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The article focuses on the Polish literary works translated into Bulgarian in 2014. We will point to the most important trends defining the main characteristics of Bulgarian translations of Polish writers and the probable reasons why they have been chosen. Next, the titles of the translated works that were warmly received by the Bulgarian audience will be presented. We will also pay attention to the most active modern translators and the brightest representatives of the new translators’ generation in Bulgarian literature.
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Problem setting. problems of the principles of taxation, as a means of implementing fiscal functions of tax for a long time did not go beyond scientific publications and was not even trying to solve them in tax legislation of Ukraine. Reform legislation, including in taxation, conducted before, even in terms of staging did not address the question of the principles of taxation. This approach did not promote cohesion of financial system, for a certain time did not allow to systematize financial legislation, part of which is tax legislation. The need for more detailed and comprehensive definition of common fundamental principles of development of financial systems and legal forms of action and ways to ensure the unity of the financial system relevant institutions and associations finance and financial law on these principles can be established only through comprehensive research system of taxation principles as a means of implementing fiscal function of the tax.Recent research and publications analysis. until today, the analysis of legal principles of taxation fixing occurred only in individual scientific articles and books devoted to the study of common problems of tax law. In this area next scientists showed their interests: A. V. Bryzgalin, L. K. Voronov, A. N.Gorbunov, N. V.Karasev, A. M. Kozyrina, M. P.Kucheryavenko, P. S.Patsurkivskoho, S. G.Pepeliaev, M. I.Piskotina, G. P.Tolstopyatenko, N. I. Himichevoyi, D. G.Chernika and others, which considered very general questions of legal regulation of taxes and fees, certain aspects of the content and classification principles of tax law. In the study of major problems dissertation widely used for foreign scientists E. Bradley, R. Dernberha, M. Janis, R. Kay, J. Stiglitz.Paper objective. The goal is to deepen scientific knowledge of the legal nature of the principles of taxation as a means of implementing fiscal functions of tax by developing a holistic and comprehensive scientific understanding of the mechanisms of their creation and operation; determine whether the taxation principles for the reform of the tax system of Ukraine; forecasting the development of the industry in the areas of finance, which determine its integrity, consistency, effectiveness, stability, interconnectedness its legal institutions.The object of study is social relations that emerge and operate under the influence of legal regulation of taxation principles, as a means of implementing fiscal function of tax.Purpose of the study constitutes legal norms that reinforce the principles of taxation and provide their detailed formation mechanism of implementation through the special tax instruments (taxes, duties and other compulsory payments).Paper main body. description of the features of the tax should be based on the effect of the significant leverage in tax regulation. Still another sustained a lively discussion about the number and nature of these functions. According to the author, the most balanced view of the tax system functions can provide three of them: adjusting, fiscal and control. Last one, in the opinion of the author expresses the main purpose of the tax - the formation of public funds needs funding for state and local communities.It is clear that the function of the tax system affecting the corresponding homogeneous kind of public relations should provide for a holistic effect on the ordering process receipts from taxes and duties (mandatory payments). As a particular manifestation of the sense of these features can be found at every level of the tax regulation. It is, as on general regulations affecting the behavior of tax administration and then refined and detailed rules all tax laws and regulations more narrow focus concerning certain specific elements of the tax or fee.Legislative detailing how all functions of taxes, and each of them separately, systematically done by defining principles - in the current Tax Code of Ukraine, this century 4 «Basic principles of tax legislation Ukraine». It is difficult to unconditionally accept the title of this article. Analyzing in detail the principles set out in the Tax Code of Ukraine, it is easy to conclude that they concern not only the principles of tax law is as following, most general tax regulation principles, the legal nature of tax administration.Dynamic analysis of principles of taxation, which is a particular sense associated with fiscal functions of tax involves comparing the principles embodied today by the current Tax Code of Ukraine and have been regulated by the law of Ukraine "On taxation system". Conventionally, we can distribute them into three blocks: a) the principles enshrined in the Tax Code of Ukraine for the first time; b) Principles of Tax Code of Ukraine, identified in tax legislation Ukraine to its adoption; c) the principles that disappeared with the tax laws of the Tax Code of Ukraine. It is clear that it is only the principles that we can associate with providing fiscal function of the tax.Conclusions. Proposed distribution and comparison of taxation principles, in one way or another related to the fiscal functions of tax into three blocks: a) the principles contained in the Tax Code of Ukraine for the first time; b) the principles of the Tax Code of Ukraine, which were identified in the tax legislation of Ukraine and to the adoption; c) the principles that have disappeared from the tax legislation with the adoption of the Tax Code of Ukraine.Describing the features of the tax should be based on the effect of the significant leverage in tax regulation. Still another sustained a lively discussion about the number and nature of these functions. According to the author, the most balanced view of the tax system functions can provide three of them, adjusting, and fiscal control. The latter expresses the main purpose of the tax - the formation of public funds of funds to finance the needs of the state and local communities.
