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CHINA VERSUS THE US IN THE MIDDLE EAST: COOPERATION OR COMPETITION?

Author(s): Cristina-Florentina Dincă / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Over the last years, People’s Republic of China (PRC) has surpassed the United States of America (U.S.) as the world’s leading energy consumer and importer of oil.China’s relations with the Middle East become an important issue with global implications.This paper examines China’s interests in and its strategy towards the Middle East and what are the consequences for the U.S.. The aim is to find out to what extend China’s expanding presence in the Middle East poses a threat to the US security partnerships with Arab countries and the US military posture in the region. Even if China influence in the region has largely been economic, growing trade and investment also gives Beijing increased geopolitical stature. To achieve the intended purpose, the research framework will consist on a qualitative analysis based on case study method.

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DEVELOPMENTS AND CHANGE IN ASYLUM AND MIGRATION POLICIES IN EUROPE

Author(s): Magadalena Crisan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Due to the flow of migrants in 2015, European governments and the European Union have had quickly to reassess their asylum and migration policies. At national level, states have fluctuated between open borders migration policies for humanitarian,economic and demographic reasons and restrictive measures because of growing fears about security, real risks or perceived as such. At the European community level, amid an European identity crisis and the traces left by the 2008 financial crisis, the flaw especially among the states of the Visegrad Group and the Franco-German core delayed the implementation of unitary measures on asylum and migration across the European Union.

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SECURITY DIMENSIONS IN GLOBALIZATION -WAR METAMORPHOSIS

Author(s): Mirela Atanasiu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

There are many scientific works in the specialty literature focusing their analysis on the bidirectional relation between security and globalization. It is a much debated topic but this does not lose from its importance for the actual security environment with increasingly multiplied and diversified threats as direct and indirect consequences of globalization spreading in the world.The paper will approach security – globalization relation from the perspective of war metamorphosis. In this respect the whole study is dedicated to show the vivid picture created by a parallel between the Barry Buzan’s national security dimensions and the new types of wars identified under the ongoing multi-dimensional globalization phenomenon.

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THE HYBRID WARFARE AND THE MILITARY OR BELIGEN NON MILITARY CONTEMPORARY ACTIONS’ CHARACTERISTICS

Author(s): viorel catalin mihalcea / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Hybrid War is a system of social, military and non-military actions,carried out in a discreet operational area characterized by political and economic states driven by events. The final result of the actions is the dissolution of statehood.Starting with the Cold-War Era, the most effective strategy of defeating undesirable state sovereignty proved to be its destruction, peaceful or violent, by itself (from inside),through discrete social actions, followed, as appropriate, by events management and the restoration of social order through military action. Thus, the role of the military structures has gradually changed, involving the change of organization and training, from the role of the main force of destroying the opponent to the force specialized in post-conflict social status management.On the other hand, in the Age of Information, within the Knowledge-based Society,space and time have become discontinuous and asynchronous through the universalization of electronically mediated communication and the virtualization of human interactions. This development made possible this type of war, the hybrid, characterized by the physical absence of the external military opponent in the decisive action phase and its emergence, with a stabilizing role, in the phase of managing the results.

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ADDRESSING THE EVALUATION OF CONTEMPORARY SOCIETAL SECURITY BASED ON COMPLEXITY CONCEPTS

Author(s): Ioan CRĂCIUN,Octavian Victor Mihail Dima / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Societal security, as developed by the Copenhagen Security School, is an extremely important area of the broader concept of a contemporary security approach that, in addition to military issues, also addresses a host of other threats from areas such as political,economic, societal or environmental ones. In the study of contemporary social security, a series of concepts specific to the theory of complex systems, such as complexity, self organization,chaos, etc., have been borrowed, which have substantially enriched the hermeneutics of the security discourse on the basis of non-traditional interpretations of social systems. This paper aims to present the basic concepts of complexity and their relevance to the theory and practice of contemporary societal security. At the same time, the paper presents some conclusions regarding the analysis methodology specific to the complexity science applicable to the field of societal security.

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DEMOGRAPHICS AND THEIR ROLE IN GLOBAL ECONOMY

Author(s): Doina Mureşan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

A declining population implies economic consequences. Why? Because oil consumption will drop and sales will drop as well. Because the global economy depends on the industrialized world and the national GDP will be lower. The paradox is that the global economy can slow down its pace, but people in the developed countries of the world will do better than before. Why? Because a less crowded country means less resource reliance, less pollution, fewer traffic jams, and more space. Can we talk of a future crisis as a consequence of the demographic decline in the developed world?

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WAR REFUGEES – A FORM OF FORCED MIGRATION

Author(s): Florin Laurentiu Giusca,Tomita Zavoianu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Refugee movements have regional dimensions, causing the international community to coordinate their diplomatic-political efforts to ensure their protection and to find permanent solutions to their physical security and food security problems.From a legal point of view, refugees are people in danger who are trying to take advantage of their right to asylum in other countries. In this situation, criticism of the use of travel, escape from dangers, is the value of a saving solution, and the freedom of movement is of major importance in the European space. Refugee protection has been a topic of great interest to the international community after the United Nations.The impact of the Syrian crisis on the asylum system of many European countries, the fear of an increase in EU migration and the recurrence of nationalist and extremist movements in Europe make migration a recurring theme in European Union policy. The Syrian refugee crisis has created major problems in the region.

