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Artificial intelligence, its application and development prospects in the context of state security

Author(s): Igor Britchenko,Krzysztof Chochowski / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Security was, is and will be one of the basic human needs. The state is naturally predestined to satisfy it. Various authorities and its structures perform a number of functions and tasks in the area of security, while increasingly using ICT and artificial intelligence (hereinafter referred to as AI for short). Today, we observe the process of the constant expansion of the list of countries using AI in order to ensure the state of security, although depending on the system in force in them, its intensity and depth of interference in the sphere of rights and freedoms of an individual are different. The purpose of this article is to define what is AI, which is applicable in the area of state security, and to indicate the prospects for the development of AI. The historical method was used as the leading one in the research process, supported by the comparative method and the dogmatic method. The development of AI in the field of security is inevitable. There is a danger of the uncontrolled development of AI and its alienation. AI will be transferred into space, enabling man to exploit it economically. It is necessary to take steps to enact legal regulations, including international ones, which will cover the methods and scope of AI use in the sphere of both military and non-military security.

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Регулиране и контрол в банковите институции на климатичните и екологични рискове

Author(s): Rumen Angelov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Banks are under increasing pressure to implement working mechanisms to control climate risks and to support the socio-economic cause of sustainable development. This pressure comes from two sides, one with governments through new regulations and the other with investors aware of the threat to the bank’s assets.Banking regulators around the world are adopting new rules to limit openness to climate risks and require stress tests to be conducted soon.

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Artificial intelligence in criminal law and its application in criminal procedure

Author(s): Aleksandra Jovanović / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

One of the basic characteristics and needs of modern society is represented by information and communication technologies and within them artificial intelligence. Due to the increasing use and importance of artificial intelligence, the author analyzed the legal framework for the application of artificial intelligence. The main intention of the author is, with the help of the analytical method, to convey the theoretical and legal determinations that are present during fifty years of research and dealing with issues in the field of artificial intelligence, knowledge and correct reasoning. By pointing out the importance of the future application of artificial intelligence, which represents a strategic point and the driver of efficient business in numerous European countries, including Serbia, as a result, the author points to the ever-increasing need and importance of its application, as well as the legal regulation of the application of artificial intelligence. The goal of the article is to point out the importance of future research on artificial intelligence in various areas of law, all with the aim of legal regulation of the application of artificial intelligence in the judiciary, which has the potential to represent a technology of general application in the future.

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Привилегиите на монарха и сигурността на държавата в следосвобожденска България (1878 – 1946 г.)

Author(s): Georgi Lyubenov Manolov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The report examines the nature and scale of privileges in the post-liberation Bulgarian reality. A special place is given to the privileges of the monarch, as well as to those of the deputies and the executive. Based on this, relevant conclusions are drawn about the privileges in the context of the national security of the state.

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Обществените манипулации в съвременната политика – неизменен елемент от структурата на хибридното управление

Author(s): Ivan Stoychev Vinarov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The current report examines the essence of public manipulation in modern politics in modern politics, refracted through the prism of hybrid governance – a new phenomenon characteristics of the era of the „information society“. The main marketing elements on which the manipulative process is based are presented. The fundamental concepts, including „political communication“, „information“, „political propaganda“, etc., are briefly examined. Attention is paid to artificial intelligence and the importance of modern mass media. The main aim of the study is to establish (still only at a theoretical level) where the tangent lies between public manipulation and hybrid governance and which of its two main components is subject to manipulative interventions. In conclusion, we distinguish between „hybrid gover¬nance“ (characteristic of domestic politics) and „hybrid wars“ (on the international stage). The text presents both the author's theses, definitions and assumptions, as well as opinions and theoretical constructions of the widely recognized authorities on the subject in Bulgaria, among whom are G. Manolov, T. Mitev, M. Mirchev, G. Yankov, P. Todorov, D. Kanev, A. Todorov, I. Nikolov, D. Peycheva, V. Stanev, G. Angelova, etc., as well as on some Internet sources.

