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The Romanian Military Thinking International Doctrinal Conference was organised by the Defence Staff, on the occasion of the 163rd anniversary of the Defence Staff and the 24th edition of the Romanian Military Thinking Journal Awards.
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Starting with the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, humanity is experiencing a new societal type, the information society. The emergence of computers, the Internet, digital information, artificial intelligence and digital devices with the ability to automatically process information, work autonomously, or even form networks with other devices, cyber and virtual space and so on have led to a technological explosion and the digitalization of societies. Under these circumstances, the digitalization and virtualization of many human activities and relationships in all societal domains constitutes a postmodern “game changer” of societies. Consequently, digitalization has major repercussions at the level of security and the international security environment. We are witnessing a transition from the nuclear century to the digital century, through the emergence of a new type of human confrontation, the digital confrontation. This new type of confrontation manifests itself both in virtual space, through what we so often hear as cyber war, and in real space, through digitalization of defence and the battlefield. Thus, if the security environment of the 20th century was characterized by globalization under the auspices of the nuclear threat, is it appropriate to consider that the 21st century will be characterized by de-globalization under the auspices of the digital threat?
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The judgments ordering the suspension of administrative acts, whether individual or normative, have effect only between the parties to the dispute in which they were given. If in the case of individual administrative acts, this effect is fully justified, in the case of normative administrative acts, the situation becomes problematic. The study aims to analyze the legal basis of the two proposed solutions regarding the effects of judgments ordering the suspension of normative administrative acts: inter partes effects vs. erga omnes effects. The research conducted is descriptive and explanatory, supported by relevant case law and doctrine. If a normative administrative act has been suspended by the court (all the more so when the judgment has become final), that act might be suspected of illegality. In this case, one of the three presumptions on which its enforceability is based, the presumption of legality respectively, has been temporarily removed. The principle of the legality of administrative acts justifies the removal of the enforcement of this act also in relation to the persons who did not have the quality of party, but who can bear the consequences of a seemingly illegal act. At the same time, the specifics of the normative administrative act, as well as the principles of the predictability of the law and legal certainty, argue in favour of this solution.
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The position of deputy mayor has been under regulation since the beginning of the post-December legislation, the deputy mayor being qualified as an assistant of the mayor. Depending on the rank of the locality, there may be one or two deputy mayors. As an important feature, the deputy mayor enters both the executive and the deliberative power, acting as a link between the two authorities at local level, the mayor and the local council. The paper deals with the procedure of appointing the deputy mayor, as well as the loss of this quality, by dismissal, as they are regulated in the Administrative Code.
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At present, the national legislation does not provide criteria for assessing the moral damages for prejudice suffered by the victim of an activity of the administration. In this sense, the judge will be the one who will analyze on a case-by-case basis whether he will grant moral damages and in what amount. We are currently witnessing an interference of civil law with administrative law regarding the forms of administrative-patrimonial liability. From this perspective, the present paper aims to analyze the case-law of French law in order to outline such a tendency of the judge, whether from the Administrative Court or the Council of State, on whether or not to grant moral damages arising from the idea of risk in the activity of public administration. Through law-specific research methods, we will investigate two current cases that can provide an insight into the contribution of case-law to shaping the legal regime of administrative liability. This highlights the way in which the administrative judge grants moral damages if the state is held liable sans faute. From this point of view, the topic is interesting for legal specialists who will find in this paper information about the practical applicability of the concept of administrative liability.
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The entry into force of the Romanian Administrative Code has maintained, unfortunately, a controversial legal provision, regarding the suspension of the public servant's employment relationship, in case legal proceedings are taken against the public servant, if commited certain acts. From our perspective, article 513 paragraph (1) letter l) of the Romanian Administrative Code raises serious concerns regarding the presumption of innocence and the right to work of the public servants found in such situation. The present study tries to bring a multidisciplinary legal interpretation of the authors regarding the analysed legal provision and certain arguments for considering this provision able to be declared, soon, unconstitutional.
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The development of disruptive technologies represents one of the main themes of the contemporary security agenda not only from a national perspective but also at the level of multinational cooperation. In this regard, the European cooperation carried out under the institutional auspices of the Common Security and Defence Policy has gradually addressed the impact of disruptive technologies on the way of structuring the EU’s response to contemporary security challenges. The approach to this subject has gradually evolved towards profiling a distinct typology at the level of which the specific character also derives from the particular parameters of the mode of interaction between the EU institutions. Equally, the specific nature of the European approach also concerns the way of financing the process of developing capabilities of this type, including in terms of complementing the national effort through opportunities offered by the EU budget. From this perspective, it can be concluded that the issue of disruptive technologies will become more and more visible on the European cooperation agenda, including in terms of the priorities advanced through the Strategic Compass as well as at the level of practical initiatives launched in the CSDP context, as is the case with PESCO and EDF.
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Joint missions, exercises and deployments have shown that it is crucial to continuously coordinate processes, training, documents and technologies on a multinational basis. Interoperability on the battlefield, be it on land, in the air, in space, at sea and in the cyber and information space, can often be achieved only after many years of technical and procedural preparation. Time that is no longer available when establishing concrete mission networks, as the war in Ukraine is currently showing us. With Federated Mission Networking (FMN), a framework was created and established that allows a significant reduction in this lead time and at the same time a certain degree of national autonomy in the choice of individual communications and information technology solutions.
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The author of the article examines the question of European identity as a newly created identity, with particular attention to the foundations which the collective European identity should build to serve its primarily task-the loyalty of EU citizens, In that sense, the creation of the European identity coincides with some critical Questions from the legal-political discourse within which it seeks affirmation and legislation.The Research starts from the assumption that in the EU, as a political entity sui generis, in the best tradition of European citizenship, by creating European identity, democracy has transformed from the political from that legitimizes the powers and sovereignty of the national state into a political form that legitimizes human rights, whereas the national identity in the context of the inclusive European identity acquires the function of double legitimacy- cultural and political. By analyzing the content and by using teleological method, the research focuses in particular on the aspect of determination and variability of the content of the concept of identity, the justification for creating a European identity, its political recognition, its connection with human rights and the integrative role that multiculturalism plays in their implementation.
