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THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON FUTURE MILITARY ACTIONS

Author(s): Marian HOGEA / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an artifact (computer) that works effectively to achieve a certain goal. Artificial Intelligence Technology has entered a new period of rapid development and is recognized as the most perceptual technology capable of changing the future world. The trend of developing artificial intelligence in the coming years will have an impact on societies, governments, and last but not least on the military environment. Some emerging trends have already begun to appear, therefore, many countries in the world have raised the development of artificial intelligence at the level of national strategy and strongly supported it from the perspective of policy orientation, strategic planning and capital budgeting. The emergence of artificial intelligence weapons will radically change the way in which armed conflicts are being prepared and carried out, that is, „man-to-man” warfare tends to become a war of „machine killing”. Whoever has the best software will win the war. From this perspective, we aim to highlight the integration and functioning of weapons and technologies based on artificial intelligence within the command and control systems and execution structures to uncover the elements of informational and decisional superiority, as well as the success factors in the dynamics of future military actions.

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EXTREMISM AND RADICALISM – CHALLENGES FOR THE EUROPEAN SECURITY

Author(s): Teodor Badiu,Daniel-Mihai DUȚU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The development of industries and the emergence of globalization have led to the alteration of the physical boundaries of the states, and the geographical proximity has given rise to the desire of each individual to have a different identity than others, desire that led to the emergence of radical and extremist ideologies and movements. These differ according to factors that cause individuals to radicalize, but also depending on the purposes of these movements. Thus, the international society faces many radical movements, such as radical Islamism, revolutionary nationalism and extreme populism, resulting in the accession of extremist groups in national and international leadership structures. Today we are talking about mass radicalization representing a real threat to international and human security that generalized especially since 9/11.This paper aims to analyze the causes and modes of manifestation of extremist ideologies,focusing on radicalization models and on the impact that these ideologies and movements have on both international and individual levels

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ON STRATEGY IN HYBRID WARFARE

Author(s): Dan Lucian PETRESCU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Hybrid warfare is one of the most complex issues regarding the security of actors in the world, at the beginning of the 21st century. Each hybrid threat has a configuration which corresponds to a strategic model that underpins the manifestation of the threat – the hybrid aggression – carried out by an aggressor against a target, usually a state actor. The latter has to develop a system in a “whole-of-government” approach, corresponding to its own characteristics, integrated into that of the partners and adapted to the configuration of the hybrid threat that may be conducted against it, which allows the target to survive and counteract it, meaning to detect and prevent the threat, to manifest resilience against the aggression and to respond accordingly. The hybrid threat countering system must implement a coherent strategy, which uses all instruments of power in actions carried out across all are as that define the state actor to achieve all national security goals and to meet the purpose for which it was created.

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THEORIES ON HYBRID THREAT AND HYBRID WAR. DEVELOPMENTS IN MILITARY THINKING

Author(s): Costinel Nicolae MAREȘI / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Suggesting a short citation of Marcus Luttrell, one of the American heroes of Asadabad, Afghanistan 2005, we can say that the war is not only black and white, it can also be gray, and the one who refuses to fight in the gray zone may lose the fight. This is the simplistic description, but it is a realistic way of conducting the contemporary war.In practice, the hybrid war existed, some said, just before being theorized, but this fundamental feature has gained new strengths in the contemporaneity, through the massive integration of aggressive means belonging to other plans than the military one. The theories regarding the hybrid war were accepted and granted by the schools of military thinking thanks to the efforts of experienced military personnel that fought in the conflict zones after the Cold War, the academic environment in the field of military sciences and the military organizations/ military entities that develop and apply military doctrines.

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NATO-EU STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP FOR COUNTERING HYBRID THREATS

Author(s): Costinel Nicolae MAREȘI / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The start of NATO-EU strategic partnership in countering hybrid threats was marked on July 8, 2016. At the NATO summit in Warsaw the president of the European Council Donald Tusk, the president of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker and NATO secretary general Jens Stoltenberg signed a joint statement on EU-NATO cooperation in the field of defense and security. The discussions held by both parties at this summit aimed at starting joint projects against a common adversary, the 21st century hybrid threats. The general opinion was for increasing the ability to counter hybrid threats by strengthening resilience, by exchanging timely information and partnerships between intelligence departments, for building a strategic communication coordinated between both parties, as well as for having corresponding and coordinated military exercises built on countering hybrid threat scenario.

