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Large Infrastructure projects face many risks due to their complex technical and social conditions. But who is handling a risk is often not the result of an adequate risk distribution, it is more a function of power. And even though systematic risk management should be a basic element of a professional project management, it is not normative in the execution phase and it is unusual in the design phase of these projects. Contractors often take only risks into account, which are obvious or described by the client. They often disregard risks, because it seems to be no “space” in the bid because of the market situation. Clients rarely have a systematic risk management in their projects and are not focused on a fair risk allocation, they try to allocate as much risks as possible at the contractors side. This paper presents an approach for a cooperative and integral risk management for infrastructure projects, the design and the execution phase included. Recent literature and field study results are considered. This holistic approach includes elements as the clients process responsibility, life cycle orientation, a minimizing concept, risk transparency, a risk list, cooperative risk management, risk controlling and risk reviews.
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The risk management is a part of the internal system of control for the investments projects supported by the regional policy funds of the European Union. The logic behind is to identify the risks in front o the implementation of the projects and the Operational Programme as a whole, to evaluate and limit the critical risks. The proper management of the incorporated risks is a prerequisite for achieving a sustainable project implementation and investments control.
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The European Union is characterized by different management and planning systems in terms of landscape and spatial planning. Development of the EU territorial cohesion policy is taking the lead instrument in the implementation of EU policy guidelines. Regional policies in the EU are increasingly focusing on harmonious territorial development. Europe is a witness of widespread implementation of the European Landscape Convention (Council of Europe, 2000) which is embedded in the landscape planning, protection and management by strengthening the institutional framework and creating an inclusive, people-centered approach. Developing an integrated landscape plans and assessment in spatial planning has become a potential asset in law on regional development towards sustainability. Identification of successful approaches in combining landscape management and socio - economic development are the basis for Liveable Landscape planning and policy recommendations and guidelines. One of the European Commission (Environment) aims is to protect, preserve and improve the environment for present and future generations. The new strategy for Green Infrastructure is a policy that should ensure a high level of protection of the environment and preserve the quality of life of EU citizens. It is extremely important to identify the mechanisms (tools and policies) that can be used to enhance the integration of landscape and spatial planning.
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The paper explores the reporting of social responsible activities of the hotels in Bulgaria and examines if there is a relation between the online „reported” social responsibility and the consumer assessment of the hotels in the reservation system booking.com. A модел of 5 indicators for CSR „reporting” (Holcomb, Upchurch & Okumus, 2007) is extended and implemented for the purposes of the study which is based on content-analysis of 130 hotel websites. The paper contains conclusions about the state of the CSR online “reporting” of the Bulgarian hotels and suggestions about better usage of it for hotel online marketing.
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Concept of internal marketing (Internal marketing - IM) has gained unprecedented popularity and many Western and Russian theorists have tried to convince the world in vital need of its application in organizations in recent decades. The objective of this paper is mainly to show what is and what is not IM in view of the scant knowledge of the concept in Bulgaria. To meet this objective, the author attempt to clarify some basic terms (internal marketing, marketing concept ... ), analyze tasks and domains of IM application and focus on the crucial question: Can the IM perception provide the overall marketing effectiveness?
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The image of each country in the global world takes on a new meaning in the context of regional brands. The purpose of this report is to show the importance of the regional brands, that contribute to making a purchase decision faster, and the consumers themselves are more confident in their choice because they are familiar with the brands. Therefore, the brand is considered to be one of the most important assets of any company as it is the basis for a competitive advantage and for future revenues.
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Given the strategic importance of brand extensions and with regards to the dynamic development of contemporary business it is necessary to review the existing studies in the field, which identify the former as a process / strategy. Within the framework of the critical analysis of past studies we have discovered that researchers have predominantly emphasized on brand extensions of tangible products, whereas the specialized literature lacks empirical evidence of brand extensions as a strategic ploy in the service sector. Viewed from another perspective, the majority of studies employ experiments with students as a research method as well as fictive brands instead of real customers and existing brands. The validity of such studies is frequently questioned and the former have received criticism regarding the generalizations of the research outcomes. The main objective of this paper is to describe the opportunities for practical application of the research of brand extension effects to the functioning of organizations. Provided the critical analysis of existing research, the paper proposes practical implications for possible application of brand extension research taking into consideration the specifics of the development of Bulgarian markets.
