Analiza diachroniczna określeń zapominania w językach ałtajskich

Author(s): Kamil Krakowiecki / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the phonological research in the development of roots which realise the concept of forgetting from the Proto-Altaic language to the following languages: Proto-Mongolian, Proto-Turkish and Proto-Tungusic. The data which was used is derived from etymological databases. There is a brief overview of the geography and the history of Altaic languages which is followed by a comprehensive analysis of the previously mentioned changes in the bulk of the text. In order to fulfil this goal one introduced the instrument of a phonetic profile. An important element of the article has to do with a presentation of a potential affinity of the roots in question with Proto-Indo-European roots. Eventually the author presents the potential directions of future research.

Gramatykalizacja nazw części ciała a określanie przestrzeni w języku polskim

Author(s): Andrzej M. Łęcki / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The main purpose of this work is to present the development of lexemes which refer to various parts of the body in the Polish language used in order to determine spatial relations in the context of other, non-cognate language. Section 1 contains an overview of the mechanisms and the most important changes which are strictly associated with process of the grammaticalisation of expressions which refer to parts of the body, whereas Section 2 constitutes a description and an analysis of expressions which refer to various parts of the body in the Polish language juxtaposed with analogous expressions in other languages which were researched by Svorou (1933) and by Heine et al. (1991).

Swoistości języków semickich

Author(s): Kamilla Termińska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article presents the following features of Semitic languages: triconsonality of the root and its capability of constituting meanings – images whose elements are concretised in lexical formations, the peculiar semantisation of morphological categories (causativum, intensivum), the debatable question of the temporalisation of an utterance. One indicated inter alia the problems of the broken plural, the so-called status constructus, the polisemanticity of certain morphemes, suffixed personal pronouns, weak roots and the morphological consequences of phonological departures from the regularity in their structure. As far as the sound-related and phonological layer is concerned, the languages in question are characterised inter alia by a considerable number of laryngeals and pharyngeals, the presence of semivowels and the polyfunctionality of gemination. One is struck by the culturally conditioned ways of reading and interpreting a text which are deeply rooted in mythical and symbolic layers.

Zapożyczenia semickie w mykeńskich nazwach produktów spożywczych

Author(s): Małgorzata Zadka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Semitic borrowings in the Greek language are attested already in the oldest layer of the development of this language which is familiar to us – the Mycenaean dialect. A result of contact between the inhabitants of Crete and continental Greece with the Middle East in the Bronze Age, they are associated with various areas of human endeavour – metallurgy, administration and the economy. The tablets with the Linear B script also feature the names of food products of Semitic etymology. The purpose of this article is to examine the relation between the number of Semitic words and the bulk of Mycenaean culinary vocabulary and to examine the varieties of referents whose names were borrowed from Semitic languages. The proportions between them may furnish us with a better understanding of the nature of Mycenaean-Semitic contacts in the second millennium BC.

Połączenie miasta Zielona Góra z gminą Zielona Góra we wspólny samorząd terytorialny

Author(s): Janusz Kubicki / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Prawne dylematy łączenia jednostek samorządu terytorialnego

Author(s): Bogusław Banaszak / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

As of January 1, 2015, the town of Zielona Góra and the municipality of Zielona Góra unioned. As a result, a single local government unit - Zielona Góra City was established, which covers the administrative boundaries of the two connected local government units. The legislator, allowing the possibility of combining local government units, was not able to settle all potential problems connected with it. The aim of the article is to present important problems that have arisen in practice after the merger of the city with the district of Zielona Góra with the municipality of Zielona Góra. The issues discussed may be of greater importance if similar combinations of other local government units were produced.

Problem zmian granic Opola w 2016 roku

Author(s): Adam Drosik / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article addresses the issue of broadening Opole's borders in 2016. and the political and social implications of this decision. An analysis of the process of border enlargement was showed in the context of the accompanying social protests. The article is enriched by the author's research on the ratio of inhabitants of Opole and areas subject to change of borders to the project of changes of borders.

Łączenie samorządów - perspektywa wielkoludów i liliputów

Author(s): Krzysztof Lisowski,Dorota Szaban / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The subject of analysis related to the merger of local governments, or switching on the boundaries of urban parts of municipalities is to present two perspectives (municipal authorities - "giants" and municipal authorities - "Lilliput") as well as the inhabitants of the units of local government. The imbalance between the actors (big cities and small municipalities) and their strategies for combining cause the appearance of conflict situations and open conflicts. The analysis indicated interest in different points of view and the level of involvement of different actors in the projects carried out call. It also showed that the prevalence of one of the parties (the city) can be used in the process of joining the slogan that the end justifies the means. Residents and municipalities can also be treated in a partnership, taking into account the elements of the common good and not affecting the current method of municipal communities.

Specyfika referendum lokalnego na tle procedury zmiany granic gmin – przegląd wybranych zagadnień prawnych

Author(s): Anna Feja-Paszkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In this article has been discussed selected aspects of the legal regulation of the mechanism of holding a local referendum on the citizens’ initiative on the creation, connection, division and removing the commune and establishment of the commune’s borders. The subject of discussion were also issues raising concerns and relating to the conduction of a subjected referendum, such as an optional character of this referendum, an entity authorized to submit an application, a range of referendum affairs, the nature of result of this referendum, the way and catalogue of the entities in these results. The author has exposed selected arrangements which were made in this aspect by administrative courts.