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NUCLEAR DECISION-MAKING PROCESS IN JOINT MULTINATIONAL OPERATIONS

Author(s): Alexandru Herciu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

We are witnessing these days an unprecedented harsh controversy over the development of nuclear capabilities as a result of the failure of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty. The brawls are more complicated than that, in the sense that there are many concerns for the development of combat components with nuclear warheads with tactical, operational, and strategic use. The main objective of the paper is to address issues related to the management of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) information in the operation of multinational joint forces that possess nuclear capabilities or operate in nuclear environment. Considering that the use of nuclear weapons at the right time can create favorable conditions for achieving decisive results in the dynamics of military operations, the lethal consequences of their use can significantly influence military operations and increase the complexity of the battlefield. Under these circumstances, allied forces must be able to perform all types of operations in such a complex environment.

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SEA CONTROL – AN ESSENTIAL TASK FOR NAVAL FORCES

Author(s): Valentin – Marian TOMA,Ion Chiorcea / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Sea control is designed to secure a given part of the sea and control the sea lines of communications for a specific purpose, which essentially means that one side possesses superiority over its enemy, and interrupts or cuts off the enemy’s sea lines of communication without major opposition from the enemy. It means that the enemy does not have a significant capability to interfere with the stronger side. Controls of a specific sea area require strong naval forces which is able to achieve a substantial degree of control of surface, air and subsurface. Sea control can be strategic, operational, and tactical; it depends on the dimension of the maritime domain where the sea control concept is applied. The structure and the capabilities of naval forces are essential for maintaining sea control for a period of time. By obtaining sea control in a specific maritime area, the stronger side can exert a strong political,diplomatic and military influence on the events.

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ETHICAL-MORAL PRINCIPLES CURRENTLY USED IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Author(s): Daniel Cocolici / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The current international system bases its moral fundamentals on principles developed along the centuries with major contribution from theorists associated to the Western and Christian culture.The Just war theory, a term that encompasses generally agreed moral and ethic principles on how to declare, conduct and conclude a war, is a collective effort of theorists who contributed decisively to the blueprints of the UN Charter and are strongly reflected in the Geneva Conventions provisions. Both documents are fundamental in regulating the way the relationship between states are currently shaped.This status quo allows advanced democratic states to engage, either using the framework provided by the military alliances, the already established security organizations or the ad-hoc coalitions, throughout the full spectrum of military operations in support of peace, subject to moral justification of their military action.However, recent transformation on the nature of war, technological developments and the emergence of new non-state actors on the international stage are challenging the existing paradigm.

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MILITARY MEANS AND METHODS OF UNDERMINING USED BY THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Author(s): Marius Titi Potîrniche / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper presents some of the military means and methods, used by the Russian Federation to undermine some targeted states, with reference to increasing its geopolitical ambitions while trying to become an important center of power in a multi-polar world and reduce the US influence in Europe and Asia. Controlling the states in the immediate proximity of its borders has always represented for Russia an objective of utmost importance in terms of physical security. Russia considers that its geographical position may generate some vulnerabilities, being therefore entitled to appeal to a combination of arrangements, pressure,grants and diverse sanctions. All these generate a change in the way of promoting national security interests, as well as and the art of waging and conduct war.

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THE SOCIAL-IDENTITARY PARTICULARITY OF THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF WAR, THE VULNERABILITIES OF THE EUROPEAN ETHOS AND THE ETIOLOGY OF THE AGGRESSIVENESS MANIFESTED IN THE IMPACT AREA OF RELIGIOUS MILITANCY

Author(s): Lucian Grigore / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The reconfiguration of geostrategic games, the resurrection of extremist nationalism,the ethnic and religious fragmentation, the ideological radicalization and the emergence of terrorist groups stimulated by the amplitude of the Islamic radicalization at a European level are challenges that must be integrated to a more comprehensive strategic vision. The assessment of the European security environment, characterized by its complexity and dynamism, leads to a higher level of understanding of the relationships that are made between the social, cultural, political and military factors involved. In this paper we point out the conflictual potential settled in the dynamics of fundamentalist ideologies engaged in the fight for the defense of religious principles, at the intersection between different cultures and traditions. The hypothesis on the basis of which we initiated this approach refers to the fact that in the operation areas of certain motivations that are confined to conflictuality, together with other instability factors, the religious radicalism interferes as source of threat to peace. There search is oriented towards the analysis of the etiology of aggression manifested in the impact area of religious activism.

