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Odpowiedzialność karna za podjęcie obowiązków w obcym wojsku (obcej organizacji wojskowej) lub w ramach wojskowej służby najemnej zakazanej przez prawo międzynarodowe (art. 141 §1 i 2 k.k.)

Author(s): Tomasz Kalisz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2023

The Constitution of the Republic of Poland imposes on a citizen of the Republic of Poland the obligation to defend the Homeland (Article 85(1) of the Act of March 11, 2022 – Homeland Defense Act; Article 3(1) of the Act also stipulates that Polish citizens capable of performing this duty due to age and health are subject to the obligation to defend the state). Violation of this obligation may lead to the realization of criteria defining criminal acts specified in Chapter XVIII of the Act of June 6, 1997 – Polish Penal Code. The subject of the analysis regards crimes under Article 141 §1 and 2 of the Polish Penal Code. The fundamental problem is the issue of the defense capacity of the Republic of Poland, which may be threatened by the participation of Polish citizens in foreign troops and the destabilization of the international community by the actions of mercenary forces. The issue of service in a foreign army or the activities of mercenaries, in the perspective of numerous armed conflicts and the tense situation in regions with high political instability, becomes a very relevant issue, especially for those who take part in activities in this area due to their professional experience (professional soldiers, officers of special services).

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Polscy żołnierze w sowieckich obozach pracy na Dalekiej Północy ZSRS na podstawie relacji ppor. Tadeusza Michalaka

Author(s): Kamil Weber / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2023

Countless Polish soldiers died in Soviet camps. Main causes of death included mass executions, terrible living conditions, and the brutality of the Soviet security service officers. Many soldiers owed their survival to the sudden political shift resulting from the attack of the Third Reich on the Soviet Union. Before that happened, though, they had to struggle with difficult circumstances and endure forced labor in camps in the Far North. The account of second lieutenant Tadeusz Michalak sheds light on the harsh reality of prisoners’ lives. He described his own military career — participation in the September campaign, detention camps in Lithuania, the horror of Soviet imprisonment, and joining the so-called Anders’s Army.

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BAC, U KRY! Space, Albanian Commemoration and the Gheg Variety as a Linguistic Symbol of State Independence in Postwar Kosovo

Author(s): Uranela Demaj,Aida Alla / Language(s): English Issue: 02/2023

This paper investigates the reconstruction of Albanian identity in Kosovo after the region’s transformation to state independence in 2008. The cultural environment emerged as a site of ethnic appropriation and contestation in the longstanding interethnic struggles between the Albanians and the Serbs. The study examines the socio-symbolic and linguistic manifestations of national identity in Pristina, the capital city of Kosovo, through the lens of Linguistic Landscape Studies. The first aspect of the study investigates M. Theresa Boulevard, the central promenade of the city and a site of memory and commemoration, to highlight how the period of South Slavic hegemony in Kosovo and the recent interethnic war resulted in a redefinition of Albanian identity. The second aspect of the study focuses on the written manifestation of the Gheg variety of Albanian as a symbol of Kosovo’s independence. Through this dual focus on memory and language, the study aims to arrive at an understanding of how new national and political self-identifications are shaped in contexts that have undergone ethno-political conflicts and socio-political shifts. We argue that the symbolic configuration of Kosovo suggests a redefinition of Kosovo-based Albanian identity following the transformation to state independence. The study contributes to an understanding of the multi-layered redefinition of Albanian identity in Kosovo, calling attention to language and memory in the process of constructing national identities in postwar contexts.

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Stand-up in the age of outrage:

Author(s): Jonas Nicolaï,Pieter Maeseele / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

In the context of an expanding societal awareness of social injustice and inequality, stand-up comedy is frequently caught in the crosshairs of discourses on free speech and political correctness. This study examines the evolving relationship between comedic critique and contemporary discourses on the boundaries of humour. Drawing on the thesis of there politicisation of humour, we analyse stand-up comedy’s reflexivity towards “wokeness” and“cancel culture” through the case of Flemish stand-up comedian Michael Van Peel. Our findings suggest that the complexity of the current political climate leaves Van Peel and his contemporaries disoriented in their attempts to surpass the boundaries of comedic critique. Asa result, we argue for a reimagining of comedy's political potential beyond traditional interpretations as subversive critique, towards a view of stand-up comedy as a site of democratic resistance. Expanding views on the public role of comedians in response to contemporary socio-political issues can enhance the understanding of complex sociocultural dynamics and enable critical engagement with discourses on social justice and comedic free speech.

