We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
Recently, the proportions of people who are immigrating to achieve their aspirations in abroad are increasing rapidly.Hungarians who have gained adequate training and qualifications can start working in their motherland. Previously a certain job is said to fulfill the employees for a long time, at least for the retirement as well. Nowadays, this is absolutely not true. In one hand it is not only because of the workers having increased demand and desire for new things, and hoping in their jobs, but in the other hand in these current conditions, they cannot find a suitable workplace for themselves, which it might be in accordance with their qualifications, their experiences as well and they could exploit that sufficient remuneration to benefit. People are not able to cover the increased subsistence by their domestic wages and revenues. For that reason, there are many people in Hungary who think about their life, opportunities, and possibilities as well. If they worked abroad, how they would start, having abdicated their lives so far, leaving their families, in the hope of a better paying job. In one of my research named after the international career field, I have studied the living life of Hungarians in London. What are their motivations, how they can solve the differences between foreign cultures. What integration competencies do they have?Most of us know the “cultural shock”. There are several components of this shock. You should have to know the details of this period, because all of them who want to go to work abroad, have to prepare in advance. There are other conditions, circumstances, habits, custom and some difficulties of other civilization as well.A new country may be “windows to finding opportunities” becoming what we want to be, doing what we want to create and feeling at home in a foreign country as well. But if we do not prepare, do not speak foreign languages, the life might be a failure venue there.
More...
The conventional accounting system favours the usage of amounts at which the elements of financial statements were measured at the date of their initial recognition. Historical costs possess some advantages; objectivity and conclusive evidence are in the first place. They can serve as a prudence measure for the protection of entity’s creditors. Unfortunately, historical costs are not suitable and relevant for economic decision-making and they deteriorate the stewardship function of accounting from the view of entity’s owners. As a reaction to those disadvantages standard setters prefer measurement attributes based on current market information and assumptions for preparing the financial statements by publicly responsible entities. Fair value is considered the most useful market characteristics as far as measurement in financial reporting concerns. The purpose of this paper is to show the weaknesses and disadvantages of using fair value measurement in accounting and to explore the links between fair value accounting and financial crisis in 2008-2009.
More...
Anthropological ideas of the maritime leadership development are discussed at the integral level of the vocational preparation of seafarers and skilled port workers in the paper. Development of the maritime leader’s personality, based anthropologically by applying the universal vocational preparation, is revealed regarding vocational schizophrenia, division of theory and practice, emphasizing of physical functions by ignoring the valuably psycho-emotional activity, the whole of personality’s principles at work, harmony of the maritime and continental self-concept, formalism of the EU conventions and the needs of the labor market, higher education as a universal vocational preparation, defragmentation of the vocational preparation, negative effects of the environment and the development of resistance to them. The type of the research is theoretically descriptive. The main methods, such as analysis, interpretation, heuristic analysis and synthesis, and methodological principles, such as existentialism, cognitive psychology and the paradigm of universal education, were used in the research.
More...
This case study is based on surveys carried on, by the Graduate Career Tracking System (GCTS) in Szent István University (Hungary). The “GCTS” surveys provide good opportunity to follow up careers of the graduates, to evaluate their opinion on their jobs and tasks and to examine how the graduates think about the usefulness in labor market of skills and competencies have been gained by universities as well.In our survey (amongst young graduates’ success in labor market) we have examined not only the classical economic indicators - such as income, chance of becoming employed and the average time till the first employment after graduation, but some other factors as well: the link between the current/last job and the qualification awarded, willingness to change job, judging the prestige of job, job satisfaction in various aspects of work: the content of work, the technical part of the work, income and benefits, career advancement opportunities, and personal and material conditions of work.We have taken into consideration the multi-dimensional aspects of success of labor market, and we have tried to explore success factors as well. The research is intended to select groups of indicators (factors), which contents based on common professional information given by the respondents.Logistic regression models have been set up to analyze cause of the factors of the labor market success or (failure).In terms of success characteristics presumed to be relevant, we chose those factors, which ones adapted by the Graduate Research survey in 2015, (participation in mobility programs during the period of studies, family status, home, family financial background, parents' graduation, work experience, etc).During our examination we have differenitiated the target population not only by the level of training area (agricultural sciences, economics, engineering, teachers training, liberal arts) but training level (BA/BSc, MA/MSc) as well.We examined differences in structure and overall level of labor market success amongst sub-populations formed by group creating factors.The statistical methods applied: independent samples t-tests, Principal Component Analysis, logistic regression models, generalized linear models. Statistical processing of data performed by the IMB SPSS 22 software package.
