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Zbigniew Nosowski: Neither the Łagiewniki Catholicism, nor the Toruń Catholicism On the dangers of the planned by the party Law and Justice Fourth Polish Republic. Tomasz Wiscicki: With an Open Text On the changes in the Polish Ministry for Foreign Affairs and in the Polish embassies.
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“Poland is only big European country which has lost the independence for more than 100 years. That’s why the national security so important the Poles is.” The Poles do not consent to Russia’s attempts to dominate its neighbours.
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Linguistic representation of new extralinguistic reality and phenomena (with newly lexicalized denotata) establishes a relation between a newly opened referential conceptual world and the current, productive vocabulary, resulting in a broader socially functional capacity and effi cacy (funcionality) of the Slovene language. Electronic texts in conversational form are characterized by a structure highly resemblant of the structure of spoken texts, the main difference being in the pattern of turn taking, which is a media-related feature. E-texts also include communicative signals in the form of specific signs (various punctuation marks, suspension dots etc). Developmental semantico-syntactic changes are discussed primarily in terms of transitivity. As a categorial semantic component, transitivity makes part of the denotative meaning mainly of verbs and deverbal derivational expressions. As a systemic indicator of semantico-syntactic changes in verbs, it causes rearrangement of their meaning within a lexeme or it reveals and determines new meanings. Transitivity changes are analyzed for two types of verbs: (a) verbs which themselves denotate new extralinguistic reality (technical: digitalizirati/internetizirati vse, to digitalize/to internet everything, ekologizirati regionalni sistem, to ecologíze the regional system, internetizirati vse, to internet(ize) everything, piratizirati programe, to piratize software, poračunaliti vsa opravila, to computerize all tasks poskenirati sliko to skan a picture, to network with a system of channels, vitaminizirati margarino, to vitaminize margerine, tehnizirati kmetijstvo, to technicize agriculture, etc, or sociopolitical: albanizirati/ amerikanizirati/ argentizirati se/koga, to albanize/americanize/argentinize oneself/somebody, globalizirati družbo, to globalize society, internacionalizirati študij, to internationalize studies, regionalizirati dejavnost, to regionalize one’s activities, reprivatizirati lastništvo, to reprivatize ownership (=to restore private property), zdemoralizirati družbo, to demoralize society, etc; (b) verbs that only introduce new extralinguistic reality (igrati (se) na računalnik, to play with the computer/to play computer games, pognati programska okna, to run program windows, prostituirati se industriji, to prostitute oneself (=to sell out) to the industry, servisirati izstope na sisteme, to service access to systems, seliti se na strežnik, to move to (another) server.
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The paper analyses two groups of verbs in the Bulgarian language (primary imperfectives and denominal derivatives in -iram/-iziram, -uvam/-ovam), morphologically uncharacterized w.r.t. aspect and without suffixal aspectual correlates. In classical theories of aspect they are traditionally interpreted as biaspectual – i.e. verbs which, depending on their nominal and adverbial environment, function in certain conditions as imperfectives, in others – as perfectives. We have chosen, as a theoretical starting point to the analysis of such verbs, the theory of aspect of St. Karolak, where aspect is interpreted as a conceptual (universal) category, the aspectual component being an inherent constituent of the lexical meaning of the verb – that is to say, a specific aspectual concept cannot be subjected to transformation and elimination. Such an approach makes it possible to demonstrate that the concept of “biaspectual verb” in the above-defined sense is untenable and has no heuristic value. The analysis of the verbs from the two differentiated groups proves that, independently of their formal similarity, the verbs belonging to them relate to different aspectual classes and are the markers of aspectual structures, which are non-identical in character and in degree of complexity. It is necessary to point out that the aspectual oppositions in such verbs are achieved within their stems (present, imperfect vs aorist; present vs present), where it is possible to observe a semantic derivation and increase in complexity of the aspectual structure along with a change in the hierarchy between components, without this taking place in the manner typical of the Slavonic languages – by means of aspectual suffixes. Precisely this is the reason why such verbs are treated as “biaspectual”.
