът от „Начертанието“ пресъздаден в концепцията „Сръбски свят“

Author(s): Mirela Vladimirova-Dimitrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The report examines the two leading nationalist concepts of Serbia based upon a survey exploring the popularity of the ideas of the modern „Serbian World“, its ideological connection with its predecessor „The Načertanije“, as well as the changes in the Serbian national ideal over the years. After 76 processing and analyzing the obtained results the researcher underlines the need of further studies and their dissemination among the Bulgarian society thus to avoid misconceptions and facilitate optimization of the external political efforts of the state.

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Процес на вземане на решения в политическите партии в България

Author(s): Mihail Stavrev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This article analyzes the decision-making process in the political parties in Bulgaria. The decision-making mechanisms, which are legally enshrined in the statutes of the political parties, are conditionally distinguished from the actual decision-making process, examined through the lens of part of the national representative and national management (operational) bodies of the political parties. Special attention has also been given to the question of internal party democracy as an important factor in the specific decision-making process. In view of the large number of political parties in Bulgaria, the study is limited to an analysis of the decision-making processes in BSP (Bulgarian Socialist Party), DPS (Dvizhenie za prava i svobodi), GERB and PP (Produlzhavame promyanata).

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Съществени личностни характеристики за формиране личността на лидера в общинската администрация на територията на Република България

Author(s): Loreta Traykova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This article aims at exploring and presenting a set of essential personal characteristics necessary to form the leader in the municipal administration in the Republic of Bulgaria. It uses data from a specially designed online survey among the mayors in the municipalities on the territory of the Republic of Bulgaria, as well as the regional mayors of the cities of Sofia, Plovdiv and Varna. In this article, the focus will be on one of the questionnaires used in the study. It includes questions grouped in five building blocks and aims at revealing different aspects of the person‘s personality who form his/her personal profile. The methods of analysis that are used are descriptive statistics, the calculation of mean values, and the testing of statistical hypotheses. The analysis identifies the essential personality characteristics that are derived on the basis of the completed questionnaires by the mayors. Statistically significant differences in gender are observed mainly in terms of the Emotionality building block.

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Подготвени за пазара на труда: иновативни стратегии за професионална реализация

Author(s): Spasimira Davidova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The article analyzes the necessity of introducing new approaches in education related to preparing young individuals for the contemporary, dynamic labor market. The author explores innovative strategies for students' preparation in higher education institutions. Through a review of educational domains, collaboration with the business sector, and innovative trends, the article defines strategies aimed at improving preparation for the modern work environment. The article emphasizes the importance of bridging the gap between education and industry. With an innovative approach, it underscores the significance of lifelong learning and adaptive thinking. Innovative strategies are crucial for preparing young people for the contemporary job market. These strategies not only lay the foundation for a successful career but also cultivate a sustainable approach to professional development.

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Възможности за корпоративна институционализация на доброволчеството

Author(s): Milena Tzakovska / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Volunteering in modern society has developed more and more in the context of the evaluation of its manifestation. The very concept of volunteering tends to emerge from the bosom of quiet and undisclosed goodness and moves to a level where it seeks widespread popularity, both as specific events and their results, as well as the results as a whole. Thus, the good example is multiplied by giving the opportunity to a wider range of people to receive information about the result of the voluntary activity and its effects. This trend is also projected on the ever-deeper inclusion of volunteers as part of the corporate culture. The incorporation of voluntary work into the corporate sphere is an expression of the possibility of its institutionalization. It is expressed in outlining the parameters of volunteering in terms of the attitudes of employees to be included in them, as well as describing the role and meaning that volunteering brings to society, to the organization and its image. At the organizational management level, this is realized by including the topic of volunteering in the components of quality management systems, in particular – in social responsibility. This trend is observed both in the private sector and in public organizations.