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From mocking pastors to roasting politicians:

Author(s): Ivo Nieuwenhuis / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

In this article, I argue that humour scandals are less a product of the changing media landscape of the last thirty years than recent studies seem to suggest. Instead, I point to the structural continuities that can be observed in Dutch humour scandals over the past seventy years.Although stemming from various sociocultural and media contexts, these scandals roughly follow the same ‘script’. I also show that humour scandals are not just mediated events, but markers of cultural conflict as well. Behind every scandal, a substantial moral, cultural, and often also social divide can be recognised, and the study of humour scandals can be used to better understand such divides. I substantiate both of these claims through a qualitative,contextual analysis of two Dutch humour scandals: the mocking of Catholic pastors by comedian Wim Sonneveld in a TV performance from 1963, and the roast of far-right politician Thierry Baudet by comedian Martijn Koning in a popular late night talk show from Spring 2021.

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Possibilities and limits of political humour in a hybrid regime:

Author(s): Anniina Hyttinen / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

This article focuses on the Hungarian Two-Tailed Dog Party (MKKP), which can be defined asa joke party. MKKP uses humour to criticise the corruption flourishing around the governingparty Fidesz as well as its simplified and racist form of political communication. However,MKKP’s critical stance extends to Hungarian politicians and the political system in general.This visual ethnographic research focuses on the activities that MKKP organised during national days in Hungary between 2017 and 2022, which included a space launch, a peace march and an alternative national day celebration on 20 August. The events can be defined as parody performances. The field material is complemented by a semi-structured interview with the party activists. MKKP’s humour is critical and revealing in nature, aiming to expose the powerholders’ agenda. However, instead of ridiculing, MKKP’s humour is primarily corrective and supportive. As such, it has the potential to alleviate polarisation. In MKKP’s activism,creativity and cynicism exist in close proximity to one another. Humour also functions as a powerful antidote against simplified populist truths that rely on fearmongering and enemy images. In a hybrid regime, absurd humour can be used to reveal the inherent absurdities of the political reality. MKKP has occasionally succeeded in entering the state-controlled public sphere. During recent years, the party has started to address societal matters more seriously,without abandoning its roots as a humour party

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ЕВРОЗОНАТА – СТРАТЕГИЯ ЗА ДЕТЕРИТОРИАЛИЗАЦИЯ И РЕТЕРИТОРИАЛИЗАЦИЯ

Author(s): Maria Kotseva-Tikova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2023

The Eurozone is considered as a strategy of deterritorialization and at the same time reterritorialization on a new basis. The positive impacts shared by the members are examined, as well as the negative implications of the participation in the union. The convergence indicators of the member countries of the Eurozone and the EU are analyzed and evaluated.

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УНИВЕРСИТЕТИТЕ В XXI ВЕК: ИЗГРАЖДАНЕ И ПОДДЪРЖАНЕ НА ОБЩНОСТИ

Author(s): Denitsa Gorchilova,Violeta Toncheva-Zlatkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2023

Over the past two decades, the emergence of fourth-generation universities, which are expected to transcend not only their campuses but also national and supranational barriers, has become increasingly evident. The transition from University 3.0 to University 4.0 is happening now and can be well traced through the prism of the participation of Bulgarian universities in various European research and scientific networks. This paper aims to outline the main parameters of these processes through the experience of the UNWE as part of ENGAGE.EU with a main focus on the changed expectations in terms of the "final product" – no longer just knowledge taught and new knowledge created, but also impact on the multiple elements of a complex community network.

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ЛИДЕРСКОТО ПОВЕДЕНИЕ В МОДЕЛИТЕ НА КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТИ В СРАВНИТЕЛЕН КОНТЕКСТ. ПРИМЕРИ ОТ БЪЛГАРИЯ, ВЕЛИКОБРИТАНИЯ И БЕЛГИЯ

Author(s): Adelina Borisova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2023

The article encourages the discussion on approaches to integrating leadership competencies into competency-based management models. As a starting point of the research, we accept that leadership competence is a tool for effective management of the potential of various teams and administrative units. Executives through leadership behaviour can influence the authority of the administration, promote a culture of learning in the workplace, improve organizational and individual outcomes, create partnerships. The Bulgarian model is a subject of in-depth research in a separate publication of the author. The purpose of the present article is to systematize in a short statement the Bulgarian experience on the topic of leadership competencies of managers and on this basis to seek for opportunities for changes and improvements by studying the British and Belgian experience.