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The paper presents an investigation of the semantics of past passive participles derived from intransitive verbs and structures with the component ce, which marks a variety of semantic and syntactic changes in the proposition, as well as the functioning of predicative structures with such participles. The study is based on the methodology of semantic syntax and, in particular, on the understanding of the compound structure of complex concepts and the varying theme-rheme order of the arguments of the predicate – which opens possibilities for different conceptualizations of one and the same situation. We also refer to Prof. Karolak’s theory of aspect as a semantic category and on aspectual meaning as a configuration of the simple aspectual meanings of perfectivity and imperfectivity, as well as on his classification of verbs. An analysis is made of the dependency between the possibility to form passive participles out of ntransitive verbs and the semantic structure of the predicate, expressed by the respective verb. It is established that passive participles are formed out of intransitive verbs with the component ce, which are bearers of configurations of aspectual components with a specific semantic value, one of these being state – predominantly of inchoative configurations, semantically derived from resultatives, and of triaspectual telics, reduced in the aorist stem to inchoatives. We arrive at the conclusion that structures with the auxiliary "s'm" and passive participles of intransitive verbs are markers of statal passive and mainly express states from man’s emotional and mental sphere. Such structures are also used to code states of affairs as a result of processes and activities, which according to the speaker’s assessment are not subject to specification, are not brought about by intensional impact, are not observable, or their substantiation is not communicatively relevant.
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High frequency of VV clusters is typical for Albanian language. As can be seen foreign lexicon is the rich source of vocalic clusters occurring within morphemes. In the domestic words vocalic sequences are found mainly on morphemic boundaries. Thanks to the morphology of verbs the inventory of final VV clusters in Albanian words is quite rich too. Frequency of VV clusters in Albanian is compared with other Slavic Languages.
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In that paper the problem of modal markedness of causative constructions is discussed. Also the obligatory modal character of cause – effect relation (which indicates necessity of result) is questioned. The formal shape of causative expressions are taken under consideration, especially those which correspond with results. This problem is analyzed in terms of category of modality explicit model. It is pointed out that in causative sentences the different speaker's attitude concerning truth may occur and that causativity doesn't block the markedness of necessity/probability in propositional argument. It is proved that problem of causativity covers the very wide spectrum of phenomena. In this paper plenty of clause structures for Bulgarian and Polish – both analytic and synthetic – are presented.
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In the paper an inventory of the most typical segmental phenomena occurring on morphemic boundaries is given. A phonetic hierarchy of morphemic boundaries is established, according to the number and type of phonetic processes regarding segments occurring in a given position. With respect to the problem a difference between Serbian and Croatian is suggested.
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The paper reviews the syntactic-semantic structures including the realization of the relative temporal determination of the sentence predication by a nominal form – nondeverbal and deverbal – in the genitive case in the standard Serbian language. The author presents the semantic types (temporal identification, temporal quantification, temporal frequency) and corresponding syntactic models, discussing, in relevant cases, their special pragmatic characteristics. This paper deals with the analysis of a part of the semantic field of ‘hope’ in the contemporary Serbian language. The oncoming analysis is an illustration of the implementation of the semantic prime devised by Anna Wierzbicka to show the meanings of the verb „nadati se” (to hope), its synonyms, antonyms, as well as the Christian meaning of' „hope”. The classification of the meanings of the verb „nadati se” is looked at in the context of three different spheres of Apresjan's „picture of the world”, these being emotional, intellectual, and illocutionary.