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The study is based on the premise that the activity of promoting local affairs and their effective implementation requires and presupposes collaboration and even cohabitation between the actions of the state administration and those carried out by the local public administration with autonomous character. From this perspective, the study aims to identify the principles governing relations between the two levels of administration, that of the central system and that of the territorial level, the principles governing these relations, and the institutional framework through which they take place. The approach is based on the constitutional provisions and those of the Administrative Code, and the conclusion is that it is necessary to understand the reality that the development of each administrative-territorial unit and area of the country, whether smaller or larger, is inextricably linked to the proper functioning of cooperation between the central and local/county levels.
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The transparency of the activity in the public administration is a sine qua non condition for the observance of fundamental citizen rights, ensuring, at the same time, the involvement of the ordinary citizen in the decision-making process. This article will try to analyze some of the situations in which local administration authorities have clearly violated the provisions of Law no. 52/2003 or Law no. 544/2001, restricting the right of citizens to take cognizance of certain draft normative acts regarding important issues related to the good running of the community, free access to various public information or aspects related to training, administration, and the use of local public funds. At the same time, we will highlight the availability of local authorities from Galați, Buzău or Brăila to ensure through their websites access to the annual activity and the involvement of these authorities in economic, social or cultural activities.
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This contribution aims to discuss the recent proposal to review Regulation (EU) No. 600/2014. The European Commission proposed to establish the consolidated tape in the European Union and increase transparency for investors in the EU financial markets. The EU is struggling to attract non-EU investors in the last few years. The proposal puts on the table legislative changes similar to those that are in place in the United States for more than a decade. The question is whether the EU is getting inspired by the regulation on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean in order to help financial markets in the EU. The contribution shall discuss the Markets in Financial Instruments Regulation (MiFIR) Review proposal and find if the European consolidated tape can copy the American model.
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It is presented the actual status of the generation structure of Bulgarian power industry with accent to the contribution of nuclear energy to keep the security and sustainability of the national electrical grid operation, as well as its advantages proposing one of the best economically viable option for investments in this branch. Two of the most discussable investment projects for new nuclear builds are discussed. Different scenarios and variants for future development of this industry are considered including the new conditions and circumstances giving impact and determining the future of these projects. Internal and external factors creating posi tive economical and political conditions for the development of these technologies are reviewed. An algorithm of actions and management decisions for successful implementation of new nuclear builds in order to maintain the key role of this branch for the energy security is proposed. It is proposed in the tender documentation to be included few principal requirements to the equipment suppliers, as well as clear and grounded binding engagements.
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Man-made automated intellectual systems will always facilitate his work. However, they are not able to completely ignore it. Therefore, it should be borne in mind that the nature of the work with intellectual security systems requires the operator to resort to various ways to reduce the stress inherent in this activity. Mankind is moving with incomparably fast steps towards a new information revolution, which on its scale can surpass the advent of the Internet. This revolution is artificial intelligence.
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Nowadays, artificial intelligence finds more and more applications in industry, medicine and even in our everyday life. Artificial intelligence starts to be everywhere even if we do not notice it. In the post-industrial era of information technologies that we all live in artificial intelligence is inevitable factor for the human and economic development and its role will become even more significant. However, with all the benefits it brings, artificial intelligence contains also some risks which should be well studied, evaluated and mitigated. Risks are inevitable and they should be confronted but this does not mean that artificial intelligence should be underestimated or opposed. It should be subject to stricter control so that its application is always ethical and oriented towards the humanity’s wellbeing.
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The report examines the challenges facing small countries in relation to the entry of artificial intelligence into social and economic life and the digital transformation of the Western world. The main risks and threats to the security, governance and digital future of countries with more modest capabilities are presented. Many countries have to solve the complex task of finding the balance between digitization and economic development on the one hand and their security, digital sovereignty and economic future on the other. Changes in the security environment present small countries with existential challenges, where in the digital arena they may die.
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The security of performance evaluations of employees in the state administration is a function of its regulation in the normative documents on evaluation and the quality of their implementation. This proposition mainly shows the practical determinism of security and the forms of its manifestation. The latter are measurable with the evaluation competencies of the evaluator and supervising manager, as well as with the self-evaluation of the evaluated employees. In this sense, estimates are presented for the security of the evaluations of the performance of the employees in the Bulgarian state administration generated in the last 10 years.
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Climate change effects on financial assets, either from natural disasters or shifts in policy and technology, can no longer be disregarded. Despite the fact that most countries have committed to the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement, the great majority of private and public financial capital is still being allocated to economic activities that are deviating from this direction or worse in some cases are in opposition to those goals. How much of a risk does this discrepancy pose for financial institutions and in particular, for financial stability? This paper aims at presenting key points on a banking perspective of climate risks.
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Alternative methods of prevention and protection of national security must be extremely precisely specified. Accuracy is of the utmost importance, as with blood pressure. High and low levels are equally dangerous and harmful. It must be a precisely determined value commensurate with adequacy.
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The article is devoted to current issues of international security in contemporary international politics. It is stated that after the period of bipolar world there are changes in the international system, which lead to a change in the understanding of the concepts of "security" and "international security". The emergence of new threats, risks and challenges to international security that affects the internal and external security of states is examined in a summary manner, blurring the lines between the two concepts to some extent. The role of the United Nations (UN) and regional international organizations as contributors to stability and international security is emphasized.
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