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WAR REFUGEES – VICTIMS IN THE FIELD OF HUMAN SECURITY AND FOOD SAFETY DURING REGIONAL ARMED CONFLICT

Author(s): Florin Laurentiu Giusca,Tomita Zavoianu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Waves of war refugees, large population movements and famine on a regional level are humanitarian crises generated by social insecurity or abusive behavior of public institutions. Social inequalities are serious political phenomena, social dramas often associated with diminishing food supplies and affecting economic exchange systems.Modern armed conflicts are characterized by new forms of violence and have some specific features such as the elements of internationalization present in internal conflicts, in the circumstances of increasing the role of non-state actors in solving management situations of public health and food security. The dangers and threats to international security for human security are manifested in complex, diverse and atypical forms of gravity, making it difficult to prevent and eliminate regional conflicts. Majorities of civil wars that have panicked the international community over the years have erupted countries located at the periphery of production centers and regional economic exchanges.

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MAIN PARADIGMS SHAPING THE CONTEMPORARY POLITICAL WORLD (“THE GREATER EUROPE” AND “THE GREATER EURASIA” RUSSIAN PROJECTS)

Author(s): Mădălina Virginia Antonescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Our paper proposes a brief exploration of both key-geopolitical paradigms(Pacific century and Eurasian century), whose interaction, due to divergent interests of the current great powers might offer an interesting insight into the general evolution (and reset)of the entire contemporary political world. We are taking into account the present profile of an international system shaped mainly by the rising powers, in a kind of asymmetrical multipolarity. The Pacific geopolitical extension of the Eurasian trend that Russia, as a rising power and global actor, has already deployed in this key-area, shows the inner dynamism of an order in full stage of reconstruction, in which rising powers (Russia) are revealing themselves as controllers of the declining political global order, as well as promoters of the new “Eurasian century”.

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STRATEGIES AND CAPABILITIES USED FOR SHAPING OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT

Author(s): Silviu-Stelian Borsa,Visarion Neagoe / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The complexity of today's operational environment entails a series of activities and actions aimed to prepare it before acting or introducing forces in order to conduct military actions. These activities / actions are designed to shape the operational environment, in such a way that, the success of the forces operating in that area would be largely assured. Shaping the operational environment is a detailed process, from political strategic to tactical level that involves detailed planning and precise execution over a variable period of time from years to hours or minutes. The means, capabilities, or „tools”through which this is accomplished, is what we intend to detail in this paper.

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SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND THE ROLE OF EXPERTISE IN CREATING DEFENSE POLICIES AND SECURITY STRATEGIES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Author(s): Tudor SÂRBU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the Russian Federation, the process of public policy elaboration has the imprint of the recent past, but also of the illiberal political regime. In Russian society there are various types of expertise communities that carry out research projects, analyze,elaborate strategic documents etc. Yet others are the actors that influence the decision making process. “Siloviki”1 - building power that unites the armed forces, law enforcement and intelligence services, with common identity, with a shared world view, and a personal loyalty to Putin.The Russian authorities are very closed to the debate and are reluctant to rely on any expertise other than that provided by government agencies. The role of the expert communities in the decision-making process is “close to zero” because officials make decisions based on secret information and usually stress that any external expertise is irrelevant.

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STRATEGY AND WAR IN KAUTILYA’S VISION. TOPICALITY REFLECTIONS

Author(s): Florin Stafi / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

A true compendium of great strategy, Kautilya’s Arthashastra gives us a complete picture of the state leadership that transcends time, presenting us, with a perfect political realism, the art and science of government, diplomacy and war. The center of its strategy is the state's power in all its forms, as well as the means by which it can be acquired,maintained and expanded.For Kautilya, the war is viewed in the strategic context of alliances, providing the political decision maker with the necessary instrument for internal well-being, expanding the influence at the macro level, balancing the equilibrium of regional power, allowing it to achieve political goals. Arthashastra is a leader’s art and science, its guide through which he can provide protection against internal and external threats, law enforcement, border security and economic progress. Peace or war are only “state of facts” imposed by social pyramid needs,the national interest being the supreme goal of politics.

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AL-QAEDA – A MILLENARY ORGANIZATION

Author(s): Alexandru STOICA / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The terrorist organizations as the Islamic state, Al-Qaeda and theiraffiliated groups are the protagonists of the deepest current crises, which complicates theprocess of halting them. The Al-Qaeda network with all its branches in various geographicalareas exploits conflicting outbreaks, the critical situation in some states, and geopoliticaldisturbances in the Middle East, continuing to pose a constantly evolving threat.Challenged by an aggressive international campaign, the threat from Al-Qaedapersists, contrary to opinions expressed in public space. In the present study, based on datamade public by competent structures, I have tried to outline some possible perspectives of Al-Qaeda evolution built around the same analytical starting points to help better understand them. The central hypothesis would be that the network will evolve depending on the external environment and its nature. In the course of the study, this hypothesis focuses on three points of interest: the external environment of Al-Qaeda, the characteristics and nature of the network.