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The Office (in Old-Slavic: služ.ba, in Greek: akolouthia) can be found in a medieval Bulgarian script (dated from the XlV/XVth century) which is stored in the Jagiellonian Library in Krakow (No 932). The script contains some hymn works indented for the Sundays of Easter period (post-paschal period). The Office dedicated to a woman martyr called Sunday (the name in a Greek version: Kiriakija, in a Latin version: Dominica) is a kind of work which is very rarely found in medieval manuscripts. The Office from the Krakow manuscript has been compared with Bulgarian one dated from the Xlllth century and with Serbian one dated the XVth century as well as with a printed Church Slavic version so as to determine the peculiarity and originality of this work (as far as the composition elements, the contents and the language are concerned). It is worth stating that both the individual features and the description of the woman martyr called Sunday presented in the Office of the Krakow manuscript are tightly related to Oration in praise of Sunday by Patriarch Eutymius.
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This review article is devoted to the book Riječi na granici punoznačnosti written by prof. dr hab. Snježana Kordić. The first chapter of the book deals with the semantic, grammatical and pragmatic characteristics of the personal pronouns ja / ti / on etc. (‘I / you / he’) in Serbo-Croatian and other languages. In the second chapter is discussed one of the pronominal semantic transpositions – the polite form Vi, which is the only one to have been conventionalised. A type of generalisation by means of the word čovjek also represents a pragmatically conditioned transposition, which is analysed in the third chapter. In the fourth chapter, the demonstrative pronouns in Serbo-Croatian ovaj ‘this’, taj ‘that’ and onaj ‘that’ are compared with their respective equivalent pronouns in Polish, Czech and Russian. The fifth chapter is devoted to the demonstrative words evo / eto / eno ‘behold, here is’. The sixth chapter examines the syntactic and semantic peculiarities of the composite conjunctions tim više što, tim prije što, utoliko više što, utoliko prije što, to više što in Serbo-Croatian (‘all the more because, all the less because’). The seventh chapter deals with Serbo-Croatian verbs imati ‘to have’ i biti ‘to be’. In the last chapter are described the meanings and grammatical features of the full and modal verb trebati ‘need/should’. This excelent and informative monograph is supplied with examples, carts, a subject index, an author index, a long summaries in English and German, and with eight bibliographies.
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The author talks about how and when the conjunctions da and kako can be used concurrently in a complex sentence in Serbian language. She claims that conjunction kako has variable signifícance, depending on whether it introduces a complement clause without any consequences to its semantics (neutral, not stressed conjunction kako1), or it introduces new additions to the semantics (semantically marked kako2), while conjunction kako3 can be at the same time compulsory determinant of the complement predicate, where it is not possible to exchange it with a complementary conjunction da. The author illustrates all the above mentioned usages of the complementary conjunction kako through examples from the literary texts of the Serbian writers from the end of 19th and the beginning of 20th century.
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‘A spectre is haunting Europe – the spectre of comparative literary studies.’ Such may be said, with only a little exaggeration, of the current state of the method and discipline. If we take into account that comparative literary studies only really came into existence at the time of positivism as well as the still surviving conception of literary history and evolutionary visions of genre studies later called by Paul van Tieghem “genologie” (a term hard to find in any French dictionary now), the development and contemporary state of literary criticism might be termed as a massive return to and, at the same time, revaluation of positivist concepts. This is confirmation of the fact that positivist literary criticism created basic methodological tools and visions and with these elaborated the problems of literariness and the poetic language of literary works while its post-postmodernist stage faces the challenge of the formation of new concepts of literary criticism via permanent returns and revaluations. Comparative literary studies (as we also have to take into consideration comparative biology, law or political studies) have had a long and colourful history. Unlike the above-mentioned disciplines, it represents three positions: an approach, a method and an autonomous discipline of literary scholarship or criticism with an elaborate system of terminology and methodological tools. While the nineteenth and twentieth century manifested three stages of development — the cultural historical, positivist and morphological/eidological/formalist/ poetological/immanent and, last but not least, receptionist /hermeneutical — the recent stage has been represented by the dialogue of cultures, area studies and the revaluation of literary theory and history or, moreover, theory of literary history.