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Problem setting. Using Internet technologies is essential to the functioning of public institutions and the economy, public policy in conditions of world globalization. Continues to be problematic issue of protecting the rights and interests of individuals and businesses in the Internet. The issue of legal regulation of social relations associated with the use interenet technology is also controversial in terms of academics conceptually – appropriate or not regulation of such relationship, what is the relationship that their essence and that their contents.Recent research and publications analysis. Known for lawyers is to look at the relationship as a product of interaction between people and all kinds and forms relationships arising and function in society is public, aimed at meeting the needs and interests of individuals or their associations. However, the relationship between certain subjects arise and only in such circumstances may use legal mechanisms for the settlement of constitutional, civil, administrative, economic, legal and other relations. In all cases of this relationship is at least two parties, the two entities for the right (law) does not matter in which organizational and legal state, they are relative to each other. It is important that they enter into relationships with each other, and these relations can settle right. Participants Internet relationship certainly serve certain organizations and individuals, but they are not identified as personalities. Each participant may make Internet network any information, preferably only that it did not cause harm to others. Unfortunately this is not always the case. On the Internet you can find data relating to individuals, the way is not always true, but set them Distributor virtually impossible. In the Internet greatly increased the number of entities that use of the Internet in various fields - social, economic, political, cultural, religious, gender, etc. In this regard, we can conclude – a popular use of the Internet, the constant increase in the number of entities using the Internet there is a need to protect the rights and interests of individuals and legal entities, the State (s) of society, to prevent dissemination of false, immoral, criminal information. That is why the support of the Internet network of legal means, that Internet regulation relations.Paper main body. The legal regulation of social relations connected to the Internet is complicated by several factors: a growing number of users; increasing number of spheres of human activity, which finds place using Internet technologies. Under increasing amount of information, the speed of its use in the implementation of people and groups from the creation, transmission, storage, use the destruction of information.Conclusions. Among the principles of activity in the telecommunications sector include: consumer access to publicly available telecommunications services they need to meet their own needs, participation in political, economic and social life; interaction and interconnectedness telecommunications networks for communication between users at all levels; sustainability management of telecommunications networks and these networks based on their technological features based on uniform standards, rules and regulations; State support for development of domestic production of telecommunication equipment; the introduction of world achievements in telecommunications; attraction and use of domestic and foreign material and financial resources, technology, managerial expertise.
