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This theoretical study builds on Fisherman‘s view of active content as an agent of cognitive change and on Kvasz’s theorem that cognitive changes on the level of historical cultural epistemology and cognitive changes on the level of student’s personal epistemology can be explain through the same typology. The paper looks for the clarification of this agreement through concepts like “intentionality”, “content transformation” and the “instrumentalization of experience”. The educational potential of active content between the cultural and the personal level is explained with reference to the concept of “meme”, which represents the creation of active content in cultural history as well as the distribution of active content within society and its influence upon an individual. The tools for meme replication in educational environment are learning tasks; they generate cognitive changes in students insomuch as they have sound semantic and logical structure of cognitive schemata. Upon this explanatory basis authors interpret Kvasz’s typology of cognitive changes that stems from the analysis of scientific revolutions in the cultural history.
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The concept of “middle layer” (ML) is one of the most frequent terms in current education policy. Yet, the literature on the topic is fragmented and the concept itself is defined in several different ways which hinders effective discussion. The main goals of the article are as follows: 1) to imbed current discussion in the scholar literature and provide basic overview of scholar literature; 2) clarify the terminology and delimit various meanings of the “middle layer” concept. The article is structured as follows. First, the methodology of literature review is described. Then the basic meaning of ML in various educational systems is explained. In the next part of the paper, the literature review on ML is provided. In so doing, two strands of literature are distinguished. While the research-oriented strand focuses on analysis of what ML does (and does not), the practical stream relates to what ML should (or should not) do. Based on previous analysis, the paper argues that four meanings of middle layer can be delimited. These meanings are shortly labelled as follows: (a) a loose network of local actors; (b) a coordinated and interacting system of actors; (c) an organized set of several core local organizations; (d) a regional public administration institution. These four definitions are defined and explained. The article concludes with several implications for educational policy in the Czech Republic.
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Until now, the process of adaptation in the education system has been researched by Czech scholars exclusively in connection to the adaptation of children. This empirical study examines the adaptation of parents in relation to the formation of the relationship between them and their child’s school. The theoretical framework of the study is based on literature conceptualizing adaptation, relationships between parents and schools, including the matter of partnership, and different roles of parents in school environments. Fourteen parents were instructed to write diary entries during the first twelve weeks of their eldest child’s attendance at a public kindergarten in the Czech Republic. Analysis of the data shows that the parents’ perspectives are not sufficiently considered in the process of adaptation in kindergarten. Still, the development of the child’s adaptation, as well as the requirements, expectations and support received from the kindergarten, have a fundamental influence on the establishment of the parent’s role in relation to their child’s school. The parent’s role in the course of the adaptation period is characterized by their interest in their child, their limited willingness to address their problems or their doubts regarding the school, minimization of their initiatives, their reliability in fulfilling operational and material requirements and their basic appreciation and acknowledgment of the school and its limitations.
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Objectives. We investigated the biological response of organism to stress in real situations at school in adolescents. We were interested in how stress is manifested in adolescents without anxiety and in adolescents with a tendency to anxiety experiencing. The aim of the study is to analyse changes in salivary cortisol levels during stressful situation at school.Hypotheses. The analyses verified how cortisol levels change in situations associated with the threat of social assessment in the school environment in individuals without anxiety and anxious; H1a–c: Anxiety individuals will have higher cortisol levels in all monitored situations compared to adolescentswithout anxiety. We also focused on the possible links between an individual’s tendency to experience anxiety and the type of stress response; H2: Anxiety individuals will show a different development of cortisol levels between situations A, B and C compared to adolescents without anxiety. We also examined the relationships between cortisol levels and cognitive and emotional fear. H3: Anxiety individuals will show significant links between cortisol levels and cognitive and emotional fear in the achievement situation.Methods. The research group was comprised of 238 adolescents in the first phase of the study. The final sample for salivary cortisol analysis was comprised of 38 participants aged 12−14 years. The questionnaires battery contains Piers-Harris II, B-JEPI and TAI.Results. The results show that in both groups of adolescents without anxiety and anxious adolescents, cortisol has a demonstrably different development trend during the day. Furthermore, anxious adolescents showed demonstrably lower cortisol levels at school compared to adolescents without anxiety, in adolescents without anxiety, we observed higher cortisol levels and fall of cortisol level during the day. Our analyses showed that stronger relationships between cortisol and test anxiety are shown especially by anxiety adolescents compared to adolescents without anxiety.Limitations. The limitation is a smaller research sample and the selection of situations in which the level of salivary cortisol was evaluated. The important limitation is the fact that the first sampling was taken at different times after awakening, because the cortisol levels change more dynamically in this part of the day.
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Book review on Fasora, L., Hanuš, J. Mýty a tradice středoevropské univerzitní kultury. Brno: Masarykova univerzita, 2019, 220 s.
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The aim of this study is to investigate to what extent the Visegrád countries implement the country-specific recommendations (CSRs) of the European Commission, and how their level of implementation can be evaluated in European comparison. Based on a database built by collecting the official evaluations of the European Commission found in the yearly country reports, we reveal the levels of both short-term and long-term implementation at the national level, as well as the policy fi elds of the CSRs. The 5-year average level of implementation of the CSRs is largely the same in the four Visegrád countries. All four countries are ranked in the second half of the EU, their average level of implementation can be categorized as somewhere between „limited progress” and „some progress”. However, the CSRs have a much bigger impact on domestic policy-making in the long-term than the 1-year implementation suggests. The fact that the Orbán government has reached “some progress” in 64% of all recommendations according to the long-term evaluation is clear proof that is the case. At the same, it must be highlighted that the Visegrád countries are more likely to ignore the country-specific recommendations than the EU average, even in the long run. Overall, the experiences of implementation of the CSRs prove that the EU can have a significant impact on domestic public policy not only with sanctions and exclusive competences, but with softer tools, such as policy coordination as well.