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HUMAN PARADIGM IN THE MILITARY AREA. A PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACH

Author(s): Ion SÎRBU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

All the areas of human existence can be analysed within the human paradigm, inclusively the military one. It is necessary to ensure the safety of the human species and it's living environment. The paradigm generally presents itself as the dominant vision, as a model for addressing and solving the problems of one or another epoch, or stages of the development of human science and practice. Paradigms can be particular, general and universal.Ecological paradigm, for example, can be used in most sciences and fields, including the military sphere. It imposes the imperative not to harm, not to destroy, to preserve and restore the nature and its various elements, including the human nature, therefore of his body and mind.Human paradigm is a universal one and can be used in all fields and spheres of human knowledge and activity, including military ones.The universal nature of the human paradigm seems to be incompatible with the military sphere. Or, even more, the military activity seems fall under an opposite paradigm – an anti-human paradigm. Human paradigm can be turned to good account gradually and often only partially,in military research, science and practice, including in war-related ones. Globalization, based on the universal human paradigm, could lead to the exclusion from violence and wars of all kinds from human practice.

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IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION OF STATEHOOD AND THE IMAGE OF THE ADVERSARY IN THE DE FACTO STATES ABKHAZIA AND SOUTH OSSETIA

Author(s): Elena ONU (TUDOR) / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper aims to analyze the modus operandi of the "secessionist vocal regimes"in South Ossetia and Abkhazia and the stages of state identity building and the image of the adversary. Based on the Theory of the Regional Security Complex (RSCT/ Barry Buzan) and the Theory of Linkage and Leverage (Steven Levitsky and Lucan A. Way) and analyzing the rhetoric of senior officials in the European Union, the Russian Federation and NATO, the paper attempts to throw a shed light on how domestic and foreign political actors influenced or supported the evolution of unresolved conflicts in the Republic of Georgia.

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THE POLITICAL PROGRAM OF PRESIDENT VOLODYMYR ZELENSKY. HIS POSITION TOWARDS CRIMEA AND SELF-PROCLAIMED REPUBLICS DONETK AND LUGANSK

Author(s): Elena ONU (TUDOR) / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The victory in the election for Ukrainian President of Comedy Actor, Volodymyr Zelensky, was considered a new political beginning for this country facing an open conflict in the eastern regions, carried by pro-Russian separatists, but also with the loss Crimea following the illegal annexation by the Russian Federation.The paper proposes an analysis of the political course of the current leader in Kiev, focusing on the political and oligarchic entities that supported his accession to the supreme function in the state, but also the importance he attaches to the recovery of Crimea, the settlement of the conflict in the Donetsk and Lugansk People’s Republics and the new separatist tendencies in Transcarpathia. It also aims to establish the position adopted by the North Atlantic Alliance,the US, the EU and the Russian Federation both towards Kiev and the separatist elements in this country.

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UKRAINE TO BOOST ITS DEFENCE AGAINST RUSSIA

Author(s): Jan-Florin GANEA,Robert-Mihai Poenaru / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The new conflicts that are arising at international level tend not to fall within the sphere of traditional conflicts which humanity saw in the last century, and in our opinion cannot be resolved through actions such as peace treaties, peacekeeping operations or ceasefire conventions. The new clashes are conducted through hybrid actions. Such a conflict has been going on in Ukraine since 2014. The reasons for its outburst and the main actions taken at international level to resolve this conflict will be discussed in this article.

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SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE FOR IOT DEVICES IN THE DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENT

Author(s): Carmen Florea,Viorel SURDU,Victor GÂNSAC / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Nowadays, IoT devices are a part of our lives and we use them directly or indirectly. A common problem with these devices is the security and protection of data which is generated by its. In the paper it is proposed an architecture which aim to improve the security of IoT devices in the domestic environment. This architecture will improve the security level of IoT devices in any "Smart home" by creating an initial communication footprint for each IoT device identified in the network, also, will identify behavioural and traffic anomalies of IoT devices by generating security alerts in a dashboard based on configurable security thresholds. By interconnecting the monitoring and the protection module of the IoT devices in the domestic environment the possible problems regarding the security of the IoT devices can be detected and recommendations for increasing the security can be generated to the producers.