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Innovation Policy Copes to Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive: An Interaction Approach

Author(s): Alessandro Cinti,Nicole Lillini / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper explores the implications of the Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD), adopted at first reading by the European Parliament on 24 April 2024, for fostering innovation within businesses operating in the European Union, particularly those engaged in green energy transitions and decarbonisation strategies. The CSDDD introduces stringent requirements for companies to conduct due diligence on environmental sustainability, including the certification of green supply chains. These requirements align with internationally recognised frameworks, such as the OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Business Conduct and sectoral guidance, which provide practical steps for companies to identify, prevent, mitigate, and account for potential impacts across their operations, supply chains, and business relationships. The concept of due diligence is further embedded in the recommendations of the International Labour Organization’s (ILO) Tripartite Declaration of Principles concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy. Through a narrative, exploratory- qualitative approach, this study investigates the effect of these regulations on innovation processes, using the Alpha company as a single case study. Semi-structured interviews with Alpha’s managers reveal how the company integrates sustainability and innovation, with a particular focus on strategies relevant to energy cooperatives, underscoring the critical role of both internal and external interactions. The findings advance theoretical models that link sustainability regulations with innovation, emphasising the significance of this relationship for both managerial practices and policy formulation within the context of energy cooperatives and green energy transitions.

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The Role of Small Modular Reactors and Nuclear Waste Disposal in Energy Communities

Author(s): E. Mladenova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Small modular reactors are key to switching to cleaner energy and integrating them into energy communities. To achieve energy security with high-tech systems in the future, countries that use nuclear energy could create additional opportunities in order to balance and ensure independence in the energy sector. The policy and principles for the safe management of radioactive waste management activities are interlinked with the safety, security, risk and internal control management process. Nuclear waste management is a critical aspect of the nuclear power industry and requires a high degree of security and safety. This includes the safe handling, storage and disposal of radioactive materials that remain after nuclear reactions, such as spent nuclear fuel and other by-products of radioactive waste. This process is of strategic national importance for a specific country where nuclear waste is generated and requires an established regulatory framework, regulatory control and well-trained personnel.

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Economic Model of the Gabrovo Energy Community: Driving Local Sustainable Energy Transition

Author(s): Todor N. Popov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In Europe, energy communities are widely acknowledged, rather in Bulgaria are still rather rare, for their capacity to bring together citizens in promoting the energy transition. Energy communities not only implement green transition policies to reduce dependence on fossil fuels in the energy system, but they also make a significant contribution to achieving Sustainable Development Goals. The present study examines the economic framework that governs the functioning of the Gabrovo Energy Community, a pioneering initiative in Bulgaria with the objective of fostering domestic renewable energy generation. Through an analysis of the financial structure of the Energy Community, this study illustrates how localised energy systems can provide substantial cost reductions, energy stability, and a feasible return on investment for both residential and non-residential stakeholders. The economic model adopted in Gabrovo fosters the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals by diminishing reliance on fossil fuels, decreasing energy costs, and empowering local stakeholders. The evaluation of key financial results, such as the expected returns of 22% over a tenyear period, is conducted considering the regulatory frameworks and market conditions. The present case study functions as a reproducible paradigm for other municipalities and regions seeking to leverage the advantages of renewable energy communities.

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Energy Communities as a Beginning of a Successful Energy Transition: Model-Based Forecasting Approach

Author(s): Ralena Kutkarska,Dimitrina Koeva / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

All scenarios for the development of the energy sector in Bulgaria, in the context of permanent processes of energy transformation and decarbonization, are subject to a comprehensive planning strategy and a revised organizational structure for the energy market, with adequate management of energy flows in the electricity system and reasoned decisions on investments in new capacities and/or reconstruction of existing ones. Energy community will play a key role in these processes. The questions of what the trends are, what are the necessary actions to overcome regulatory and financial constraints in building energy community can be answered only after an adequate forecast analysis of electricity production and consumption. It is well known that forecasting electricity production and consumption is an important aspect of ensuring optimal functioning of energy systems with guaranteed energy security, planning and thus uninterrupted power supply. The constant demand for electricity, the need for sustainability and guaranteed supply, demonstrates the need for a reliable methodology for forecasting supply and demand in the energy market. In this study, autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) statistical models are used to forecast monthly electricity generation and consumption. ARIMA models are a widely used tool for analyzing and forecasting future trends, based on historical time series data, allowing the identification of patterns and seasonality. Another advantage of these models is that they can be extended to account for various influencing factors. In this way, it is possible to consider the specifics of each energy company.