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УПРАВЛЕНСКА ЕФЕКТИВНОСТ НА ОРГАНИЗАЦИИТЕ С ИДЕАЛНА ЦЕЛ

Author(s): Simeon Petrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2023

The article analyzes the different views on the management of civil sector organizations. The main emphasis is the understanding of non-profit organizations' effectiveness and accountability in an attempt to capture their specificity. Ultimately, it is consistently argued that effectiveness in non-profit organizations should be systematically measured with the leading role of the communities, key stakeholders, and various external verification systems.

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СТРАТЕГИЧЕСКИТЕ ГРЕШКИ, ПРОПУСКИ, НЕУСПЕХИ И ПРОВАЛИ

Author(s): Todor Tanev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

Nothing in this world is faultless. Accordingly, when strategizing the following could be manifested: Errors; Gaps; Failures; Downfalls. These four negative notions differ from each other. None of these are the same as tactical management errors, gaps, failures, and downfalls. Strategic mistakes are not tactical. They have characteristics that differ from the errors made in tactical everyday life. It is one thing, for example, to make a mistake in an accounting report, and another – to underfund a strategic priority. An accounting error leads to a penalty, but the error ends its existence at some point. However, if you fail a priority, one consequence after another follows in a chain that seems unfairly long to you.

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CONFLICT AND COLLABORATION AS PERENNIAL STRATEGIES IN AMERICAN DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE: A POLARITY MANAGEMENT APPROACH

Author(s): Morris Bidjerano,William Benet / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The recent political debacle in the US Congress that led to the removal of House Speaker Kevin McCarthy was seen as emblematic of the rather dysfunctional current interplay of the conflictual and collaborative strategies at the center of the American system of democratic governance. Applying Johnson’s (1992/1996) polarity management approach and Benet’s (2006) polarities of democracy theory, the paper presents conflict and collaboration as a strategic polarity to be leveraged rather than a problem to be solved and offers a preliminary assessment of their current state of (mis)management.

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ПРОУЧВАТЕЛЕН ПРОЧИТ НА АРАБСКАТА СТРАТЕГИЧЕСКА „ВИЗИЯ 2030“ И ВЪЗДЕЙСТВИЕТО Ѝ ВЪРХУ СРЪБСКИЯ ГЕОПОЛИТИЧЕСКИ СВЕТОГЛЕД

Author(s): Goran Stojkovski / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The purpose of the research is to verify whether there is a cognate between the BRICS paradigm and the paradigm of the one-time Non-Aligned Movement. The subject of the study is the behavior of two countries in the international relations: Serbia and Saudi Arabia. This text is a result of research, in which, a discourse analysis of the information massif published in serbian media in the period between 2021 – 2023, was carried out. The research is based on media monitoring accomplished in the same period. The same discourse analysis was applied as a method in a content study of three documents related to a national strategy for the strategic change that Saudi Arabia wants to implement for itself. Both countries – Serbia and Saudi Arabia – are members of the Non-Aligned Movement, and both actively showing a strong interest in their association in BRICS. In Belgrade more, and in Riyadh less, but the elite in both countries want to see a connection (sameness) between the idea of the currently forming BRICS, and the ideology and political philosophy of the doctrine of the "non-aligned" of the Cold War era. This analysis ascertains that the system of the one-time "non-aligned", and the current network association BRICS are not related geopolitical paradigms.

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КРИЗА В СТРАТЕГИЧЕСКОТО МИСЛЕНЕ И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ В ГЪРЦИЯ И ТЯХНАТА ВРЪЗКА С ГРУПИ ПО ИНТЕРЕСИ, ДЕЙСТВАЩИ В ГЪРЦИЯ

Author(s): Ioannis Iakovidis / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

Ιn the economic, social and political life of Greece, «interest groups» are activated, which are created to work and receive the majority of the revenues in the economy and the treasury. The emergencies created by this institutional mix are materialized in the examined historical bankruptcies, economic uncertainty and political instability. In Greece, it appears that only governments are acting against the society, which has been captured by interest groups and captive to their political options and campaign promises.