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Problem setting. The status of comprehensive support of military units in the world’s leading powers is considered to be one of the key factors which defines the success of the social emergency settling operations.The experience of service and military application of the National Guard of Ukraine in the anti-terrorist operation zone on the South-East of Ukraine shows that emergency response tasks are generally carried out in cooperation with other Ukrainian security sector authorities, mostly with the Security Service of Ukraine. However, the forces joint managing authority chiefs usually do not cover the matter of such activities’ comprehensive support, which forces the commanders of the military units to rely on themselves in this question.Recent research and publications analysis. The analysis of research of status and development prospects of the comprehensive support of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, other security authorities, armies of the world’s leading powers, peculiarities of creation and functioning of such systems, application of their means and powers, scientific thought on the problems of service and military application of the National Guard units has shown the problematic tasks of the joint unit comprehensive support system optimization. Therefore, the question of regulatory and legal support of this process is of current importance.Paper objective. The objective of this paper is to define regulatory and legal aspects of comprehensive support optimization of the Security Service of Ukraine and the National Guard of Ukraine service and combat activities during social emergencies.Paper main body. According to the current legislation, comprehensive support comprises of the following types of support: operative (also called military), moral and psychological, materiel (logistical). All other types of support are parts of these three basic ones. Their examination is necessary due to the fact, that there is confusion in the legislation regarding the classification of support types.A clear gradation of the support types is required for effective comprehensive support of the law enforcement forces service and combat activities while performing social emergencies response tasks. This question particularly arises during collateral execution of service and military tasks by different authorities, for example, joint duties of National Guard of Ukraine and Security Service of Ukraine personnel. The most problematic of the abovementioned now is the materiel support.The special operation materiel support should be headed by a National Guard of Ukraine officer, as National Guard military units and subdivisions, unlike the Security Service of Ukraine units or other law enforcement forces, have assigned materiel subdivisions, trained specialists and are able to rapidly deploy logistics objects.The use of contemporary IT is one of the means of comprehensive support optimization, in particular: use of mobile computer equipment in field conditions, application of modern geoinformational technologies, implementation of electronic data exchange, introduction of up-to-date digital communication.In order to augment the materiel support, effective public anti-corruption policy has to be established during tender supplies purchases for the security and defense sector; legislative environment on public-private partnership in the state defense field has to be improved, considering foreign experience and mistakes of outsourcing implementation in the Armed Forces of Ukraine.Conclusions of the research. Following regulatory and legal measures need to be taken: conduct a statutory regulation of centralization of comprehensive support of joint activities of Ukrainian security and defense sector authorities during social emergencies settlement; enhance the legislative environment of the tender purchases system in order to minimize corruptive abuse and reduce the bureaucratic component; form a unified legal framework for orders planning, weapons and military equipment delivery and exploitation and other support types.
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Problem setting. Actuality of the article consists in that now the comparative researches of criminology, devoted to the study of progressive international experience of prevention of criminality at participation of public, failing in science.Paper objective. The aim of the scientific article is a decision of basic modern directions of prevention of criminality from bringing in of public in the different countries of the world.Paper main body. The analysis of materials of a 13 Congress of the UNO from prevention of criminality and criminal justice grounds to distinguish such directions of realization of strategy of public influence on criminality:– study of the condition of local criminality;– prevention of recurrent criminality;– public law enforcement;– grant of free legal help;– financial encouragement of public for its payment in the matter of prevention of criminality;– use of facilities of communication in prevention of criminality;– other directions of activity.The input of the indicated directions of activity the row of factors interferes with: 1) limit nature of knowledge about an order and terms of application of strategy of public influence on criminality; 2) absences of traditional benevolent relations between a police and local population; 3) insufficiencies of political will on expansion of subjects of prevention of criminality; weak development of subdivisions of public law enforcement; 4) absences of legislation in the field of defense of the citizens involved in the guard of law and order; 5) insufficiency of the use of public alternatives to imprisonment; 6) limitation of the use of workers of services of probation in relation to a supervision after behavior of persons, what punishments released from serving is with a test.Conclusions. The use of progressive international experience in realization of strategy of public influence on criminality in Ukraine will assist budgetary cost effectiveness, improvement of partner relations between a police and citizens.