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NATO’S REPOSITIONING AFTER THE 2014 RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN CONFLICT

Author(s): Violeta NICOLESCU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The hereby paper elaborates on the North-Atlantic Alliance’s response to the Russian Federation’s aggressive actions against Ukraine in 2014, going through the main steps that the Allies have chronologically taken in order to enhance deterrence and defence, in what was a completely new relation with the Russian Federation, once a partner of NATO.Generally explaining the measures on deterrence and defence, the paper also approaches in a more detailed manner the Allied decisions dedicated to the Northern and the Southern segments of the Eastern border, so as to arrive to the conclusion that, be it the Baltic states, Poland, Romania or Bulgaria, they are all facing the same security threat and measures must be seen in a coherent and unitary approach. Debating on Russia’s main reason for its actions in the region, the hereby paper will conclude on the necessity for NATO to have a clear strategy on Russia’s assertive actions on the Eastern border.

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Кризата на механизма за сътрудничество и проверка като пример за конструиране на провал в партньорството с ЕС

Author(s): Georgi Dimitrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The Cooperation and Verification Mechanism (CVM) is a key element in the structure of the partnership between the governments of Bulgaria and the European Commission, through which the policies of the European Union are implemented and our country's membership in the union is given meaning. The author clarifies the nature of the CVM and challenges to the successful outcomes of the recent crisis.

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European Citizenship as a Standard of European Integration? Theoretical and Empirical Elements

Author(s): Cristina Ilie Goga / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The article is based upon the idea that collective identification with institutions beyond the nation state becomes a standard for measuring integration. Thus, we start the paper with the analysis of European integration theories, essential for the purpose of our work: Transactionalism and Neo¬functionalism, and also we investigate the concept of ‘European citizenship’, especially as a specific institution of the European construction. The second part of the paper analyses the results of a field research, conducted in the city of Craiova, and highlights the level of attachment of citizens from Craiova to the European citizenship.

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Политически аспекти на идентичността в романи от днешна Германия

Author(s): Nikolina Burneva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The present article reviews contemporary trends in German literature regarding political aspects of the identity. Author discusses Deutscher Buchpreis, authors’ profiles and their publications with the goal to demonstrate the relation between the literature and its institutionalization – a process thorough which indirectly but consistently political identity aspects of the modern Europeans are being established.

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A Comparative Analysis on the Regional Policy and Coordination of Structural Instruments Before and After Romania’s Accession to the European Union

Author(s): Gabriela Motoi,Mihaela Bărbieru / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

After 1990, on the political and economic scene of Romania took place a series of transformations under European mark, transformations that led to the development of an environment with specific rules and principles of competition and free market mechanisms. As a natural evolution process, it appeared and was developed a new concept related to the regional development policies, a concept that was among the essential requirements of European integration. In Romania, the regional development policy has been early shaped, since 1996, and the chapter of the Acquis on this topic was opened in 2002. There are two types of tools used by the European Union to stimulate and accelerate the process of regional reform. First, the EU has substantial financial instruments to help and facilitate the tasks of national actors on the formulation of the policy agenda in accordance with the requirements of EU reform, the decision-making process and also the implementation. The financial support is achieved through the allocation of pre-accession funds. Secondly, the European Union has also other tools at its disposal for determining the Member States: this is namely the monitoring procedure through the annual reports. This study aims to present the most important issues of regional policy in Romania from two perspectives: the pre-accession period - in which our approach will analyse the legislation and institutional framework for the development and implementation of programming documents, and the post-accession period (after 2007) - in which we will present the most important progresses that Romania has made on regional policy and coordinating of structural instruments.

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Финансовите инструменти – алтернатива за разпределение на бюджета на Европейския съюз през програмен период 2021-2027

Author(s): Roxana Trifonova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This report aims to examine the financial instruments’ role in the EU’s budget allocation and to what extent they would become an alternative to grants. For this reason, the study is divided into three parts. The first one gives a brief overview of the main features of the Regional policy and the provision of grants. The second part presents the financial instruments and their mechanism of functioning. The third part analyzes the financial instruments’ advantages over grant funding.

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Challenges to the Enhancement of the Efficiency of the Protection and Fight Against Fraud with the EU Funds – Bulgaria’s Experience Since 2007

Author(s): Tatiana Hubenova / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The goal of the paper is to discuss the improvement of the prevention, detection and fight against irregularities and fraud with European and own budget funds in Bulgaria during the first decade of Bulgaria’s EU membership. The focus is on increasing the institutional capacity of the financial control and management system for the achievement of a higher degree of prevention or in case of irregularities and fraud – the recovery of unduly spent funds from the general budget of the European Union and the Central Republican Budget of Bulgaria. Based on the identified problematic areas and risks, the paper discusses the challenges to attaining the strategic objectives that have been set in the National Strategy for Prevention and Fight against Irregularities and Fraud, affecting the financial interest of the European Union for the period 2014 – 2020.

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