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Space forces and the purpose of excuse for the militarization of outer space: an international crime against peace

Author(s): Adnan Jashari,Stefani Stojchevska,Vedije Ratkoceri / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Triggered by the recent establishment of the U.S. Space Force, the concept of developing national space forces raises many questions concerning peace and humanity, which simultaneously contradict the guarantee of peace and safety. It is generally assumed that the militarization of outer space manifested by space forces would represent a symbol of the threatening power and dominance of space-faring nations. Considering outer space as a contemporary war zone, however, would legally represent a violation of the Outer Space Treaty, even though the treaty itself contains major loopholes legally allowing hostile extraterrestrial activities. The main purpose of this paper is to legally analyze the militarization of outer space from two contrasting perspectives: national security versus international crime against peace, where national predispositions that lead to the initiation of extraterrestrial wars of aggression are recognized as international crimes against peace, meaning that space forces would likely run afoul of international space law.

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Challenges and Achievements of European Education Ministers on Information Exchange and Collaboration within the European Economic Community between 60s and 80s

Author(s): Cristina-Iulia Gîlă / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This article examines the concerns of all national education systems in Europe regarding exchanges of information, ideas and collaborations since the beginning of the configuration of the European Community in the 1960s. The idea of working together member states for a better future for the younger generation was found both in the documents of the Conferences of Heads of State on Education and in the consultations of education experts. This was pointed out by education ministers, such as Edgar Faure or Olivier Guichard, in France, who made strong arguments, demonstrating responsibility for action for future generations. Although the beginning was difficult, in the 1960s the documents referred to the education of the children of migrant workers, the importance of learning modern languages, the recognition of diplomas.In the 1980s, meetings at the level of education ministers highlighted a deepening and strengthening of cooperation to adapt language teaching models, expand the study of European history and European institutions in secondary education increasing access to education for children with special needs, setting up school spaces for language learning, but especially the creation of a European Centre for Education.

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On Community in the Political Theology of Jacob Taubes

Author(s): Daniel Tincu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The present paper aims to analyse through a systematic approach the notion of “community” encountered in the works of Jacob Taubes. Under a theologico-political scenario, the author discusses the political framework of Saint Paul in his Letter to the Romans. According to Taubes, the Apostle inaugurates a new type of sovereignty — acquired by the grace of God, and not by the divine law. Ultimately, the plan of Paul is to create a new “life” for the community of Christians through spirit (gr. πνεῦμα) and the highest form of love (gr. ἀγάπη). According to the author, the Letter to the Romans perfectly illustrates the transformation of the political, where the idea of hierarchy is replaced with the one of equilibrium; under this equation religion is not authority, but participation in community. From a more practical point of view, the political theology of Jacob Taubes is interested in answering the following dilemma: how is it possible for a community that sees its Lord crucified on the Cross not to create rebellions, but, on the contrary, to generally cultivate an obedient attitude towards state authority? Ultimately, while mapping the author’s understanding of community, the paper also brings into attention what the transformation of the political means for Taubes and why political theology is the scenario that accommodates the revolutionised community.

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Public Support for the EU in Times of Crisis and the Drivers of Euroscepticism

Author(s): Iuliana-Lăcrămioara Tincu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the context of the economic, political and social crises that unfolded during the recent years, the European Union had to withstand a growing pressure from the part of its dissatisfied citizens. The long-term effects of the economic crisis, the limited ability to manage refugee flows or the difficulty to come up with joint solutions to pressing issues have highlighted the shortcoming of the EU as a political system, while also giving rise to growing criticism from EU citizens and the loss of their trust. The 2016 referendum vote of British citizens that subsequently led to what came to be known as “Brexit” could be perceived both as a crisis and as an outcome of the growing popular dissatisfaction and protest from the part of British citizens. Consequently, the present article aims to explore the connections between recent crises and the evolution of European citizens’ attitudes in relation to the EU and the integration process as a whole. This perspective could ultimately shed some light on the roots and drivers of Euroscepticism in the context of an inability of the EU as a political system to channel the solidarity of Member States towards common solutions and to cope with the existing social, economic, and cultural divisions in Europe.