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Изкуственият интелект и конфликтът с ислямската теология в Европа

Author(s): Asen Kolev Asenov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The role of artificial intelligence is an essential point in the theology of Islam, which, as a religion of nearly 1.7 billion people, occupies an important place in the way of life of the Muslim community. In Islamic theology, it is categorically stated that Allah „created“ man, gave him water, fruits and sustenance. This moment of the Holy Qur'an shows that any attempt to change this basic thesis will be rejected and not recognized by the Muslim community. Its uniqueness is a fundamental postulate in Islam, and this can be the basis for rejecting artificial intelligence. Thus, in certain situations, with just one fatwa, the relationship between Muslims and Christians in Europe can be changed in a very short time in a negative aspect, and artificial intelligence can become an occasion for a holy war (jihad). The subject of an impending conflict between artificial intelligence and Islamic theology is real. At this stage, these processes are not yet registered, but they are coming as a serious test for the future of humanity.

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Политическото измерение на църковната собственост (XVII век)

Author(s): Xavier Godin / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The relationship between the king and the church in France during the Ancien Régime (16th-18th centuries) can be well explained by the issue of property. In the 1670s, Colbert called for a complete reform of royal landholdings in Brittany, with mandatory justification for all alienations. The reform was critical to many landlords, especially the church, since some portions of their lands had encroached on the royal domain. The review of suspected frauds and purchases proved the king's sovereign power in a pays d’états and the crucial role of the domanialité in the Kingdom of France during the 17th century.

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Georgia's Convergence with the European Union: Export Challenges

Author(s): Nino Papachashvili,Tamta Mikaberidze,Marine Tavartkiladze / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper aims to identify Georgia's export challenges in the context of Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA) and to present the theoretical findings for the assessment the results of the Georgia’s convergence to the EU under the free trade conditions. In order to assess its impact on export, the paper provides a comparative analysis of the results of the sociological survey of Georgian exporters conducted in 2016 and 2022 and also, an experimental study on the impact of institutional distance on export. Among the important findings are: exporters with more than 5 years of experience (mostly considering sanitary and phytosanitary standards) were positively affected by institutional proximity and export flows are in positive correlation with the state effectiveness (according to the WGI) in partner countries.

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Monetary Policies in Response to Covid-19 Crisis in the Balkans. Challenges to Central Banks

Author(s): Tsvetelina Marinova,Nikolay Nenovsky / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the Balkan countries (Bulgaria, Romania and Serbia) the coronavirus pandemic has had serious economic and social repercussions. While in Bulgaria there are a number of formal, legal constraints to pursuing expansionary fiscal and monetary policies, as well as those stemming from the participation of the Bulgarian lev in the exchange rate mechanism 2 and the EU Banking Union, in Romania and Serbia the government and the central bank dispose of more policy tools and opportunities to react to crises. This is evidenced by the applied monetary easing strategies, including quantitative easing as well as other unconventional monetary policy and liquidity measures during the pandemic. In this regard the aim of the paperis to demonstrate to what extent the type of monetary regime determines the scope and nature of reactions in the event of a shock and crisis associated with systemic uncertainty and the possibilities for economic recovery in the three Balkan states.

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What Happened to Bulgaria and the Eurozone

Author(s): Yanko Hristozov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The topic of the adoption of the euro in Bulgaria is as well-worn as it is relevant with each subsequent year because the country is on the threshold of the euro zone, but something is still missing. Expectations for admission at the beginning of 2024 turned out to be impossible because Bulgaria did not meet the requirements for inflation levels, although it was exemplary in this indicator in recent years. It turned out that all efforts were in vain, but there is still hope that within one to two years the economic indicators will stabilize and the country will become a full member of the Eurozone. The purpose of this report is to examine the state of convergence indicators in Bulgaria, Croatia and Romania for the period 2020-2022 and to try to trace the reasons for our not being admitted to this monetary union, which is so important to us.