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RISK MANAGEMENT VS ISSUE MANAGEMENT IN THE ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING AND COUNTER TERRORIST-FINANCING (AML/CFT) CONTEXT

Author(s): Nedko Krumov / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

This article aims to examine the Risk-based Approach (RBA) widely advocated in the standards of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) in the implementation of policies and measures for the prevention and countering of money laundering money and the financing of terrorism (ML/TF). The article points out arguments why this approach could not be applied to all cases because, in specific situations, ML/TF should be considered as already occurring acts/issues and not only potential risks. The article's conclusions are based on the understanding that risks should be managed with different approaches than issues. Still, due to the FATF's requirements for unification in using RBA across all FATF standards, many countries have difficulty achieving high ratings on the relevant Immediate Outcomes 7 and 8, which should be treated as dealing with already emerging issues and not risks. The article offers an alternative reading in this direction and can serve many institutions engaged in preparing policies for the prevention and counteraction of ML/TF.

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Бездомничеството като социален проблем – аспекти, причини и възможни решения

Author(s): Yavor Ivanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2024

The article presents scientific research of the reasons for homelessness and the factors leading to it. It also analyses the principles and the preconditions, which lead to the social inequality as well as the consequences of homelessness and actions taken as solutions.

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O migrácii ako významnej výzve pre Európsku úniu

Author(s): Radoslav Ivančík / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

European society is currently facing several important challenges. One of the most significant is the challenge of mass illegal migration, which encompasses security, political, economic, social, societal, legislative and many other aspects. Migration thus represents a very complex problem, the solution of which is by no means not simple. It requires the adoption of a number of comprehensive, mutually synergistic measures and steps, both at the level of the European Union as a whole and at the level of individual Member States. That is also why the author deals with the issue of mass illegal migration to the EU in the article. The author´s interdisciplinary research primarily draws on official information and data published by competent European and other institutions, while using relevant scientific methods aimed at showing that migration represents a very complex and multifaceted phenomenon and, in recent years, one of the greatest challenges for the European Union.

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Dezinformácie ako bezpečnostná hrozba šírená na internete

Author(s): Radoslav Ivančík / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2024

In today's modern information society, the online environment is a natural, ubiquitous and often irreplaceable part of working, social and private life. The Internet has spread globally in recent years and is now accessible to the vast majority of the human population, developing constantly, dynamically, and affecting, to a greater or lesser extent, all areas, spheres or sectors of human society and human life in general, including communication. On the one hand, it offers many positives to mankind, but on the other hand, it also brings many negatives in the form of its potential misuse and dissemination of false, misleading, distorted, incomplete, and/or fabricated information - misinformation. For this reason, the author of the present article uses relevant scientific methods and approaches, and as part of the interdisciplinary research, deals with disinformation as a security threat spreading on the Internet, since it enables influencing individuals, social groups, and a large part of the public, shaping their attitudes, behaviour, and perception of reality.

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Zdroje informácií alebo dezinformácií?

Author(s): Tatiana Hajdúková / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2024

Nowadays, the Internet provides such a wide range of information that it is necessary to address issues of the quality and credibility of the information, as well as the ability of an individual to assess and evaluate its content. Deliberate publication of misleading, out-of-context, or outright false information is becoming an increasingly pressing problem in society. Disinformation present among the population represents an obstacle to implementing constructive solutions to existing problems. The aim of this paper is to create an estimate of the current state, to highlight the importance of the influence of the Internet and social networks on a selected sample of the population, specifically Internet users who claim that the Internet and social networks are their main source of information. The findings in this paper are based on a questionnaire survey carried out in 2023 at the Academy of the Police Force in Bratislava, on a sample of 298 respondents, mostly members of police or security forces.

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Dezinformácie ako hrozba pre spoločnosť a snahy o ich elimináciu

Author(s): Magda Ružbacká / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2024

With the development of a wide range of modern technologies, the rapid spread and wide availability of the Internet, as well as the extensive use of various information and communication tools and devices, a new range of possibilities have emerged for people, such as information retrieval, processing, and dissemination. However, at the same time, a new range of opportunities has emerged for the spread of misleading, deceptive and false information – disinformation –spread by state and non-state actors with the aim of influencing the functioning of democratic society and people's behaviour. The spread of disinformation thus currently represents an extremely dangerous threat that can have very negative consequences for individuals, organisations, and the entire society. For this reason, as part of the conducted security research, the author of this paper, deals with the issue of disinformation, points out the danger of its spread, defines the concept of disinformation and at the same time, discusses the possibilities of eliminating the consequences of the spread of disinformation.

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