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The Fight against Corruption in Sport: International and National Experience

Author(s): Vasile Triboi,Natalia Nastas / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Corruption is a particularly dangerous scourge, which encompasses the whole of society, all spheres of human activity, and by virtue of this, it also encompasses education, whether we want to recognize it or not.Corruption flourishes in times of great social unrest, in times of crisis that societies are going through, especially in the period of transition from a totalitarian regime to a democratic society.The factor generating corruption is the socio-economic crisis, having as causes: weakening of state authority, degradation of living standards, altered moral judgment, lack of effective control levers, diminished public confidence in institutions and social values, non-adaptation of legislation to economic and social conditions and so on Sport is one of the largest businesses in the world, being influenced and influencing in turn both financial and political interests. Every year, millions of dollars and Euros circulate in this area, most of the transactions and agreements taking place behind closed doors, in order to keep any possible advantage over the competition. This fierce competitiveness, together with the lack of transparency, makes the sports field extremely vulnerable to corruption acts.Summarizing the results of our study, we can conclude: the fight against corruption is an opportunity for beneficiary institutions, which can strengthen and improve their systems for preventing and combating corruption and money laundering and asset recovery, by reference to worldwide first-class practices and standards. Following intense consultations with all beneficiaries in the Republic of Moldova: Minister of Education, Culture and Research, National Olympic and Sports Committee, Paralympics’ Committee, Sports Federations and other structures in the country, in order to ensure effective support in the field of physical culture and sports. The direct relations with the interested actors contribute to the creation of a positive framework, which will favour the general success of the future activities that will take place in obtaining the expected results.

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Shared Management between the European Commission and Romania on the Implementation of European Structural and Investment Funds

Author(s): Iulian Miserciu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The European Commission (EC) and Romania ensure a shared management of European funds and the principles governing the current financial framework are those of sound financial management. For each operational program, European regulations make mandatory the existence of the following authorities: the management body (MA), the certifying body (CA) and the audit institution (AA), which must operate independently of each other. Each Member State has the freedom to create its own institutional framework, if the three authorities mentioned in the European regulations are clearly defined and delineated.The present article aims to present whether the management and control system (MCS) implemented at the Romanian level is too bureaucratic if too many authorities have been created on the European Commission's cash flow. At the same time, some of the main causes will be identified, which may lead to a lack of beneficiaries' interest in accessing the funds allocated to certain programs. Some of these cases originate from the 2007-2013 programming period where Romania was sanctioned by the European Commission with many financial corrections due to systemic irregularities identified in the process of public procurement procedure, the evaluation and selection process projects. At the same time, the lack of funding due to the failure to complete some projects in time in December 2015 will be considered, as it is compulsory to ensure the necessary public and private financial resources from the own local budgets or from the state budget in order to be able to be finished.

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A Vision Re Trans Meridian Connectivity of Eastern European Union Countries (EEUC)

Author(s): Nikola Yankov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In this article we discuss the Eastern European Union Countries (EEUC) issue of the European contenentalisation/re-continentalisation process. We point out how the tracing, projecting and realizing of Trans continental meridian transportation corridors and axes could facilitate the development of peripheric and marginalized regions.The article is presenting a view (vision) regarding the Trans meridian transport connectivity of Eastern European Union countries and in particular – Bulgaria and Romania. It states that concrete transport corridors axes, sub axes and corridors are an important tool for integrated and joint development (economic, social, ecologic) of some less developed regions in the mentioned countries.The article also pointed out that it is needed Transportation grid innovation that make the regional development to happen. They affect the Balkan Peninsula Transport Grid vision with parallel and meridian axes and corridors.

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Механизъм за предупреждение на макроикономически дисбаланси в ЕС – концептуална рамка и литературен преглед по проблема за финансовата дисциплина и макроикономическите дисбаланси в ЕС

Author(s): Silvia Trifonova,Valya Vasileva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This article focuses on the EU’s macroeconomic imbalances prevention mechanism. The aim of the article is to explore the nature and conceptual framework of this mechanism and to systematize, group and critically analyze the theoretical and empirical research on the problem of financial discipline and macroeconomic imbalances in the EU. To achieve the set goal, the following research methods were used – theoreticalmethodological, inductive-deductive, method of analysis and synthesis, historical-logical approach, comparative analysis, systematic approach, and others. The first part of the article clarifies the nature of the mechanism for preventing macroeconomic imbalances in the EU. The second part of the article provides a literature review and critical analysis of theoretical and empirical research on the problem of financial discipline and macroeconomic imbalances in the EU. Finally, the article concludes with a summary of the findings of the study.