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Specifics of Global and Regional Implementation of Renewable Energy Communities

Author(s): Nikolai Nikolov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This article explores the increasing interest in Renewable Energy Communities (RECs), a subset of Smart Energy Communities (SECs) that emphasize collaborative energy use through decentralized, often renewable, energy systems. These systems enable citizens, businesses, and public entities to share energy resources, focusing on cost savings, sustainability, and safety, and are shaped by European regulations. It addresses a key gap in existing research by presenting a standardized methodology for REC implementation, adaptable to various contexts. It provides novel contributions, including a process for REC development, legal framework comparisons, and funding guidelines for different project types. Additionally, it proposes comprehensive Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to evaluate energy, environmental, economic, and social impacts. These findings aim to support policymakers and stakeholders in advancing REC initiatives through informed decision-making.

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Climate Adaptation Readiness of Bulgarian Rural Areas

Author(s): Yanka Kazakova-Mateva / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Adaptation to climate change has been raised on the political agenda since the Paris Agreement (2015). The European Climate Law (2021) recognizes that adaptation as a key component of the long-term response to climate change and requires from member states to enhance their adaptive capacity, strengthen resilience and reduce vulnerability as well as maximize the co-benefits with other policies and legislation at both national and regional levels. Local governments thus became an increasing important actor to prepare and act on climate adaptation. The objective of this paper is to assess the climate adaptation readiness of Bulgarian rural municipalities. The study is based on ord and King’s conceptual model (2015) for assessing adaptation readiness at various governance levels based on factors without which adaptation is unlikely to occur. Four factors are assessed in the study: political leadership on adaptation, institutional organisation for adaptation, availability of usable science to inform decision-making, and funding for adaptation planning, implementation and evaluation. Criteria and scores for assessing the factors are developed to address the Bulgarian context. The analytical method applied is content analysis of municipal policy documents. The Municipal integrated development plans (PIRO) for the 2021 – 2027 programming period are required to address their climate mitigation and adaptation needs in a specific section of the plans. By June 2024, 218 rural municipalities have published their PIROs online and 14 were either not available online or not officially adopted. The results show an average adaptation readiness score across the 218 rural municipalities at 3.22, indicating a ‘fair’ level of readiness. No rural municipalities reached a ‘very good’ or ‘e cellent’ level of readiness; 34% scored ‘poor’ level of readiness, 43% – ‘far’ and 23% – ‘good’. The ‘good’ scores are the highest achieved in this assessment and result from several combinations – a priority is given to adaptation and/or a combination of adaptation measures and/or responsible unit(s) defined and/or budget is estimated. The ‘poor’ scores are achieved in PIRO which tick the bare minimum for the PIRO to be approved – only general discussion of climate issues. A comparison of the results for ‘intermediate’ and ‘predominantly rural’ areas indicate no significant differences between these two categories in the EU rural areas typology. Still, the mapped individual adaptation readiness scores indicate certain geographical clustering of ‘good’ and ‘poor’ scores which requires further assessment.

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Steps Towards Sustainable Rural Development. A Comparison Between Bulgaria and Romania after 17 Years in the EU

Author(s): Maria-Claudia Diaconeasa / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The two European neighbor countries, Bulgaria and Romania, have a tangled history and share more than the Danube boarder and their location in the Balkan area. They have shared part of their history, culture, religion and traditions. Even more, they constantly compare to one another in terms of development. This closeness has led to European political and strategical decisions to be made commonly for both countries, such as the adhesion to the European Union (EU) in 2007. After a considerable period of being full members of the European Union, Bulgaria and Romania still face similar challenges and are frequently seen as a whole by other members of the EU when important decisions, like adhering to the Schengen area, are made. Nevertheless, Bulgaria and Ro-mania have been full members of the EU for 17 years and need to contribute to the same goals as every member of the EU, including sustainable rural development, currently implemented through the Sustainable Development Agenda. This paper aims to analyze the evolution of the two neighboring countries in this regard by using statistical data from Eurostat bearing in mind the Sustainable Development Goals (such as Area under organic farming or Persons at risk of poverty or social exclusion in rural areas) by using a multicriterial analysis. Some findings suggest that, while both countries have a small percentage of agricultural area converted to organic farming, Bulgaria currently shows a decrease in this area, while Romania is slowly increasing the organic cultivated area. Also, the rate of people at risk of poverty and social exclusion is decreasing for both countries, Bulgaria showing a more accelerated pace. Yet, these two countries are considerably behind the EU average for this social indicator. In Bulgaria being around 39%, in Romania around 45% and around 21% for the EU average. Therefore, these two countries have a difficult time in providing social improvements dedicated to the rural areas. Even more, this piece of research points out that little of the data regarding sustainability available on Eurostat is focused on the rural areas. Therefore, a clear differentiation between stages of development and possible strategies for the rural areas are impossible to make. This comes also as a limitation of this research. The paper points out the current state of sustainable development in the rural areas of the two countries and the weak spots regarding data gathering for enabling proper analysis and should be of interest to both scholars and public decision-makers for further analysis.