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Modern societies are associated with the constant flow and acceptance of information and communication technologies at home, in the workplace, in the process of education, even in recreational activities. The development of new technologies has not only challenged human rights, but also politics and society in general. Even more importantly, this new technological level has also empowered transnational corporations operating in the digital environment as hosting providers to perform quasi-public functions in the transnational context. New technologies have the potential to make significant positive contributions to the prevention, promotion, and protection of human rights and democratization, decentralization, and digitalization of politics and the advancement of society as a whole.
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The article is an introductory piece of the special issue of Political Communication and Expressivity. Our aim is to convince readers of the importance of emotionally saturated political communication and the need to introduce new approaches to political communication. In our view, Roman Jakobson’s theory of functional communication is a good point of departure for understanding expressivity in political communication, but it is worth supplementing it with action theories that go beyond goal-rationality, such as the dramaturgical action developed by Goffman and ventilation known from psychology. Finally, we attempt to defi ne expressive political communication: expressivity is the aspect of communication that covers the communicator’s own relationship to the components of communication. Such communication might be strategic, which can be explained by goal oriented rational approaches. Psycho- and sociolinguistics might be helpful to explain expressivity beyond strategic communication.
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Obscenity, vulgarity and rude languages are always being the part of the political life, but nowadays the visibility of incivility is increasing in Hungary. However, the introduction of these topics needs to be recognized by the academia as legitimate research agenda in political communication studies. This article presents a topic review to summarize the state-of-the-art and offer new theoretical and empirical perspectives of incivility. We argue that the main branch of the literature consider incivility as a violation of social and political norms. Our critical overview highlights several weaknesses of the norm violation approach. First, we lack the substantive definition of the incivility. Second, we question the normativity: on what basis a researcher defi ne what counts as uncivil political communication and what does not?; who sets the discursive norms in the commentary platforms?, what if the labeled words and expressions are not perceived uncivil by the users?. To give new impetus to incivility studies, this article works toward a practice-oriented multimodal approach which focus on the verbal and visual usage of communication toolkit in politics. Finally, the article outlines three directions for future research: consideration of psychological aspects, strategic uses and sociolinguistic practices of incivility.
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Political communication is increasingly adapting to citizen’s user habits, switching to appropriate platforms and delivering content that align with them, leading to the growing political importance of social media. On these social media websites, especially on Facebook, the reactions of users significantly increase the visibility of a message, so the main goal of political actors has become to create content that can go viral. Based on previous research, emotions have a prominent role in this process. In our study, after reviewing the relevant literature, we conduct a qualitative research in which we examine the emotional character of politicians’ most successful Facebook posts created during the 2018 Hungarian parliamentary election campaign. Existing research could only indicate the presence of certain emotions, but did not provide information about the successful way of communicating emotions, therefore we’re trying to fill this gap with our analysis. Our results show that the most successful posts were clearly emotional, neutral content was rare among them. We found that citizens responded most favorably to positive emotions, including posts about victory and saying thanks to voters, with holiday greetings also being particularly popular. Meanwhile, in the case of negative emotions, expressions of anger and sadness characterized viral posts. It can be observed that although the most popular posts displayed emotions, they did not do so with the traditional and common means of expressing emotions on these online platforms.
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With moralization of politics, the presence of human interest stories and issues are more and more frequent in the public sphere as well as in politics. The scandal and the follow-up public debate of metoo started in 2017 is a perfect example. Based on a specific case in Hungary, the paper presents the ways the metoo discourses and visuals constructed victim and perpetrator, that is, the processes of victimization and vilification and the role emotions played therein. In the research, textual and visual analyses, social semiotics and qualitative content analysis were used in processing the relevant content of the main political media: television shows, online news portals, social media and also on the comments to the pieces on the Hungarian case. The study found five ways of constructing the case and six types of victim. Each type was supported by visual material and some were complemented with specific emotional components.
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The concept of the middle class contains both descriptive and normative elements. Commenting the paper of Ákos Huszár and Viktor Berger “The new middle class?”, this article criticizes both the descriptive and normative elements of the middle class. The gradational concept of the middle class is a heterogeneous ensemble of the “people somewhere in the middle” in a structural-relational sense. The paper identifies the source of normative elements in the universalization and generalization of particular historical-social experiences. It proposes to replace the concept of the middle class with a conceptual tool of intermediate and intermediary classes.
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Michal Klíma: Informal Politics in Post-Communist Europe. Political Parties, Clientelism and State Capture. Routledge, 2020. András Körösényi, Gábor Illés and Attila Gyulai: The Orbán Regime. Plebiscitary Leader Democracy in the Making. Routledge, 2020.
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Horváth Szilvia–Gyulai Attila (szerk.): Dialógus, vita, diskurzus: Tanulmányok Szabó Márton diszkurzív politikatudományáról. Társadalomtudományi Kutatóközpont – Politikatudományi Intézet/L’Harmattan, Budapest, 2019. 254 oldal.
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Metz Rudolf: A politikai vezetés három arca. A vezetés értelmezési lehetőségei és gyakorlatai a demokráciában. Gondolat Kiadói Kör Kft., Budapest, 2020. 283 oldal.)
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