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Реакция на Европейската централна банка на кризата, причинена от Covid-19

Author(s): Aglika Kaneva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This research is dedicated to the ECB’s measures in the field of monetary policy and banking supervision for mitigating the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the euro area economy. The Pandemic Emergency Purchase Program has been studied. A quantitative analysis of the implementation of the Programme has been made.

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Пандемията КОВИД-19 и съответствието на системата на финансиране на Европейския съюз с основополагащата цел за кохезия и с основните ценности за равенство, демокрация и върховенство на правото

Author(s): Dencho Georgiev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The package of the European Union's Multiannual Financial Framework 2021-2027, including the Green Deal and the Own Resources Decision, was conceived as the EU's main response to address the devastating effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the question arises as to what extent the acts of this package, as well as the system of the financing of EU policies as a whole, are consistent with the fundamental objectives and values enshrined in the Treaties on the European Union. In particular, in view of the expected deepening of economic, social and territorial inequalities as a result of the pandemic, it is of key importance to answer the question whether the MFF package complies with the fundamental aim of cohesion and solidarity between Member States in Article 3 of the EU Treaty, which in turn is based on the values in Article 2 TEU, including equality, democracy and the rule of law, which are at the top of the hierarchy of EU law. The paper offers answers to this question, paying particular attention to the requirement under Article 175 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union that all EU policies (not only its cohesion policy) and actions, as well as the functioning of its internal market, are consistent with the objectives of cohesion and contribute to their achievement. What follows from this requirement is a sui generis primacy of the objectives of cohesion over the objectives of all other EU policies and activities.

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Многогодишната финансова рамка на Eвропейския съюз и неговите основни цели и ценности

Author(s): Dencho Georgiev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Brexit is an opportunity for the EU to bring its finances in line with its fundamental aim of cohesion and with its fundamental values of equality, democracy and the rule of law, incl. the requirement of Art.175 TFEU that all its policies and actions and the implementation of its internal market shall contribute to the achievement of the objectives of cohesion. This could be done by eliminating the regressive elements and introducing progressivity into the system of ‘own resources’ and the financing of the policies of the EU. In the new MFF progressivity could be introduced for Member States’ contributions based on GNI, with a coefficient which would reflect the percentage deviation of the respective Member State from the EU average GNI per capita. ‘Automatic progressive stabilizers’ could take the form of ‘progressive national co-financing' for Member States above the cohesion threshold of 90% of the EU average GDP per capita, with a progressive increase of national co-financing depending on the deviation from the EU average GDP per capita.

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АКТУАЛНИ ДЪРЖАВНИ СТИМУЛИ В САЩ ЗА ПОДКРЕПА НА ИНВЕСТИТОРСКАТА АКТИВНОСТ

Author(s): Shtelyan Kalchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

COVID-19 pandemic and its sequences has demonstrated that the world is not only in a health crisis, but on a brink of a global economical crisis. The following effects of lockdowns, broken supply chains, rising inflation and geopolitical insecurity have increased the risk for the real estate investment activity, pressing the governments, in particular the US, to modify and increase their stimuli and support for the sector. The purpose of this report is to analyze current government stimuli in USA, which aim to preserve unemployment rate, deal with rising issues of housing affordability and growing mortgage delinquency rate, etc.

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РОЛЯТА НА ДЪРЖАВАТА ЗА ПРОТИВОДЕЙСТВИЕ СРЕЩУ ОБЕЗЛЮДЯВАНЕТО НА СЕЛСКИ РАЙОНИ В БЪЛГАРИЯ

Author(s): Kiril Stoyanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The report examines the process of depopulation in the rural areas of Bulgaria, which affects directly the real estate market and investments in the construction sector. The role of the state is fundamental for preventive measures in this aspect. The work presents information about the national and international programmes implemented in the country in the last fifty years and presentation of guidelines for its possible solution.

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Издигна ли се професионализмът във външната политика на България през последните 45 години?