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Problem setting. The article considers features of the interaction between an investigator as a representative of the prosecution and other various participants of criminal proceedings including a head of investigation unit, prosecutor, investigative judge and others.The topicality of raised questions in the current article is confirmed by the fact that previously the interaction between an investigator and other participants of criminal proceedings in pre-trial investigation was conducted in terms of the former Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine (1960).Recent research and publications analysis. Some of questions regarding the interaction between an investigator and other participants of criminal proceedings in pre-trial investigation were examined by Linovskii V. A, Bandurka A. M., Groshevii Y. M., Larin O. M., Loboika L. M., Pogoretskii M. A., Tatarov O. Y., Sheiffer S. A., Golovko L. V., Baulin O. V., Zelenetskii V. S., Yukhno A. A. and others.Paper objective. The main aim of the article is a research of features of the interaction in current circumstances between an investigator and other participants of criminal proceedings including the head of investigation unit. It concerns as well the research of different scientific views regarding the matter and various ideas about improvement of principal norms in the Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine and other legal acts that regulate the above-mentioned interaction.Paper main body. During the pre-trial investigation the essential question is the interaction between an investigator and a prosecutor who conducts an oversight in criminal proceedings. The current Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine greatly expanded the full powers of the prosecutor to oversee the compliance of laws during a pre-trial investigation. Only the prosecutor should conduct a procedural supervision in a pre-trial investigation. We believe this procedural possibility limits an investigation independency.The interaction between an investigator and court during the pre-trial investigation reflects in judicial control over the investigation activity. An investigative judge takes almost all essential decisions in the pre-trial investigation. We believe such procedural and judicial control during the pre-trial investigation is excessive, and legally, undercover investigative (detective) actions could be controlled by the prosecutor.It has been always discussed the question of the interaction between an investigator and various detective units. The matter is still unsolved. We believe consideration should be given either to allow detectives to conduct independently undercover investigative (detective) actions or request their conducting to an investigative judge or prosecutor.Conclusions. Besides that, consideration should also be given to research the interaction between an investigator and an expert (specialist). We believe that the criminal responsibility for providing false statement and an intentional obstruction of identifying the truth in criminal proceedings should also be reflected in the Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine.
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Problem setting. It’s striking that even such seemingly distant from political speculations international jurisdictional authority, as the European Court of Human Rights has nolens volens to give not only a legal qualification of the alleged violations, but also a legal assessment of the historical facts presented by the parties or by the Court office. It is significant that this kind of assessment can cause violent reactions, sometimes even more bitter than that which concerns the violation. In the analysis of such cases, referred to as «sensitive», we see the purpose of this article. It should be emphasized that this topic has never been covered in the domestic legal literature.Recent research and publications analysis. It should be pointed out that these estimates are given by the High Court is not arbitrary, and in the context of another, much broader phenomenon, called «judicial activism». In relation to the activities of the European Court identified the phenomenon manifests itself in several forms. First, it can occur when the Court has several options for interpretation in the framework of its case-law, but it goes beyond that - and then his choice has legal effect, destroying the value of the previous precedents.Secondly, it is not always a clear position on procedural matters, as it was in the «Katyn case» (Janovec and others v. Russia). Then the Court was confronted with an event that took place not only before the ratification of the Convention by the Respondent state (1998), but even before it was born (1950), which was indicated in the dissent of the judge from Ukraine Yudkivska. As a general rule, the Court would have had to reject filed a claim as not corresponding to the criteria ratione temporis, however, the proceedings were not only open, but also culminated in the decision of the full decision, according to which Russia pledged to pay significant compensation to the relatives of the victims. In many respects the situation is similar, but with opposite sign was observed in the case of “Liechtenstein Prince Hans-Adam II against Germany». In the resolution it was stated that the expropriation of the property of the father of the applicant, including expensive paintings P. van Laere «lime Kiln», was carried out by the authorities in the former Czechoslovakia in 1946, that is, until September 3, 1953, when entered into force, the Convention, and before may 18, 1954, when he joined the force of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention. Accordingly, the European court declared itself incompetent ratione temporis to examine the circumstances of the expropriation and its consequences (§ 85 rulings of 12 July 2001). However, in the next paragraph the Court actually decides the issue on the merits, stating that the decisions of the courts of Germany and the subsequent return of the paintings in the Czech Republic can not be considered as interference in the «property» of the applicant within the meaning of article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention.And finally, third: judicial activism can be seen in the revision of certain facts and events of history, sometimes leading to incorrect or doubtful legal conclusions. The last form of judicial activism and is of greatest interest to us.Conclusions. However, in some «sensitive» cases the Court will deal with the circumstances not only recent, but also very distant past. In such cases, the question arises: should it be avoided at all costs for the review of cases that have a strong impact (geo-) politics, thereby substituting the OSCE and the International Court in the Hague, or does it have its regulations to allow the correction of the effects of the turbulent history of Europe ?