More...
Działania samorządu mają wpływ na rozwój lokalnej gospodarki. Finanse stanowią podstawę realizacji zadań publicznych i rozstrzygają o warunkach rozwoju gospodarczego jednostki. Celem artykułu jest zdefiniowanie i opisanie wskaźnika syntetycznego służącego określeniu poziomu kondycji finansowej województw w Polsce. O kondycji finansowej świadczy m.in. zdolność do wykonywania zadań, poziom dochodów i wielkość wydatków, samodzielność finansowa. Przeprowadzone badania statystyczne potwierdzają istnienie dysproporcji w obszarze kondycji finansowej województw w Polsce. W badanym okresie czołowe miejsca utrzymywały śląskie (2003 - 0,66; 2005 - 0,61; 2010 - 0,48; 2014 - 0,56) i mazowieckie (0,65; 0,74; 0,57; 0,57). Na końcu rankingu znalazły się świętokrzyskie (0,38; 0,26; 0,31; 0,38), lubuskie (2003 - 0,33; 2014 - 0,17), podlaskie (2005 - 0,23), warmińsko-mazurskie (2010 - 0,24).
More...
Efficient agricultural production is not only an essential prerequisite for successful development of rural territories and food processing industry but also an important factor in providing employment and stability of national economy. The creation of high value added by agrarian sector substantially contributes to the growth of economic prosperity of rural population. This study aims to explore the efficiency of Latvian agricultural production at micro (farm) level measured by value added in the context of selected EU member states. All the calculations were performed by the authors and were based on data for the years 2007-2013 which had been obtained from the public databases of Farm Accountancy Data Network and SUDAT. An examination of the proportion of farm net value added to annual work unit has revealed that the Baltic States still belong to the lowest ratio group compared with the EU average. Latvian field crops farms were in a particularly difficult economic situation. In comparison with the EU average, the ratio of farm net value added per 1 hectare of utilized agricultural area was the smallest in the EU. In Latvian dairy farms the ratio of farm net value added per 1 livestock unit to the EU average was much higher and achieved approximately 70 %. However, it still was not as high as for farms in neigbouring Baltic countries where the ratio was roughly the same as the EU average. Latvian farms also remained among the most heavily subsidized agricultural holdings in the EU. In agrarian sector the proportion of production subsidies in farm net value added was two times higher than the EU average. A growing dependence of farms on subsidies manifests deteriorating competitiveness of agrarian sector. This trend could be reversed by introducing innovative forms of production process, modernizing technology and learning from experience of other EU member states, particularly, of Scandinavian countries which have similar or even more adverse climate.
More...
Nations living near the Baltic Sea have constructed fishing boats since ancient times, as well as large commercial vessels for trading along the sea routes. Therefore, even nowadays the marine industry – vessel/ship or other watercraft construction, repair and maintenance are the important element of the industry of the country. The number of permanent employees in this branch is larger than 2 thousands and the number of enterprises exceeds several tens. The important factor that influences vessel construction development is the necessity to decrease the vessel construction costs and to increase the operational efficiency due to the rise of fuel prices. It is a necessary condition for stable development of branch to constantly improve business with the aim to increase competitiveness and output of the “mechanisms” for management thereof. Object of study: Latvian branch of construction, maintenance and repair of marine vessels. The aim - to develop recommendations for a successful development of the industry in a global competition. The problem - the need to identify and provide the prerequisites for a successful development of the industry. The originality of the paper is that the peculiarities of operation of vessel construction branch in Latvia after the regain of independence were considered for the first time. Analysis of aspects providing successful development of Latvian traditional branch of vessel construction has been done and substantiated recommendations have been elaborated. The novelty is that the main obstacles, which hinder the development of the industry, are identified and analyzed. Furthermore, this paper offers methods of solving these problems. There is an acute problem of development and improvement of human capital, the training of professionals who are able to accept the achievements of science, technology and to promote an innovation-based development of companies. Innovation with the participation of highly qualified professionals is regarded as the main solution, which will ensure competitiveness and sustainable development of the industry. It is necessary to develop a state program for innovative development of Latvian traditional shipbuilding industry.
More...