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Transition to Payments for Russian Gas in Rubles: One Step Beyond

Author(s): Vasily Tkachev / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Russia has long dominated in the supply of gas to many European countries, at the same time being heavily dependent on the foreign currency revenues from gas exports to cover its foreign currency demand. Therefore the Russia-Europe gas trade was considered mutually beneficial. Geopolitical tensions of spring 2022 changed this status quo. Russia required gas to be paid in rubles. The paper lays out an analytical framework for understanding the reasons and consequences of this drastic move based on the combination of macro- and micro-level challenges. We argue that the new mechanism of the Russian gas payments introduced in 2022 should be considered transitional to a potential future radical overhaul of the payments for Russian exports.

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Convergence of the GDP Structures of CEE Countries to the Euro Area

Author(s): Nikolay Velichkov,Dimitar Damyanov D. / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper attempts to find out to what extent CEE countries are converging towards the euro area in terms of their GDP structures. To achieve our objectives, we use a beta-convergence econometric approach that relies on fixed effects panel data estimation. We estimate a simple equation for all GDP structures and compare the results between two groups of countries. The results obtained from the empirical analysis indicate that there is a process of beta convergence in the GDP structures of the CEE countries towards the euro area. The intensity of this process shows certain specifics both in relation to the countries in and outside the euro area, and in relation to individual structural components. The increasing structural similarity does not exclude the manifestation of certain negative influences on macroeconomic dynamics, which could reduce the intensity of the real convergence process.

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POSSIBLE WAY OF COMMUNICATION AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN HEALTHCARE INSTITUTIONS

Author(s): RÁCZKEVY-DEÁK Gabriella / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Nowadays, the frustration and fear caused by COVID-19 leads to aggressive manifestations in all areas. Perhaps even more common in healthcare institutions. However, often not only the fear of this virus, but inadequate communication from healthcare workers leads to aggressive actions. Patients respond in a variety of ways to a sudden change in health or functioning. While some of them are open and grateful for care, others may express strong emotions. Some emotions expressed by patients are more difficult for health care personal to deal with. Common difficult interactions include patient expressions of emotions such as anger, anxiety, and depression, as responses to crises. These emotions could cause violent actions in healthcare institutions. The paper presents communication methods and strategies used in health care and looks for answers such as why verbal and non-verbal communication mistakes can cause physical, and verbal aggression or conflict. It examines which communication method is more useful in dealing with conflict situations occurring in patient-doctor, nurse-patient interactions in health care. The article recommends types of communication. It highlights the importance of empathy since without it the conflict cannot be solved or it can only temporarily. The article also emphasizes that it would therefore be important to train staff in appropriate communication trainings as well as to practice these lessons in situational exercises.

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VIEWS ON THE MANAGEMENT OF THE CURRENT PANDEMIC CRISIS

Author(s): TĂNASE Tiberiu,Ovidiu Boureanu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In this paper we have focused on the major challenge of the 21st century, namely the COVID-19 viral pandemic. We aimed to analyze the vast problem from several angles using resources from media, international and local organizations, global reflection centers, think tanks and others. Our aim was to search on the subject and evidence the role played by the international organizations in the fight against the pandemic COVID-19. We also evaluate the situation and challenges in the field of public health that influences national security, affecting the citizens state of health, nations and national states. After a period of 100 years of free pandemic, our world is in uncharted teritories as the new virus COVID 19 become an omnipresent element of grave concern.

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POTENTIAL NEW SOURCES OF POWER IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS. CASE STUDY: COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND HEALTH RESOURCES

Author(s): Alexandra SARCINSCHI / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper argues that there is a potential new source of power, especially of hard power, that is specific to contemporary security environment characterized by the threat of COVID-19 pandemic. The starting premise is that the health system resources are a potential new source of hard power for a state actor to promote its foreign policy based on inducements or rewards. In terms of J. S. Nye Jr., health system resources might be used as a bribe or promise not for military or economic assistance (as specific to hard power), but for medical/humanitarian assistance. Therefore, the paper starts with a brief theoretical overview of the power concept and sources of power and continues with an analysis of the way in which a pandemic affects the international politics, especially the COVID-19 one.