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SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE AND REQUIREMENTS FOR A SIMULATION PLATFORM OF CYBER ATTACKS OR IIOT DEVICES IN SMART CITY ENVIRONMENT

Author(s): Carmen Florea / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The present paper presents the architecture and requirements necessary to develop an intelligent simulating platform tailored to the IIoT smart city environment, with an emphasis on resilience to different type of security attacks. Specifically, we intend to detect malicious traffic in Intelligent IoT (IIoT) radio networks, based on the initial radio fingerprint of the IIoT devices. The solution proposed in this paper will offer security and will facilitate the interoperability between different communication protocols used in IIoT for smart city applications. We intend to evaluate the proposed solution using both real network attacks traces in order to provide the proof of concept, and using simulation tools in order to proof its scalability.

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Od ideologije do subverzije: promišljanje jugoslavenstva u Hrvatskoj u 21. stoljeću

Author(s): Petr Stehlík / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

After the breakup of Yugoslavia and the “abduction” of Yugoslav name by the regime of Slobodan Milošević, it seemed that Yugoslavism is a concept solely belonging to the past. Yugoslavism lost its national-integrational role it used to have in the 19th century, as well as its privileged status of the state ideology, which it used to enjoy in both incarnations of Yugoslavia. However, at the dawn of 21st century several Croatian intellectuals – with historian and publicist Dragan Markovina at the forefront – strive to reconceive Yugoslavism. The aim of the paper is to present and contextualize their deliberations on Yugoslavism as a subversive strategy and a value alternative to the dominant cultural model in Croatia and the other countries of the former Yugoslavia.

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Влияние на пандемията от COVID-19 върху мерките в областта на опазване на околната среда, финансирани от Кохезионния фонд на ЕС в България

Author(s): Stoyan Neytchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This report provides a brief overview and analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on environmental measures funded by the EU Cohesion Fund in Bulgaria. The main focus of the study is the implementation phase of the measures, namely the preparation of documentation for public procurement and conducting the award procedures and the impact of the state of emergency imposed in the country on the implementation of the measures. Circumstances related to delays in the implementation processes and their impact on the country’s obligations as a Member State of the European Union are analyzed.

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Мониторинг и оценка на въздействието на кохезионната политика за държавите-членки на ЕС от Централна и Източна Европа (2007-2018 г.)

Author(s): Mariela Savkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The threat of major regional disparities in the EU affects the core of the European integration process. That is why in the 90s of the 20th century the Member States adopted socio-economic cohesion in the Union as their primary objective. Thus, from the first Multiannual Financial Framework (1988) until today, they allocate more than one-third of their budget to the regions that are lagging behind in their socio-economic development. How has this goal been implemented in the new member-states (MS) from the Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries and does the European funds improve cohesion with the EU? The study evaluates the level of cohesion of eleven MS from the Central and Eastern Europe and their fifty-nine NUTS 2 regions, following the completion of a full multiannual financial framework with the EU. These are the Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Romania, Bulgaria and Croatia. The subject of this study are the factors that accelerate and slow down the process of socio-economic cohesion within the EU. A theory of regional inequalities is studied, related concepts have been outlined and respective conclusions drawn.

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Impactul situației pandemice asupra relațiilor comerciale

Author(s): Dragos Daghie / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

The year of grace 2020 brought a unique situation for our society, in the context of pandemic situations never seen before by contemporaries. The danger of losing one's life but also the fear of the unknown has determined and continues to determine a state of insecurity that is fundamentally reflected in all areas of society. Of course, the sphere of trade could not be avoided, this very important area of the economy being severely affected by all the measures that have been taken to combat, limit and prevent the spread of the virus. Thus, the commercial contracts suffered, the non-executions of the contract being very common, just as the delays or non-conformities increased. Also effects on trade were the decreases in the number of transactions and the clientele that used the goods/services of traders, given the travel limitations and restrictions imposed during emergencies and/or alerts.

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