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This paper is а part of the monograph, which explores advertising in postmodern, mass-cultural society and internet advertising. But while most scientific texts (with similar feature) most often describe the online advertising methods and their technological aspects, this one is dedicated to the often "forgotten" features of the Internet as a channel of advertising communication and attempts to formulate some important questions about the future of mass-communication in the era of Internet like (for example) the power of advertising and over advertising on the network.
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Positioning theory is based on the observation that modern consumer does not have time nor the capacity to remember and sorts out the myriad "reasonable" arguments, rushing from the market, nor to test one by one all the available goods and services. Therefore his mind simplifies and organizes the amount of data so that it serves as a landmark in the chaos of the supply. Therefore, positioning is associated with rooted associations concerning the characteristics of any known brand, which remain stable at the influx of new information and resurface whenever calling his name. The purpose of this report is to present strategies to develop a positive attitude towards the brand.
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This report presents the results of an empirical study of promotional impact on cross-category brand sales. Analysis was done using standard decomposition of the promotional effects.
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This report examines the specifics of the application of affiliate marketing by the daily deal sites in general and particularly by the Bulgarian ones. The first part deals with the theoretical aspects of two-sided platforms that put affiliate programs in the role of a tool for external effect management, and the specifics of the programmes themselves in the online environment. The second part discusses the affiliate programmes of the daily deal sites from instrumental perspective. The third part presents the results of a study of affiliate programs in a sample of seven Bulgarian sites and a reference one.
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The present research demonstrates the possibilities of multiple imputation as method for dealing with missing data. For this reason a data base is simulated, in which the variables form multivariate normal distribution. For the needs of the research in one of the variables artificially are implement missing values, which covers 50% of the values. Multiple imputation is conducted over data base with missing data and the derived results are in context of the “proper imputation” of Donald Rubin.
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In this paper an attempt is made to highlight the contemporary form of the Annual financial report as part of the Annual report of the enterprise which is, prepared and published in accordance with the present applicable legislation of the Republic of Bulgaria. The paper aim is to introduce and summarize the good practices for presenting the Annual financial reports of the enterprises, based on the theoretical, normative and empirical representative research.
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The deposit risk is not classified as a separate risk in the scientific literature. However, it could find a place among other risks. An attempt could be made to characterize the deposit risk as follows: Ability to display unfavorable situation of the credit institution; Occurrence of acute shortage of liquid resources; Inability to carry out operations, planned period in previous, related to the placement resource, i.e. inability to perform any part of the active transactions.
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From a global perspective the main share of incomes generated by insurance companies in the member countries of the European Union comes from insurance intermediaries – brokers and agents. With reference to this, there is a trend of unification of Bulgarian primary and subordinate insurance legislation with that of the EU countries in order to achieve synchronization and improvement of new relationships in the field of insurance. An emphasis should be put on the extremely positive and beneficial effect the European directives have on the Insurance Code in the country. This allows for a precise definition of the processes in the basis of insurance and reinsurance intermediation of brokers and agents. On the other hand, all activities and services beyond the scope of intermediation could also be differentiated clearly.
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State government is depicted as implementation of state power by making decisions aimed at functioning of the state organization. Binding nature of the decisions is based on social power that is inherent in each organization. From this point of view the process of management is a realization of social power, namely power in functional and institutional aspects. Functionally government focuses and covers the implementation of state policies. Legal goods is characterized both by substantial and legal characteristics relevant to their recognition by positive law for objects of subjective rights, obligations and imperatives in relation to the goals and objectives of legal regulation.
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Strategic planning in the Republic of Bulgaria requires strong linkages between national policy and the one of the European Community. One of the main priorities of the community is to achieve „smart growth”, which focuses on education, research / innovation and the creation of a digital society. The purpose of this report is to examine the national policy for „smart growth”. It focuses on the reasons for integration of green perspectives in the future activities of economic agents. The relation between „investments in innovative technologies in implementation of priority „smart growth” as a factor in the creation of green jobs” is presented.
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The future of tourism is impossible without open communication, the main elements of which in the new digital world should be: blog, video, social networking; Email Marketing. Modern tourists want their money to get the most - quality services and the best service. Implementation in the marketing process of a quality system for integrated communication channels and management of customer relationships will increase the chances of Bulgarian tourist product in the international market.
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