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COVID-19: PROPAGANDA AND THE FEAR-FACTOR IN THE INTERNATIONAL AGENDA – A PERSONAL EXPERIENCE

Author(s): Urushadze Maia / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

At the start of 2019, when humanity was not yet sharply facing the threat of COVID, the security paradigm showed a tendency to change. In particular, in recent years, as far back as the beginning of last year, the attention of security experts has been focused on qualitatively new challenges. It is natural that COVID-19 pandemic has already changed the safety requirements of the world. Societies have changed in each country, in particular human relations, culture, and rules. The domestic and foreign policies of the states, border regulations, and the specifics of transportation have also changed. Besides, the most important social factor can be considered that a new struggle of interpretations has been activated in the media agenda. The worldwide international media agenda observation reveals that there are a lot of conspiracy theories have been developed around the pandemic virus, which strengthens mainstream ideological narratives through the fear factor. They have appealed to the fears in two conflicting directions and developed relevant interpretations in societies globally, within states. In this power struggle of interpretations, it is seen that the pandemic has imposed new responsibilities on the ruling elites, but also gives visible advantages to all local authorities. In particular, it is in their hands that the powerful, fear-backed levers of management are accumulated, with the help of which it is possible to strengthen the power. In the article is given the case of author’s personal experience.

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COVID-19 CRISIS – FRAGILE BALANCING BETWEEN CONTAINMENT MEASURES AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

Author(s): Cristian Băhnăreanu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic, the worst health crisis in the last 50 years, has disturbed the society and the economy through a series of negative effects to the people health and economic growth. Measures to prevent and combat the spread of the virus taken by most countries in the world in March-April have led, particularly in the second quarter of this year, to a generalized decline in economic activity. In this context, the paper analyzes whether the national authorities in the affected countries have managed to find a proper balance between measures to protect the health of citizens and those to ensure the smooth running of the economy.

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ADJUSTMENT OF AIR POWER TO CHALLENGES RAISED BY CYBER OPERATIONS

Author(s): Vasile-Cristian Onesimiuc,Sorin Topor / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Innovation and digital technologies have an even greater influence on the development and growth of the air power efficiency. Cyber operations are more and more visible and therefore presented as being part of normality. Upon state level, air force can no longer ignore this reality and has to take active measures to adapt to the new state of normality. Adaptation of the air power to the challenges raised by cyber operations is a lengthy process, which develops continuously and that shall cause additional consumption of means and resources that would usually have been allocated to other activities. However, provided the adaption of the air power to the new reality becomes impossible, then it will, unavoidably, lead to its transformation into a paper tiger.

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CURRENT TRENDS IN MILITARY LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT

Author(s): MITROI Cosmin-Florinel / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the current security environment, the trend for national security logistics will be, in our opinion, a logistics focused on supporting the needs of the armed forces and will have the mission to provide the security system forces with the necessary civilian and military personnel, equipment, means of subsistence and essential support, at the requested destination, at the required time and in the requested quantity, during the operations designed to take place. The forces of the national military system will have to develop a logistics system in an integrated network of unitary action. The expected transformation will not take place immediately but will require essential changes, in stages, of the current logistics system, which will allow the forces of the national military system to train its personnel and modernize, but especially to be more rapidly deployable, highly maneuverable, sustainable and efficient.

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Some Speculations on Measurability with WERY (War Economic Recovery Index)

Author(s): Elena Simeonova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper proposes and conceptually outlines an author’s composite indicator for measuring from political risk perspective the economic recovery after the current Russian-Ukrainian war. The core assumption is that the economic recovery is inevitable according to the general law of systems and the cyclicality. The aim is by combining and amending available measuring tools to propose new derivative which gives a different prospective economic recovery measurement. As a measurement tool, WERI is not yet complete and will be subject to future refinement and development. It should be perceived as a kind of manifestation of the author's passion for measurement and the construction of measuring tools.

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