Sustainable social and economic development is one of the most important issues for countries worldwide. There is always topical question, how to provide development, that influences positive different spheres of life and all members of society. Successful implementation of this goal can be reached only if there is also sustainable development of regions in the country, as results of regions are very closely linked to development of the country, and directly predetermine it. In Latvia, two levels of regions can be stated – planning regions and municipalities (of cities and counties). On the one hand, there can be positive synergy between regions in terms of social and economic development if regions directly or indirectly cooperate in some fields. On the other hand, negative trends in one region can result in undesirable processes in other regions. And, of course, there can be also competition between regions (e.g. for state budget funding, private investment, human resources etc.). Aim of the research – to assess main trends of social and economic development of counties municipalities in Kurzeme planning region. For research, method of comparison, method of ranking, analysis of dynamic and correlation analysis was made. For research, information from Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia and from the reports by State Regional Development Agency “Regional Development in Latvia” about counties in Kurzeme planning region was used. To assess social and economic development trends in counties municipalities of Kurzeme planning region, such indicators as number of population, population density, demographic burden, gross wages and salaries, number of economically active statistical units was analysed.Results of research show that there is correlation between some social and economic indicators that characterizes counties municipalities. Decrease of population number contributes to decrease of economic activity in county and so – to decrease of wages. In long term perspective, these processes reinforce each other and can create situation with plenty other serious development problems.
More...
The rapid dispersion of the idea of circled economy is determined by the need for suitable and effective management of waste and resources. Today’s manufacturing processes are ineffective and wasteful; they use too much primary raw materials and do not recycle used products. Circular economy is only now receiving more attention from scientists, after European Commission published a communication „Towards a circular economy: A zero waste programme for Europe“. The object of circular economy is waste recycling, using it as materials for manufacturing or energy production. Due to the rapid growth of the economy over the recent decades, technologies, population migration from rural areas to urban, growing quality of life, amounts of waste are significantly increasing and becoming a serious ecological disaster in some heavily polluted areas. The international environmental agencies analyse negative impact of waste, focusing on pollution reduction and need of efficient recycling. Today, European countries with European Commission, implement zero waste policies, aiming to improve waste management and recycling efficiency. Zero waste policy is understood by scientists as unrealistic and unreachable goal in today‘s economy, but it works as a preventive measure to encourage countries to implement effective waste management and recycling policy. This situation leads to a growing interest among scientists concerning waste management opportunities and innovative technologies integration to ensure sustainable development while maintaining economic growth and the saving of natural resources. Circular economy implementation involves waste collection, transportation and recycling processes. Industry of waste management plays an important role not just in circular economy, but in helping to move away from linear production to efficient resources management for manufacturing and energy production sectors as a supplier as well.
More...
This research aim is propose prevailing biomass cluster model and explore synergy effects, which initiate cluster activity. Authors propose foreign countries experience to develop biomass clusters, indicate such type cluster structure, who dominate various countries. Also indicate main ranges, which making researches, related with biomass clusters competitive and benefit creation increase. Systemize all information prescribe synergy effects, which comprise developing biomass cluster, when therein participate business and science institutions. Herewith highlight benefit, who biomass cluster activity gives business and society.
More...
Since the UN conference in Rio de Janeiro organized in 1992, the sustainable development is the central question of the global, regional and national strategies. The requirement of that is defined in the main conference document „Agenda 21’. In 2012 the Rio+20 conference stated that there is a substantial progress in integration of the economic, social and environmental pillars of SD into strategic planning into many national development plans, transition into practice still remain a challenge. Although generally accepted definition does not exist for „sustainable development”, but there is consensus that it is a highly complex and complicated multidimensional process, which is aiming to reach and keep the balance between society, economy and nature for the well-being of future generations as well. There are different approaches and theories about the sustainable goals and the strategies leading to a better world, although there not even a precise, generally accepted definition has been set up for „sustainable development”. In mind of the authors, the sustainable development is a progress with aim to lesser the long term vulnerability of economic, social and ecological systems. There is a general consensus, that energy is the essential question in the sustainable development, since this business area plays a key role in every countries’ economics, industrial production level, even significantly influencing social and private spendings – besides effecting the environment. Energy dependency of economy of countries increasing, and that is no matter they are exporters or importers. For example European Union the most of the EU countries are vulnerable to energy price shocks or energy supply disruptions. As the world hydrocarbon supply is geographically concentrated in some regions the supplier countries will have key role in global economy and politics, but they economy is vulnerable as well. In the energy resources rich countries the economic performance has been influenced by oil and gas or coal revenue volatility (Mehrara, 2007).Our study connects to this line, showing and analysing national development strategies of countries with different conditions. We will introduce three countries’ (Qatar, Hungary and Lithuania) pursuit for sustainable development, who are standing on the two opposite sides of the fossil business, however, the motivation and the future goals have become the same for all of them.