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The post-Cold War period has freed our topographic imagination of traditional ideological polarizations, but has often replaced these imperialistic mappings with cartographies of a nationalistic or ethnocentric kind that promote resentful cultural division. Much of this new ethnic and nationalist fundamentalism has emerged in direct reaction to the pressure of the First World’s ‘globalizing’ ideologies which, far from being ‘deimperialized’, reinforce the ‘international division of labor and appropriation [...] benefiting First World countries at the expense of “Third World” and Second World postcommunist societies’ (Ebert 286). The new tensions between global interdependency and ethnocentric separatism, First-World centers and Third- World peripheries, indicate a state of continued crisis at the level of the ideological frameworks within which cultural exchanges unfold. These frameworks reflect a new ‘heterological’ sensibility, in Michel de Certeau’s sense of the word, without allowing yet a truly liberating ‘discourse on the other’. Neither a globalist ‘notion of multiculturalism [that] affirms difference within a politics of consensus that erases culture as a terrain of struggle’ (Giroux 14), nor a defensive localism which promotes a reified form of ‘specificity’, are proper approaches to the issue of otherness. As Rey Chow remarks in her 1998 book, the ‘gestures of localism and pluralism’ are virtually synonymous insofar as they treat cultural difference in an essentialist and idealized way, as something fixed and final (10). Multiculturalism neutralizes difference by considering all cultural practices valid in their own terms; localism promotes an often chauvinistic notion of ‘our own “cultures”, “ethnicities, and “origins”’ (12). The alternative, proposed by Homi Bhabha, Edward Soja (Thirdspace), Rey Chow, and others, to both the naive celebration of ‘hybridity’ (Chow 155) and ‘nativist centrism’, is the articulation of a ‘third space’ of negotiation (Chow 157) between self and other, native and foreign, global and local.
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Reviewed Books: Anders Pettersson – Gunilla Linberg-Wada – Margareta Petersson – Stefan Helgesson: Literary History: Towards a Global Perspective. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2006; Comparative Literature in an Age of Globalization. Ed. Haun Saussy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006; History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe: Junctures and Disjunctures in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Volume I, II, III. Eds. Marcel Cornis-Pope and John Neubauer. John Benjamins Publishing Company. Amsterdam—Philadelphia 2004, 2006, 2007
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Dionyz Ďurišin (1929–1997) was one of the best Slovak literary theorists and a wellknown literary comparativist abroad. From the 1970s until his untimely death, he collaborated intensively with literary scholars from the former Czechoslovakia and from other countries of Central and Southern Europe. One of a small number of Slovak literary scholars at the beginning of the 1970s, with the publication of his Vergleichende Literaturforschung. Versuch eines methodisch-theoretischen Grundrisses1 and Sources and Systematics of Comparative Literature2, Ďurišin became one of the most important theorists of comparative literature amongst the members of the AILC/ICLA. His first book, translated into German in 1972, was originally entitled Problemy literarnej komparatistiky (Problems of Literary Comparison).3 Translations followed, from Slovak or Russian, into other languages, including Hungarian, Macedonian, and even Chinese and Japanese. An exception amongst scholars from Central, Eastern and Southern Europe, Ďurišin was a source of inspiration for scholars of interliterary research in the United States, Canada, Latin America, Germany, France, The Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and even in India, China and Japan. It is a pity that the works of the last period of his life are still less well-known in the West and in Asia, but now it would seem a good time for international scholars to become familiar with them.