Author(s): Dinko Dinkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The creation of International Relations program at the University of National and World Economy (UNWE) laid the foundations for a Bulgarian school for the study of processes around the world and for the training of staff for Bulgarian foreign policy and diplomacy. Many enthusiasts contributed to the establishment of the Department of International Relations as a serious research center and as a unit that played an important role in the training of thousands of specialists in the field of international relations. The Department of International Relations has a great merit for the development of scientific research in the field of international relations and foreign policy, for the understanding of international relations, the processes in the world. The creation of such a university program contributes to rising professionalism in the development and implementation of the foreign policy of the Republic of Bulgaria. At the same time, some problems remain unsolved. The main one is that our scientific thought, our expertise is still running away from the big problems of world development. We still demonstrate lack of self-confidence and inability to navigate complex processes in the modern world. The international system is changing very dynamically and the foreign policy of a country should work to create the most favorable external conditions that enable the achievement of its foreign policy goals.

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Китай: различната глобална сила

Author(s): Antonina Habova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

China has returned peacefully to the international scene as a global power. This has been made possible thanks to the significant transformation and progress made by China in a relatively short period of time in a number of important dimensions of global power: economic power, dimplomatic and military power, political system that delivers outcomes, technological progress, its own vision of world order. The aim of this report is to present some of the main elements of this transformation, to analyze their potential to further increase China’s strategic opportunities and the ensuing challenges to status quo in the international system.

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Европейският енергиен сектор – от пандемични сътресения към устойчиво възстановяване

Author(s): Elisabeth Yoneva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Тhe aim of the study is to outline the specific challenges and complications the EU is facing in the energy sector as a result of the start of the pandemic crisis. The paper explores Europe’s positions in the various energy dimensions by applying a comparative perspective with the world pattern. The author discusses the principal elements of the debate, to what extent the pandemic shocks are perceived and used as opportunities to generate “green growth” and how this issue is rooted in the controversy over the proposed recovery measures to overcome the economic collapse. In the context of the research topic, the analysis showcases the main vectors of EU energy metamorphoses, in order to reveal its potential for transition towards a new energy paradigm.

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Бъдещето на европейската отбрана – споделена или обща политика за сигурност и отбрана на ЕС?

Author(s): Monika Panayotova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The paper aims to focus the attention on two key processes:*the unprecedented pan European exercise in deliberative democracy called the „Conference on the Future of Europe“, and *the strategic rethinking of the security environment in the face of new threats and geopolitical changes through the development of the so-called „Strategic Compass“. Outlining the three key words as a departure point of the analysis-debate, future and sovereignty – the author attempts to answer the question of what the future of European defence is and how member states should not only share but also delegate their sovereignty in order to have a workable CSDP.

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Мерки на европейските институции за ограничаване на въздействието на пандемията от COVID-19 върху икономиките на страните членки на Европейския съюз

Author(s): Aglika Kaneva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In this paper, the measures of the European Commission and other European institutions such as the European Investment Bank and the ECB for limiting the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on the EU Member States’ economies have been examined. An analysis has been made of the actions at the European level in various fields, such as State aid, the EU budget, funding from the EU cohesion policy, fiscal policy, support for the sectors most affected by the pandemic – agriculture and fisheries and transport, monetary policy and the EU prudential rules for banks.

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War Psychology and the Military Moral Dilemmas

Author(s): Cristian Dobre / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The article presents one of the most significant psychological aspects experienced by the military during their operations – ethics and morality. Thus, it dives deeper into the idea of “war psychology”, to then analyse the biggest ethical and moral dilemmas of the military during battle. Far from exhausting the subject, the article wants to draw attention to the fact that, in the end, the military is still human, and in the absence of adequate preparation for combat and adequate post-action psychological support at the end of the conflict, moral wounds can appear, which, most of the time, are as painful and devastating as the physical ones.

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The Importance of the Economic Field in Modern Political Warfare. Case Study: NATO Eastern Flank Member States

Author(s): Vlad Ionuț Dumitrache,Andreea Stefania Cozmei / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The aim of this paper is to present the importance that the economic field has in the concept of modern political warfare. Correlating the economic field with that of geopolitics and security has become a variable that NATO member states can no longer ignore. Using the descriptive analysis method, we aim to show the importance that economic policies have in influencing the political and strategic regional landscape, and have chosen the Eastern Flank countries to do that. We plan to test this theory by studying three major areas of economic policies that we consider have impacted the security and defence landscape in recent years. The first area is defence expenditure, the second one is fiscal policies and the third one is energy policies. Recent security events have fundamentally changed the European Union's green energy policies and objectives. Some of them have been postponed, others replaced, therefore, we seek to analyse the way in which European states on the Eastern Flank mitigate these rising issues, in terms of both the energy field and the correlation of energy policies with the other ones.

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