Geneza i kształt budżetu obywatelskiego w Polsce – dobre i złe praktyki Trójmiasta

Author(s): Piotr Uziębło / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The Tri-city, and in particular Sopot, is a pioneer in the development of the institution of the participatory budgeting (named civic budget) in Poland. Each of these cities, based on the experience of Porto Alegre, has developed its own rules for participatory budgeting eliminating the elements of deliberation in the budgetary procedure, which is the main defect of that institution. Despite certain regulations common to each city, significant differences can be identified between legal solutions adopted in Gdansk, Gdynia and Sopot. They mainly concern: the scope of admissible projects, people eligible to participate in project submissions and voting, voting procedures, and - most importantly - the amounts allocated for civic projects and the possibility of carrying out projects for the whole city.

Meandry budżetu partycypacyjnego w Niemczech

Author(s): Arkadiusz Stempin / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Partycypacja obywatelska – zagrożenia i szanse realizacji. Analiza wybranych działań prospołecznych i rewitalizacyjnych w mieście średniej wielkości

Author(s): Jerzy Leszkowicz-Baczyński / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The paper starts with presenting main rules according to citizens participation, especially participatory budgeting and social revitalization. There was presented participational actions’ brief characteristics on that base. The author presents moreover his own conception of four stages social process, which is typical to participatory actions agents. Final part of paper consists of recommendations improving actions, which were held in Zielona Góra.

Budżet obywatelski jako forma konsultacji społecznych

Author(s): Agnieszka Opalińska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Budżet partycypacyjny – mechanizm kreowania budżetu gminy przez jej mieszkańców – wybrane zagadnienia

Author(s): Marta Górka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Residents of local communities seek to actively participate in all matters of their municipality, in particular they want to decide on their own way of spending public funds. We can see an increasing interest of citizens in modern local financial management instruments, one of which is a participatory budget. Participatory budget is an instrument that allows residents to create a community budget and participate in the exercise of power. The participatory budget creates better conditions for the management of public finances at local level, and in particular to focus on the investment desired by the members of the local community, often overlooked by the rulers.

Doświadczenia z funkcjonowaniem instytucji budżetu obywatelskiego w małym mieście na przykładzie Budżetu Obywatelskiego Żmigrodu

Author(s): Karol Kalinka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The author of this work, on the example of the Civic Budget of Żmigród, tries to present the functioning of the institution of the civil budget. The author of the article outlines the legal and theoretical foundations for the functioning of civic institutions in cities, and then goes on to describe the four years of functioning of the civic budget in Żmigród. In the remainder of the paper the author presents the conclusions and shares the experiences of functioning of the budget of the Civic Smuggler pointing to the pros and cons of this institution. Finally, the author briefly summarizes the content discussed earlier.

Budżet partycypacyjny, a zagadnienia odpowiedzialności

Author(s): Michał Zieliński / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Legal responsibility is one of the key elements of the legal system, in liberal democracy especially in relation to the authorities. In this article, the author discusses the issue of subjective and objective accountability with regard to the institution of the civic budget, especially when considering mixed public-private mechanism of its creation and implementation, as well as variety of activities that produce legal effects for which responsibility may be incurred.

Budżet partycypacyjny instrumentem kształtowania idei partycypacji społecznej wśród mieszkańców gminy? – zagadnienia wybrane

Author(s): Justyna Mielczarek-Mikołajów / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This article presents the issue of the civic budget as an instrument of social activation of the inhabitants of the municipality. For this purpose, the author analyzes participatory budgets of several selected Polish cities. The whole of the analyzes carried out is intended to indicate current dilemmas connected with the functioning of this institution, suggesting solutions that would increase its effectiveness.

Budżet partycypacyjny - przejściowy nurt czy trwały instrument demokracji?

Author(s): Beata Stępień-Załucka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The participative budget has been in operation for only 28 years. However, at that time, this solution won a lot of supporters. It is the result of the benefits of its introduction that can be seen in different areas. The key benefit, as it can be believed, is the support that the participative budget gives to democracy. It is because it establishes a dialogue between the state and society, what becomes a tool for the construction or reconstruction of democratic relations.

Inicjatywa lokalna jako alternatywna forma partycypacji obywateli na szczeblu samorządu terytorialnego

Author(s): Maciej Serowaniec / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In the last few years the public discourse has been increasingly Turing attention towards the institutions of participatory democracy as a special form of 'dialogue' between the state and its citizens. A more frequent use of the participatory democracy serves not only to promote the participation of citizens in decision-making processes, but also their active involvement in the exercise of public tasks that are attributable to respectiveunits of localauthorities. The aim of the present article is to analyze a local initiative as a relatively new form of cooperation between society and local authorities.

THE 4TH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND INNOVATIVE LABOR: TRENDS, CHALLENGES, FORECASTS

Author(s): Nina Chala,Oksana Poplavska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The society is driven by the cyclical effect of the technological progress, which transforms the economy and changes the demand and supply notions within the labor market. However, today's changes, namely the 4th Industrial Revolution, have a number of features, among which the most significant is transforming the role and place of people in the production, economy, and life. This notion has both positive and negative trends. On the one hand, the potential of some economies will grow, thereby bringing high profits; however, on the other hand, many people will be unemployed, which once again requires much effort from the state and business to equalize the imbalance between supply and demand on labor sources. The authors of the article attempted to reveal the basic trends of the 4th Industrial Revolution in Ukraine, to predict some possible risks and changes, and to justify the strategic directions of the country's development in face of the new environment.