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Problem setting. Problems of determining the place of the European Court of Human Rights in the system of sources of law in Ukraine. The problem remains relevant sources of law. Difficult to determine the sources of law related to the lack of clear criteria. Modern civil law countries are hundreds and thousands of decisions of courts of different instances. Therefore, jurisprudence is a source of rights of the Romano-Germanic legal family, particularly Ukraine. Any systematization of legislation can not provide the necessary level of detail of regulation. Right of modern continental Europe developed it as a precedent.Recent research and publications analysis. Until today, analyzed and spoken about the need to implement a judicial precedent for reforming the legal system of Ukraine, many scientists. In this area next scientists showed their interests: K. Andrianov, M. Buromenskiy, A. Bushchenko, Lutkovska V., V. Paliyuk, P. Rabinovich, N. Radanovych, D. Suprun, S. Fedyk, S. Shevchuk and others. On the need to implement judicial precedent for reforming the legal system of Ukraine also said other scientists: A. Selivanov, M.Koziubra, M. Miller, M. Gray, V. Nor, L. Lutz, W. Kotyuk, S. Shevchuk, V. Navrotskyi, G. Shmelev, B. Malyshev, A. Kuhnyuk, D. Kyrylyuk, V. Shishkin.Paper objective. The goal is to deepen scientific knowledge of the harmonization of Ukrainian legislation with the European legal systems; rethinking the relationship to legal precedent; the need to implement judicial precedent in the legal system of the country; the level of detail necessary legal regulation; the ability of the legal system to respond to the dynamic development of social and economic institutions. The object of study is the source of law governing social relations, in particular, the case law. Purpose of the study is the European Court of Human Rights as a source of law in Ukraine.Paper main body. Identify features of the European Court of Human Rights should be based primarily on the current legislation.Ukraine at the legislative level has recognized the compulsory jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights. Convention for the Protection of Human Rights in accordance with Art. 9 of the Constitution is part of the national legislation of Ukraine. Ukrainians are very actively traded in the European Court of Ukraine is one of the leaders of appeals last few years. Most often, the applicants complain about the violation of the right to a fair trial. Many complaints of torture and inadequate conditions of detention. The decision of the European Court can be considered as the official form of clarification of fundamental rights of every person, and enshrined in the Convention. This is part of national law and a source of legal regulation and enforcement in Ukraine. Implementation of the Convention and the decisions of the European Court as a source of law in Justice of Ukraine were developed in the course of judicial reform. The decision of the European Court concerning the official interpretation and application of the Convention and binding on the States – Parties to the Convention.Conclusions. The decision of the European Court must be ideological and legal basis for justice in Ukraine. Case law system is the most common in the world - it's a well known fact. Is increasingly recognized in Ukraine and the importance of the role of jurisprudence of the European Court.