More...
Since the industrial revolution with the increase of economic-, industrial- and agricultural production the pollution of the environment was increased not only in the air, but also in the natural waters and soils. As a result of the technological development and population increase the land use has changed. At the same time with the decreasing biodiversity the size of the area covered by forests has considerably decreased. Moreover, due to the economic development the demand on natural resources is getting higher and higher.As the managing of ecological and economic problems can be realized by international collaboration only, several multilateral agreements have come into force to manage the connection between the energy-, economy-, environment- and climate policy to insure sustainable development.In the interest of sustainable development by the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol 140 countries undertook to decrease and limit the emission in 1997. The improvement of energy efficiency, the protection of sustainable agricultural systems, the development of renewable energy sources as well as harmonizing the national policies were included among the suggested methods to combat global warming.According to the Kyoto Protocol, ratified in 1997, the representatives of developed countries had committed themselves to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 5 per cent below the 1990 level in the period 2008-2012. Taking into consideration the sustainability, the EU wants to ensure a 20% measure in its new energy strategy concerning three areas of energy utilisation. On the one hand, it is necessary to reduce the greenhouse gas emission by at least 20%, on the other hand the energy efficiency has to increase by 20% and thirdly, the proportion of renewable energy sources has to increase to 20% in the total energy consumption from the 1990 level till 2020.The study focuses on the situation and changes of the energy market of Hungary and Lithuania among the states of the European Union with special emphases on the distribution and change of energy utilization in the European Union and the member states. As the sustainable growth is not separate from the change of climate- and energy policy that is why the article has special attention to the sustainable development and the role of renewable energy resources as key statistical indicators.
More...
The article through the raised aim overviews the assessment of the impact of foreign direct investment on Lithuania’s competitiveness. In order to identify the factors which attract and repel FDI in Lithuania and to assess the impact of FDI on the competitiveness of Lithuania the expert survey was conducted and 11 different investors from various foreign countries who have established their business in Lithuania have answered the questionnaire. Empirical research has revealed that the positive impact make the following factors in attracting FDI to Lithuania: the most important factor was talented and skilled (mean value 4.36) and work related experience (mean value 4.09) among labour force factors. The highest mean value in cultural factors group scored the following factors: open to foreigners (mean value 4.45), motivated (mean value 4.27) and tolerant (mean value 4). Foreign investors ranked all infrastructure factors more or less the same: flight connections to major world capitals (mean value 3.64) and trade connections (mean value 3.82). Foreign investors ranked possibility of production growth (mean value 4.18) and lower salary in Lithuania (mean value 4) as the most important among economic factors. Foreign investors ranked business environment factors relatively similar however possibility for innovations (mean value 4.27) is prevailing in this sub group and stands out as a factor which makes a positive impact on the country’s competitiveness. The least important factors which repel FDI to Lithuania the experts ranked the following. The least important was education of potential employees among labour force factors where university graduates scored mean value 2.91. Foreign investors were least interested in the religion (mean value 2.55) of potential employees among cultural factors. Infrastructure factors were not the priority for foreign investors in attracting FDI to Lithuania. Moreover, financial incentives from Government (mean value 2.36) were ranked as the least important among Economic factors. Less bureaucracy (mean value 3.18) was ranked as the least important among Business environment factors. Based on the results of expert recommendations the suggestions how to attract more FDI to Lithuania are provided at the end of the article: be visible and known worldwide, expansion of investor’s search geography, diversification of sectors for investment, flexible work relationships, education system cooperation with investors, encouragement of Lithuanian communities, decrease of bureaucracy, invitation of current investors to share good experience.
More...
Competences that employees should have can be found most explicitly in advertisements for job vacancies. The aim of our research is to study key competences, competences of leaders and of their employees, and competences linked to specific work areas based on advertisements for jobs, thus representing the demands of the labour market. The theoretical background is the competence framework of József Nagy (2000). His theory defines 4 subcategories of competence: personal, social, cognitive and specific competence, and closely resembles the key competence framework of OECD published in 2005. Our research was carried out in 2013. We have systematically selected 300 job advertisements from a pool of 5000 ads. These 300 advertisements were then studied by collecting the terms that referred to personality traits, skills and competence, and the categorization of these terms into competence categories by experts. We used the subcategories of József Nagy (personal, social, cognitive and specific competence) in the process and listed competences based on the frequency of other variables (e.g. competence of a leader / employee; area of specialty of the job mentioned in the advertisement), as well. A clear innovation of the study is that key competences and specific competences, which are linked to a specific area of expertise, could be differentiated. In accordance with our hypothesis our findings suggest that the labour market demands few of the key competences from employees and leaders.