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Population in Rural Areas – Twenty Years of Poland's Membership in the EU

Author(s): Agnieszka Wrzochalska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Since the beginning of the 21st century, a few positive changes have taken place in rural areas in Poland, including those concerning rural society. At the same time, the countryside has begun to become an attractive place to live, especially areas located near cities, well connected to them. The aspirations and needs of the rural population have begun to resemble the needs of city dwellers. The lifestyle of residents in cities and rural areas has begun to become more uniform. A smaller and smaller percentage of the population has begun to work in agriculture. Several non-agricultural jobs have been created in rural areas, and non-agricultural jobs are also available in nearby towns. Therefore, expanding the educational competences or the level of formal education of the rural population to increase its importance on the labor market in the city and in the countryside is very important. At the same time, both the average size of the farm and the scale of neighboring leases have increased (Karwat-Woźniak, 2015; Karwat-Woźniak and Buks, 2022) and, to put it simply, it can be noted that even in one village, only a few professionally trained farmers (Doichinova, Stoyanova, 2020) run a farm. A positive phenomenon is the increase in the life expectancy of Polish residents, but at the same time, the progressive process of population ageing has been noted. During the period of EU membership, the rural population realized its educational aspirations by increasing the level of education and reducing educational differences in relation to the population in cities. Activities to popularize adult education have become important, consisting both in improving accessibility and in raising awareness of the benefits of lifelong learning and acquiring civilizational competences, including improving digital skills. It should be noted that the course of demographic phenomena, starting from 2020, was greatly influenced by the outbreak of the COVID 19 pandemic, which contributed to a higher number of deaths than in previous years and thus deepening the unfavorable trends of population ageing that have appeared in the last dozen or so years in our country and Europe. The article is an attempt to make a social, and primarily demographic, characterization of rural residents in Poland at the threshold of the third decade of the 21st century and the changes that have taken place in this area over the last twenty years.

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Analysis of Foreign Trade with Cereals in The European Union in the Context of Sustainable Development

Author(s): Claudiu Tudorache / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the last period the grain market in the European Union has been tested, the invasion of Russia inUkraine has affected foreign grain trade in various ways. Ukraine is one of the largest producers ofcereals and oleaginous seeds, with the invasion of Russia, the ports of Ukraine on the Black Seawere blocked, it had to be a land alternative, being the majority of cereals produced by Ukraine,through the countries of Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania (all being EU member states withrelevant agricultural activity). In the study carried out, the foreign trade with cereals in the EuropeanUnion will be analyzed in the context of sustainable development, imports, exports and the tradebalance of cereals will be analyzed in the context of an agriculture that tends from year to year to bemore sustainable, more sustainable with environment. Recently, in the European Union, most agriculturalholdings have taken important steps to become more sustainable, they have made investmentsin the latest generation technologies to reduce the degree of chemistry as well as to reduce theconsumption of fossil fuels. Through the analysis carried out, it is desired to provide an overview offoreign grain trade in the wake of the emerging imbalances, but also in the context of sustainabledevelopment. Globally, in 2023 – 2024 world grain trade is forecast to decline by around 1.8% from2022 – 2023, with export forecasts increasing for Turkey and Ukraine, but weaker export prospectsfor the European Union. This paper aims to analyze the external trade in cereals in the EuropeanUnion in the period 2004 – 2023, a period of many legislative and operational changes in the agriculturalsector in the European Union. The external trade (which includes the value of imports, exportsand the trade balance) will be correlated with a number of agricultural indicators such as chemicalfertilizer consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and certified organic areas in order to observethe state of EU agriculture in the context of the transition towards sustainable agriculture by reducingthe use of chemical fertilizers.

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