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Problem setting: Personalized activity of individuals holding offices of individual organs in the structure of international organizations is an essential part of the activities of these organizations. Meanwhile, today legal science researches this problem mainly in the context of the development of separate branches of international law.Recent research and publications analysis: From Max Weber, the development of individual organs was studied as a question how one transforms institutions that are led by high-profile individuals into institutions that have a life and energy of their own". Current international legal research in this regard provided by H. H. Koh, F. Benua-Romer, H. Klebes, R. Kicker and the others. There are no relevant Ukrainian legal studies on this issue today.Paper objective: The purpose of the article is to review the issue on the example of a relatively new international bodies - the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe. The features of organs, crucial for the study are: the features of appointment (election) of candidate, term of his office and special activities scheduled for each of these positions.Paper main body: Comparing the Institute of the High Commissioner and the Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe in personological view, we note that the personal characteristics and expert practices of the first, second and third Council of Europe Commissioner largely matches with the same first three (in same order) United Nations High Commissioners for Human Rights. This fact suggests that the election of candidates for these positions is a part of strategic transformation of the body.There is a reason to believe that the strategy of the international organizations, not only related to their desire to be effectively involved in actions within their mandate, but also with the desire to increase their influence in comparison with the other international organizations on the regional and universal level. In this regard, international organizations may be considered as international corporate structures that, among the interests of global security and sustainable development pursue the interests of the development of themselves.Conclusions of the research: - Appointment of the defined persons for positions of executive bodies of international organizations not connected with the political (external) strategies, but the strategies of their own, internal, development;- International organizations as corporate structures manage the process of strategic institutional development of their own bodies, independently;- The case of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights shows the stages of strengthening the particular sides of the bodies through the process of the selection of candidates with certain characteristics;- Strategic stage of the development of executive body is sufficient and prevail over personal characteristics of the candidate during elections.
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The year 2014 in Poland did not teem with many publications of Croatian literary works. In journals of culture and literature there were published a dozen or so poems and prose excerpts, less essays and plays. Among book publications attention should be paid to the collection of essays by Dubravka Ugresić Karaoke culture, the selection of poems by Ivan Herceg and the poetic tome by Dorta Jagić “Sofa on the market”. The last mentioned was awarded during the prestigious literary contest „The European Poet of Freedom” taking place in Gdańsk. Apart from the poetess the jury set the translator Małgorzata Wierzbicka apart for distinction. The article discusses selected poems by Dorta Jagić from the awarded collection.
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The paper deals with professional translations of Polish literature into Croatian language, published in Croatia in 2014, based on bibliographic access to translation issues. Concise and informative comments of each publication, its literary profile, its translator and publisher, as well as the summary, refer to the perception of Polish literature and the nature of cultural exchange that is achieved thanks to the translations.
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After the political transition in 1989 in the Czech Republic and Poland, there was a change in patronage over the mutual exchange in literature. Nevertheless, Polish-Czech relations in the field of literature and translation are in a quite good condition. In this commentary we limit ourselves to only presenting the reception of the Czech literature in Poland and Polish literature in the Czech Republic in the year 2014. The Polish and Czech literature finds its way into the consciousness of readers in the neighbouring country in several ways: through the translations of famous authors (books), as well as the translations of plays and poetry.
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The time span that divides the novel “Czerwony Błazen” (“Red Clown”) written by Aleksander Błażejowski, from the Slovak translation by Tomáš Horváth, is 89 years. The original version contains several archaic features on multiple levels. This article concerns with the analysis of the archaic features solely on the lexical level. The aim of the analysis is to find out if the translator has tried to maintain the archaic character of the novel (archaic from today’s point of view). There are several historical oddities in the novel (“Dorożka”). In the article, there are examples of the words that contemporary Polish lexicography considers archaic, even though the Dictionary of Warsaw, compiled in the same period as the novel “Red Clown”, recognizes the same words as neutral. All those archaic examples were substituted by neutral Slovak words by Tomáš Horváth. On the other hand, the translator used the method of compensation — where the Polish original text contains neutral words, in the Slovak translation archaic Slovak expressions were used. It is clearly visible that the translator tends to choose bookish expressions (skanúť, skyva chleba), which leads to the theory that he has planned to achieve the impression of an archaic text by using the bookish expressions. Nevertheless, the translator has not been consistent and his translation strategy is violated by informal, spoken words at unsuitable places.
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