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Although the concept of identity is a strategic and positional concept, common sense tends to think of national identities as unproblematic categories, pointing to essential qualities in much the same way that natural objects do. Identities, however, are constructed by highly divergent discourses and practices. This situation calls for a contextual approach to identity building that will trace the historical contingency and the plurality of the symbolic processes that are cloaked in such constructions. Identity, maintains Stuart Hall, is constituted by the reiterative power of discourse to produce that which also names and regulates. It is a strategic and a positional category, ‘never singular but multiply constructed across different, often intersecting and antagonistic discourses, practices and positions’. (Hall, 4) At the very core of identity there is always an essential level that we might call ‘narrative identity’ (Randall, 54- 56), consisting of the stories we tell to ourselves about ourselves and the stories we or others tell to others, or stories that are told to others about ourselves – that is, all the stories in which we are included. In the following pages I shall focus on several aspects of identity building, seen as a discursive and an historical instance: the narrative devices that foster a range of both top-down and bottom-up processes of symbolic projection; the basic interaction between stimulus data and stored background knowledge in identity building; the relationships between self-identifications and stereotype representations of the Other; the crisscrossing of inside and outside literary projections, triggered off by identification.
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The notion of ‘world literature’ is inseparably related to comparative literature. However, the relationship between the two is ambiguous and explained in different ways. Indeed, an understanding of the first term demands a definition of comparative literature itself. Apart from Goethe’s understanding of the term world literature,2 a definition that started the debate, two views have gained general recognition. The first is the additive concept that views world literature as the sum of all (national, or individual) literatures of the world. The second view is a selective one that takes world literature to mean the world’s classics, or ‘peak works’ that are read across temporal, cultural and linguistic borders in which they were produced and become the universal heritage of humanity. The term world literature has a significant position in Slovak comparative literary studies, especially so in the work of Dionyz Ďurišin. The term was present in his writings from the beginnings of his involvement with comparative literature, but it was only from the mid-1980s that he made it one of the essential terms of his theory of interliterariness. The Slovak school of comparative literature studies formed in the 1940s, with Karol Rosenbaum, Milan Pišut, and Mikulaš Bakoš considered as its founders. Mikulaš Bakoš took over the project of historical poetics of the Russian literary scholar, Alexander Veselovskij, which demanded ‘the explanation of the essence of poetry from its history’. Veselovskij tried to come to a theory of literature by an examination of its history. In his opinion, literature can be better understood by history than by aesthetics. Mikulaš Bakoš enriched Veselovskij’s thoughts by examining period styles and genres in trying to understand the development of literature.
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In this paper I have in mind what art, especially literature, means for the modern person — whether and how literature can influence the direction and development of a human life, and thus in turn of humankind. Whether literature is something written by an author and then interpreted by the theorist; or whether the author is simultaneously writer and interpreter in one. The approach I take — one of permanent comparing and of looking to the context of individual items — is based on Ďurišin’s theory of typological and genetic comparison. I have dealt with the theory elsewhere and I have also developed aspects of it in relation to interdisciplinary analysis and studies of discourse. For a more comprehensive discussion, see the introductory chapter, ‘Kontextualisierung des literarischen Werkes’, of my monograph.2 My speculations follow the direction of A. Compagnon whose work draws on the research of the past two decades to do with the meaning of art and the notion of mimesis as recognition. Compagnon weaves threads from the works of Frey, Ricoeur and Ginzburg, whose convoluted theoretical questions are elaborated in the third chapter, ‘Svet’ (The World) of his book, Démon teórie (Literature, Theory, and Common Sense). In the earlier chapters Compagnon has tried to come to a definition of literature, focusing mainly on the subject of the author and his or her intention. Compagnon examines theories that have questioned or displaced the idea of authorial intention and that, putting aside the cultural, historical and social context of a work of literature, gave pre-eminence to the narrative value of the text itself. Compagnon distances himself from these theories, writing: ‘I would like to step out of the trap of this absurd alternative between objectivism/subjectivism and demonstrate that the only possible criterion for the validity of the interpretation is definitely the intention, which, however, cannot be identified with ‘the clear and prescient purpose’ (ibid., p. 84). Compagnon attempts to escape the objectivist/subjectivist dichotomy with an appeal to a more complex understanding of what art is and of the function of literature in society in his discussion of the most prominent theorists of the second half of the 20th century.
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