More...
The foreign communities, organizations and institutions in all forms exposed of the many challenges and crises, and appear in multiple images lead to accountability or prosecution from the affected a government or public, which affects negatively on their images, nor the likelihood of crisis on public and private foreign institutions which accredited in a host country and one of these institutions are a diplomatic missions accredited to it. It is incumbent upon practitioners diplomatic many skills to deal with the crisis and prepare necessary measures to create a good atmosphere and positive communication to deal with their secretions, and enhance its reputation and maintain a mental image, through the perspective of modern diplomacy in the crisis communication. Most researchers believe that theories and practices of modern diplomacy can change the classic diplomacy to modern diplomacy and help it to shift from being just a tool of foreign policy in the recruitment and planning to the basic functions of management for the purpose of building long-term relationships with the host country. So an example the unmasking of a spy who passed on internal documents of the German foreign intelligence service (BND) to the CIA for money has led to unusually sharp attacks by German politicians in the United States because the last still use classic diplomacy.
More...
Although the analysis of the relationship between a customer and a vendor (an external service provider) has earned sufficient scientific attention while researching private sector, what concerns public sector, there is a tendency to focus on the analysis of the efficiency of outsourcing relationship rather than concentrate on the nature and peculiarities of the relationship itself. This determined the aim of the article – to evaluate outsourcing relationship in electricity supply industry in Lithuania. The methods of the research include the systematic analysis of the scientific literature and the expert evaluation. The theoretical analysis of the scientific literature has enabled to form the structural model of outsourcing relationship between a customer and a vendor and this way identify the theoretical determinants of outsourcing relationship from customer and supplier’s point of view. Considering the subject of the research – Lithuanian electricity supply sector, the directions of outsourcing relationship in electricity supply chain have been defined. The empirical part of the research (expert evaluation) has revealed the most significant negotiation, contract making, contract performance and confirmation, observation (monitoring), partnership and dissatisfaction factors that have the impact on outsourcing relationship in Lithuanian electricity supply sector. The main causes of outsourcing relationship problems in the analysed sector have also been identified. They include such internal issues as the lack of clear goals and objectives and lack of coordination between management teams. Incompatibility of the parties is also attributed to extremely significant causes of outsourcing problems in the analysed sector. The main external causes of outsourcing relationship problems include economic and market changes, which are not directly influenced by the operating entities. With reference to the research results, it can be concluded that for qualitative outsourcing collaboration in Lithuanian electricity supply sector, strategic goals and objectives must be defined, contract performance standards must be followed and smooth operation must be ensured, focusing on the constant contract performance control as well as observation of the policy efficiency.
More...
University education plays an important role in overall chievements and prosperity of society. Therefore it should be the most cruacial agenda on political table to prioritise the financing of the education system. Description of particular parts of the article: economic growth of the country in the so called new economy, position of young people in the job market, noneconomic contributions of univercity education, importance of tuition fees.
More...
Employee turnover takes place in any organization. The article formulates the problem that the reasons of employee turnover and its effect on the company have not been appropriately assessed or even have not been analysed at all. Therefore, analysis of current situation in the company is made in terms of human resources turnover as well as its determinants. Having systemised the results of the theoretical analysis, a model was formed of three groups of factors: the company’s external and internal factors and personal factors. They are supplemented by the determinants of employee turnover, such as the economic situation of the country; motivation system, interpersonal relationships, workload, moral values; job satisfaction, self-fulfilment opportunities, etc. It can be maintained that the model for reduction of employee turnover was created that includes the following tools: adaptation programme, closer communication between managers and subordinates, teamwork, management style of managers, adequate work tasks, workload, career, development-improvement system, organizational culture, labour agreements, business development, programme for increase of employee loyalty, pre-employment and exit interviews; this model would become a possibility for elimination of the determinants of employee turnover in a business company. Various combinations of the above tools would help a manager of the company to manage the internal and external turnover of employees. The results of the analysis give rise to new ideas, decisions for initiated changes that become a guideline for further implementation of the company’s objectives.
More...
Case study is an important tool for teaching of economics and managerial disciplines in the education of medical devices managers. Application and use of case studies in teaching are widely discussed, praised or criticized, not only in the academic literature. Far less attention is paid to problems of the creation of case studies. The article presents the steps, limitations and approaches associated with creation of educational case studies for medical devices managers’ education.
More...